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Start Up on Top ½ 123

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador

Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Uruguay Venezuela

LIST ALL LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES YOU KNOW.

Type 1: Five educated guesses

LATIN AMERICAN WARS OF INDEPENDENCE

All notes will go on pages 124 and 125

Focus Questions

What caused discontent in Latin America? How did Haitians, Mexicans, and people

in Central and South America win independence?

What were the effects of the revolutions in Latin America.

Revolutionary “fever” spread from the U.S. and France to Latin America

Discontent was rooted in social, racial, and political systems that emerged during 300 years of Spanish rule.

Creoles resented their second-class status

Mestizos & mulattoes were angry at being denied the status, wealth, and power available to whites

Millions of Native Americans massacred & now suffered economic misery under Spanish rule

Enslaved Africans wanted freedom

Struggles for Independence

HAITI MEXICO CENTRAL AMERICA

In 1791, Toussaint L’Ouverture led slaves in revolt. By 1798, enslaved Haitians had been freed.

In 1804, Haitian leaders declared independence.

In 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo and José Morales led popular revolts. Mexico gains independence from Spain in 1821.

Spanish-ruled lands declared their independence in the early 1820s. Local leaders set up the United Provinces of Central America, which eventually fell apart to form separate nations (Honduras, Costa Rica, etc.).

Independence in South America

Simon Bolívar, called “The Liberator”, led an uprising that established a republic in Venezuela. He then captured Bogotá, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

In 1816, José de San Martín helped Argentina win freedom from Spain. He then joined forces with Bolívar.

Independent Nations of Latin America around 1844

Independence Movements in Latin America

Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes

European domination of Latin AmericaSpread of Enlightenment ideasAmerican and French revolutionsGrowth of nationalism in Latin America

People of Latin America resent colonial rule and social injusticesRevolutionary leaders emergeNapoleon invades Spain and ousts Spanish king

Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects

Toussaint L‘Ouverture leads slave revolt in HaitiBolívar, San Martín, and others lead successful revolts in Latin AmericaColonial rule ends in much of Latin America

Attempts made to rebuild economies18 separate republics set upContinuing efforts to achieve stable democratic governments and to gain economic independence

Reflection Bottom ½ 123

Describe how one of the causes listed in your notes lead to one of the effects also found in your notes. Imagine you must explain this to your 4th grade cousin. So be clear and use language he/she would understand.

Type 2