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TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2008 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation to the IEEE EMC Society Central Texas Chapter – Feb. 20, 2008 Rev 1.0 – 02/20/08 - HSB
Software Defined Radio, Interference Analysis,
&Hearing Aid Compatibility
Convergence of HAC, Wireless and Intelligent Networks
Stephen BergerTEM Consulting
(512) 864-3365stephen.berger@ieee.org
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
Overview• What are:
– Software Defined Radio– Policy Defined Radio– Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks
• What is:– IEEE SCC41– IEEE 1900.2
• What does this mean for HAC?
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
Software Defined Radio (draft – IEEE 1900.1)
]
A type of Radio in which some or all of the physical layer functions are Software Defined.
Ant: Hardware Radio
NOTE 1: Radios in which the communications functions are implemented in software are considered Hardware Radios for regulatory purposes if the regulated emission or reception parameters cannot be changed in the field, post manufacture, without physically modifying the device. However, a device having regulated parameters that can be changed without physical modification is considered a Software Defined Radio, even if such change requires specialized equipment or proprietary procedures.
NOTE 2: This term represents an idealized abstraction that is useful in designating categories of radio devices (e.g., Hardware Radio, Software Defined Radio, and Cognitive Radio) to which certain regulatory provisions or functional capabilities may apply. The term is also useful in describing the general evolution in the software reconfigurability of radio devices with Hardware Radio not being software reconfigurable and Software Defined Radio being software reconfigurable. Software Defined Radios include software reconfigurable hardware such as microprocessors, digital signal processors, and field programmable gate arrays that are used with software to implement communications functions. The degree of software reconfigurability will depend on the radio implementation.
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
Software Defined Radio]
U.S. Federal Communications Commission Definition [1]: A radio that includes a transmitter in which the operating parameters of frequency range, modulation type or maximum output power (either radiated or conducted), or the circumstances under which the transmitter operates in accordance with Commission rules, can be altered by making a change in software without making any changes to hardware components that affect the radio frequency emissions.
ITU-R Definition (including the notes) [2] [3]:
A radio in which RF operating parameters including but not limited to frequency range, modulation type, or output power can be set or altered by software, or the technique by which this is achieved.
NOTE 1 – Excludes changes to operating parameters which occur during the normal pre-installed and predetermined operation of a radio according to a system specification or standard.NOTE 2 – SDR is an implementation technique applicable to many radio technologies and standards.NOTE 3 – Within the mobile service, SDR techniques are applicable to both transmitters and receivers.
[1] FCC Report and Order FCC 05-57, “Facilitating Opportunities for Flexible, Efficient, and Reliable Spectrum Use Employing Cognitive Radio Technologies,” ET Docket No. 03-108, March 11, 2005[2] ITU-R Report M.2064, “Software-Defined Radio in the Land Mobile Service.”[3] ITU-R Report M.2063, “The Impact of Software Defined Radio on IMT-2000, the Future Development of IMT-2000 and Systems Beyond IMT-2000.”
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
Policy-Based Radio(draft – IEEE 1900.1)
]
A type of Radio in which the behavior of communications systems is governed by a Policy-Based Control Mechanism.
Policy-Based Control Mechanism(draft – IEEE 1900.1)
]
A mechanism that governs radio behavior by sets of rules, expressed in a machine readable format, that are independent of the radio implementation regardless of whether the implementation is in hardware or software.
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks(draft – IEEE 1900.1)
]
Wireless networks that employ dynamic spectrum access functionality.
Dynamic Spectrum Access(draft – IEEE 1900.1)
]
The real-time adjustment of spectrum resource usage in response to changing circumstances and objectives.
NOTE: Changing circumstances and objectives also include (and are not limited to) energy-conservation, changes of the radio’s state (operational mode, battery life, location, etc.), interference-avoidance (either suffered or inflicted), changes in environmental/external constraints (spectrum, propagation, operational policies, etc.), spectrum-usage efficiency targets, Quality of Service (QoS), graceful degradation guidelines and maximization of radio lifetime.
