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Chapter 12

Pregnancy & Childbirth

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How do parents usually feel when they first discover they are pregnant?

Why is it so important to go to the doctor as soon as a woman thinks she is pregnant?

How does the baby develop during pregnancy?

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Chapter Questions

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Chapter Questions

How can a woman be in control of her childbirth experience?

What exactly happens during birth? What happens right after the baby is

born?

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Guided Learning Process 1st: Question 2nd: Study 3rd: Mark 4th: Question again 5th: Recite 6th: Check 7th: Restudy if necessary

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Special Sections

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Personal Perspective: Postpartum Depression

How does a woman feel who has

postpartum depression?

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Cultural Perspectives: The Use of Ultrasounds

Why do Japanese women have so many more ultrasounds when

pregnant?

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At Issue Today : Options for Delivery

What are some different ways that

babies can be born?

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A Question of Policy: Frozen Embryos and Stem Cells

What are embryonic stem cells and why are they important?

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Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy

Presumptive signs

Probable signs

Positive signs

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Tests for Pregnancy

Biologic tests

Immunologic tests

Both detect human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

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Calculating the Birth Date

Duration of pregnancy — 240 days or 40 weeks

Naegele’s formula

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Emotional Reactions to Pregnancy

Depends — planned?

Relationship stability?

Supportive partner?

Financial security?

A

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Prenatal Care

First 3 months — crucial

Inadequate nutrition increases low birth weight & infant death

Teenagers — likely delay until 5th month

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Minor Side Effects

Nausea Heartburn Constipation Backache Shortness of Breath Leg cramps Insomnia

B

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Major Complications of Pregnancy

Toxemia Abruptio placentae Placenta previa Ectopic pregnancy

Tubal pregnancy

Rh incompatibility

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Effects of Emotional Stress

Increased complications

Preterm births

Low birth weight

Postpartum depression

Long-term impact on

infant’s development

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Prenatal Development

Germinal period – 1st 14 days Conception implantation

Embryonic period – 2 8 weeks Head – heart – basic body systems – 1st bones

Fetal period – 8 weeks birth 3 mos: 3 “ long; major organs; head and face 5 mo: 1 #; sleeps; wakes; movement felt

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Prepared Childbirth

Full knowledge and understanding of birth process

Medication? The Lamaze Method

Education Exercise Breathing and relaxation Partner offers emotional support

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Labor

Labor — rhythmic contractions at fixed intervals gradually getting closer

Impending labor: rupture of amniotic sac – mucus plug

Median first labor = 10.6 hrs. Median subsequent labor = 6.2 hours

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Stages of Labor

1. Dilation stage

Cervix opens to 4” (10 cm)

2. Baby is born

3. Pass placenta (afterbirth)

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Cesarean Section

Reasons for cesarean:

– small pelvic opening

– difficult labor

– heart disease, diabetes, STDs

– placenta previa

– breech or other malpresentation

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Apgar Score

1. Heart rate

2. Respiratory rate

3. Muscle tone

4. Reflex response

5. Color

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Postpartum Period

Bonding very important in first hours

Rooming In

Adjustments: Depression to some degree is common Rapidly changing hormones Loss of sleep from 24/7 baby care

F

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Returning to Work

Adequate child care?

Finances

The Family & Medical Leave Act (1993)

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