-Kroes, Lepp & Relman, PNAS, 1999

Periodontal Disease

• 59% U.S. Population afflicted with chronic marginal gingivitis

– Inflammation of gums– Inflammation caused by bacteria

• 35% U.S. population afflicted with chronic periodontitis

– Apical migration of gingival pocket (CAL & PD) – exfoliation of teeth – Associations with systemic disease

-Lepp, et al, PNAS, 2004

-Lepp, et al, PNAS, 2004

-Lepp, et al, PNAS, 2004

Intestinal Bacteria

~10,000 species

Bacterial Vitamin Synthesis• K vitamins

– E. coli and Bacteriodes – Fat soluble– Coagulation coenzymes

• B vitamins– Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium,

Bacteriodes– Water soluble– B12 (cobalamin)– B9 (folic acid) – B5 (Pantothenic acid)– B7 (Biotin)– B2 (Riboflavin)– B1 (Thiamine)

Postnatal Development

-Steppenbach, Hooper and Gordon, PNAS, 2002

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate MetabolismGene Category B. Thetaiotaomicron E. Coli K12 P. aeruginosa

Amylase 8 2 0

Arabinase 2 0 0

-Arabinofuranosidase 4 0 0

-Arabinosidase 7 0 0

Chitanase 3 0 0

Levanase 2 0 1

-Fucosidase 3 0 0

-Galactosidase 8 0 0

-Galactosidase 31 1 0

-Glucosidase 14 3 1

-Glucosidase 10 0 0

-Glucuronidase 1 8 0

-Glucuronidase 2 0 0

-Hexosaminidase 14 1 1

-Mannanase 8 0 0

-Mannosidase 14 1 0

-Mannosidase 5 0 0

-N-Acetylglucosaminidase 3 0 0

-N-Acetylglucosaminidase 6 0 0

-Rhamnosidase 5 0 0

-Xylosidase 11 1 0

-Xylanase 3 0 0

-Xylosidase 8 1 1

Total 172 18 4

Mixed “microbial community”

Bacterial Antibiotics

Antibiotic Bacterial Species Tetracycline Streptomyces remosus Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus Cyclohexamide Streptomyces griseus Neomycin Streptomyces frodiae Cycloserine Streptomyces orchidaceus Erythromycin Streptomyces erythreus Kanamycin Streptomyces kanamyceticus Lincomycin Streptomyces lincolnensis Nystatin Streptomyces noursei Polymyxin B Bacillus polymyxa Bacitracin Bacillus licheniformis