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
• Increasing demand for spectrum– General movement from human as the end point to data to devices as the end
point• Data load growing dramatically• Network increasingly important
– Increasing pressure to find spectrum for new services
• Spectrum management– Current “Command and Control” approach will not take us into the future
• Bosnia took 500 people 9 months to plan spectrum!• Must have faster ways to coordinate multi-service operations• Must be able to shift spectrum use to reflect local needs• Mobile devices must respect host countries during transit
• Dynamic Spectrum Access addresses these issues– Simulations show 80-100 X improved efficiency possible– DARPA XG project demonstrated 18 X improved efficiency
A Critical Issue
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
All Spectrum May Be Assigned, But…
…Most Spectrum Is Unused!
Developing the Technology and System Concepts to Harvest and
Utilize Available Spectrum
React
Formulate Best Course of Action
ReactReact
Formulate Best Formulate Best Course of ActionCourse of Action
Adapt
Transition network to new emission plan
AdaptAdapt
Transition Transition network to new network to new emission plan emission plan
Characterize
Rapid waveform determination
CharacterizeCharacterize
Rapid waveform Rapid waveform determinationdetermination
Sense
Real time, Low-power, wideband
monitoring
SenseSense
Real time, LowReal time, Low--power, wideband power, wideband
monitoringmonitoring
AutonomousAutonomousDynamic Dynamic SpectrumSpectrumUtilizationUtilization
Goal: Demonstrate Factor of 10 Increase in Spectrum Access
Maximum Amplitudes
Frequency (MHz)
Am
pli
du
e (
dB
m)
Heavy UseHeavy Use
Sparse UseSparse Use
Heavy UseHeavy Use
Medium UseMedium Use
Dynamic, AdaptiveSpectrum Management
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
EVOLUTION OF THE “RADIO OPERATOR”
… FROM MAN TO MICROCHIPS
1934 2025
NOW
1980’s
Manual Control ofSpectrumAccess
Dynamic Spectrum AccessWireless Internet
Multi-band
Wearable Wireless
Network-centricAdaptive
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
DoD Evolution Toward Dynamic Spectrum Access
• Specific Frequency Channel Assignments and Hop Sets
• Single Operating Band
• Fixed Modulation & Bandwidth
• Limited Data Rates or Analog Voice Channels
JTRS/SRW
• Multi-band, Multi-mode, Multi-Waveform
• Dynamic Channel Monitoring and Selection - Fixed Assignments
• Hybrid Wideband Waveforms and Frequency Hopping With Interference Mitigation
• Variable High/low Data Rate to Match the Channel
• Packet Network Radio - Packet Voice, Data, and Video
• Self-managing, Capable of Dynamically Sensing and Using Any Available Channels
• Capable of Negotiating Short-term Spectrum Leases
• Spectrum “Etiquette” for Interference Avoidance
• Flexible Waveforms & Data Rates Adapt to Available Spectrum, Interference and Threats
• Multi-network / Protocol Capable: WAN, LAN, PAN
• Self-forming / Healing Networking With Robust Routing
SINCGARS ASIPHave Quick
NTDR
EPLRS
SINCGARS
JTRS/WNWDMR
Cognitive Radio?
Non-Adaptive PartiallyAdaptive
FullyAdaptive
CONVENTIONAL LEGACY RADIOS SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIOS
TimeTime
XG
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2008 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation to the IEEE EMC Society Central Texas Chapter – Feb. 20, 2008 Rev 1.0 – 02/20/08 - HSB
Development of International Standards
In 2005 the IEEE 1900 effort was created by a cooperative agreement between: IEEE Communications Society IEEE ElectroMagnetic Compatibility Society
March 22, 2007 the IEEE approved the advancement as in independent standards sponsorIEEE Standards Coordinating Committee SCC 41 Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN)
April 20, 2007 is the inaugural meeting of SCC 41 SCC 41 developing international standards for DySPAN
for coordinated and dynamic use of spectrum by commercial, military, NASA and public safety.
