Chronic training effects are achieved after a period of training, and once produced remains a...

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Chronic Responses to Exercise

Chronic training effects are achieved after a period of training, and once produced remains a feature of the body until training ceases. Detraining occurs if the athlete ceases training and the body reverts to the pre-exercise level.

Cardiovascular ResponsesCardiac Hypertrophy•Hypertrophy of the muscle fibres (anaerobic training)•Increase in the size of the left ventricle (aerobic training)

Cardiovascular Responses

• Decreased Heart Rate (HR)

•Lower resting Heart Rate•Lower Heart Rate in sub max exercise•Slower increase in Heart Rate during exercise•Faster return to resting Heart Rate post exercise•Lower and Faster Steady State•Maximum Heart Rate is unchanged

Increased Stroke volume (SV)

From Wikipedia: ‘stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat

Increased Cardiac Output (Q)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cardiac output (Q) is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a ventricle in a minute. An average cardiac output would be 5L.min-1 for a human male and 4.5L.min-1 for a female

Q = SV x HR

Increased Vascularisation - training stimulates growth of new blood vessels

Reduced Blood Pressure (BP)

Increased Blood Volume

Increased Haemoglobin levels

Increased Arterio-Venous Oxygen Difference (A-VO2)

Increased absorption of oxygen by the muscles due to increase in the myoglobin and the increased number and size of the mitochondria

Respiratory Responses

Tidal volume is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied. Increased

Minute Ventilation during sub-max exercise decreased

Minute Ventilation during max exercise increased

Minute Ventilation isthe total volume of gas entering the lungs per minute. V = Tidal Volume x Respiration Rate

Decreased Oxygen Consumption by the Diaphragm and the Intercostals during submaximal exercise.

Increased VO2 max

Respiratory Responses Improved Lung Function – larger lung volume, increased

alveolar-capillary surface area

Aerobic Capacity – generally increases between 10 and 25% in the first 6months of an intense aerobic training program. Generally an increase of 40% within 2 years

Muscular Adaptations•Fast Twitch a] fibres can take on Slow Twitch Characteristics

•Increased size of fast-twitch (anaerobic training) or slow twitch fibres (aerobic training)

•Increased ATP, CP, Creatine and Glycogen stored in the muscles•Increased ATP-PC splitting and resynthesis of enzymes

Muscular Adaptations

Increased Glycolytic Capacity

Increased Contractile Proteins

Increased myosin ATPase

Increased muscle pH buffering

Increased muscle hyperplasiaHyperplasia (or "hypergenesis") is a general term referring to the proliferation of cells within an organ or tissue beyond that which is ordinarily seen (e.g. constantly dividing cells).

Increased mitochondria density and number

Increased myoglobin stores

Increased oxidative capacity via increased oxidative enzymes

Increased capillary density

Increased fat utilisation in sub maximal exercise

Increased stores and use of intramuscular triglycerides

Increased synthesis of glycogen

Increased storage of glycogen

Chronic training effects are achieved after a period of training, and once produced remains a...

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