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
IEEE 1900.2Recommended Practice for the Analysis of In-Band and Adjacent Band
Interference and Coexistence between Radio Systems
Scope and Purpose • Scope: This standard will provide technical guidelines for analyzing the
potential for coexistence or in contrast interference between radio
systems operating in the same frequency band or between different
frequency bands.
• Purpose: New concepts and technologies are rapidly emerging in the
fields of spectrum management, policy defined radio, adaptive radio and
software defined radio. A primary goal of these initiatives is to improve
spectral efficiency. This standard will provide guidance for the analysis
of coexistence and interference between various radio services.
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
1900.2 Standard Outline (1 of 2)
Introduction
1 Overview
2 References
3 Definitions
4 Key Concepts
5 Structure of analysis and report
6 Scenario definition
7 Criteria for interference
8 Variables
9 Analysis: modeling, simulation, measurement and testing
10 Conclusions and summary
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
Annex A (informative) Propagation modeling
Annex B (informative) Audio interference
Annex C (informative) Spectrum utilization efficiency
Annex D (informative) Sample analysis
– selection of listen-before-talk threshold
Annex D (informative) Sample analysis
– selection of listen-before-talk threshold
Annex F (informative) Sample analysis
– Low-power radios operating in the TV band
Annex G (informative) Sample analysis
- RF test levels for ANSI C63.9
Annex H (normative) Glossary
Annex I (informative) Bibliography
1900.2 Standard Outline (2 of 2)
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
• Interference and coexistence analysis
• Measurement event
• Interference event
• Harmful interference
• Physical and logical domains
IEEE 1900.2Key Concepts
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
IEEE 1900.2Structure of Analysis
Scenario definition
Interference event
Criteria for interference
Harmful interference
Variables and behaviors
Modeling and analysis
Conclusions
Clause 6
Clause 7
Clause 8
Clause 9
Clause 10
Measurement event
Cases for analysis
Measurementevent
Interference eventand
harmful interferencethresholds
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
IEEE 1900.2Analytical Process
Modeling, simulation and analysis
ScenarioDefinition
InterferenceCriteria
InterferenceCriteria
Matrix reduction
InterferenceCriteria
VariableSelection
VariableSelection
VariableSelection
Summation
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
IEEE 1900.2Scenario Definition
Define Study Question
Benefits/Impacts of Proposal
Scenario Definition
Scenarios
Use Cases Use Cases Use Cases
Baseline
Mitigation Options
Continue with Analysis
Baseline
Mitigation Options
Baseline
Mitigation Options
FrequencyRelationships
FrequencyRelationships
FrequencyRelationships
System
Relationships
System
Relationships
System
Relationships
Select Cases Selected for Analysis
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
IEEE 1900.2Types of Interference
Types of
Interference
In Band
Out of Band
Co-channel
AdjacentChannels
Band Edge
Far Out-of-Band
Non-AdjacentChannels
-
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
IEEE 1900.2Criteria for Interference
Case for Analysis
Measurement Event
Criteria for Interference
Threshold ofHarmful Interference
InterferenceType, Characteristics & Impact
Continue with Analysis
Interference Event
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
Measurement Events
Use
rs
Excessive G
raph
Widespread Graph
%
Users
% Events x
e
xw
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
In practice
Expected Interference Events
(>Z% of devices on average over measurement sample)
Widespread ExcessiveInterference Events
(>X% of devices in population experience Excessive Interference)
Widespread Interference Events
(> X% of devices in population at one time)
ExcessiveInterference Events
(>Y% of measurement sample for any one device)
Observed Interference Event
(Observed on 1 device in typical use)
Conceivable Interference Event
(Theoretically Possible)
Sin
gle
R
ece
ive
rA
gg
reg
ate
Excessive WidespreadInterference Events
(>Y% of measurement sample experience Widespread Interference)
TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
Conceivable Interference Event
Observed Interference Event
Extended Interference
Widespread Interference
Widespread Excessive Interference
Probability of Interference
Overview