Post on 27-Jan-2016
transcript
© T. M. Whitmore
Today
•Review mortality & fertility
•Age structure
© T. M. Whitmore
Questions?
Store display in Mexico City
Home Día de los Muertos display
Decorated graves in Guatemala
Decorated graves in Guatemala
Día de los Muertos foods, market in Morelia, Mexico
Día de los Muertos displays for sale, Michoacan, Mexico
© T. M. Whitmore
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)•= Average total number of births to a
woman in her lifetime (superior to CBR)
•~ 2.1 => parents only replacing themselves (called “replacement level fertility”)need the extra 0.1 due to childhood
deaths•LA ranges from:
~ 4 (Honduras, Guatemala, Haiti, Bolivia)
~2 (Costa Rica, Cuba, Uruguay)
© T. M. Whitmore
Death related (mortality)•Life expectancy at birth (Eo)= Average
projected span of life at the date •LA Range:
> 75 ( Mexico, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile)< 70 (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Haiti,
Bolivia)• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
# deaths of infants (< 1yr)/1000 live births in a given yr
•Range: > 30 (Guatemala, Honduras, Haiti, Bolivia); < 10 (Cuba, Chile, Costa Rica)
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Population age structure–youth (< 15)
•World 29%Lesser developed World 32% - 35%More Developed World ~ 17%
•USA 20%
•Latin America 30%Central America with Mexico 34%Caribbean 29%South America 29%
•Latin American extremes
•Consequences
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Population age structure - aged (> 65)•World 7%
Lesser developed World 5%More developed 15%
•USA 12%
•Latin America 6%Central America with Mexico 5%Caribbean 8%South America 6%
•Latin American extremes
•Consequences
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Population age structures•Population pyramid
•Concept of dependency ratio(pop aged 0-15 + pop aged 65+) *100/ Pop age 15-65
•Developing world dependency ratio100*(32% + 5%)/63% = 59
•USA dependency ratio100*(20% +12%)/68% = 47
•Latin America dependency ratio100*(30% + 6%)/64% = 56
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
Geographic distribution of population•High density zones
•Low density zonesSouth America’s “empty heart”Arid N Mexico (save border)Arid areas in S cone
•Key growth zonesMedium and larger cities (most all
population growth here)Rural – Rural migration more a
redistribution than real growth
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Urbanization •Proportion of a country’s population
living in citiesWorld = 47%USA = 79%LA = 76%!
•Extremes in LA
•Large city urbanization in LA (% in cities > 1 million)
© T. M. Whitmore
Urbanization II•Mega-cities
Emerging Megalopolis zonesCentral MexicoSouth Brazil triangle & Río de la Plata
•Concept of primacySingle city in a country that dominates
in pop, culture, economic development, etc.
Examples: Santo DomingoGuatemala CityMexico CityLima
© T. M. Whitmore
Concept of primacy•Single city in a country that
dominates in pop, culture, economic development, etc.Examples:
Santo DomingoGuatemala CityMexico CityLima
LA cities in World’s top 100(19 of the top 100)
© T. M. Whitmore
Roots of urban growth•Demographic
R—to—Urban migrationNatural increase within the city
•EconomicIndustrializationRural stagnation
•Organizations Banks and governments
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Benefits from urban growth•Efficient provision of social services•Cities are centers of information flow
and knowledge•Concentrated (and better educated?)
labor pool•Physical infrastructure often better •Cities concentrate “human capital”•Cities are a huge internal markets•Easier linkages between industries•Cities are often “better off”
© T. M. Whitmore
Problems with urban growth I•Housing
First destination of poor migrants is the inner city slums
Elite often still in posh neighborhoods in inner city
Often close juxtaposition of rich and poor
•Some planned attempts to deal with this
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Problems with urban growth II•Self-help (often squatter) housing
Many names: Favelas (Brazil), colonias proletarias, cuidades perdidas, etc.
2nd destination of R migrantSeen as places of permanence25-40% of total pop in some citiesInitially settlements lack infrastructureA main characteristic is improvement
•New trends
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Problems with urban growth III
•Subsidy and Sink effects
•Congestion
•Pollution
•Loss of urban open space
•Poor provision of basic services
•Export of problems
•Poverty generally
•Employment not always good
Mexico City country club
Mexican stock exchange
© T. M. Whitmore
Elite housing, Santo Domingo
© T. M. WhitmoreWealthy homes in Morelia, Mexico
© Pearson Education – Prentice HallElite house Cuidad Juarez
© W.H. Freeman & Co.
Planned new housing area in Mexico City
Nezahualcoyotl:Planned housing area in Mexico City
Nezahualcoyotl - 3 millon people
Squatter housing in Mexico City
Mexico City inner city
© Pearson Education – Prentice HallSquatters outside Lima
© W.H. Freeman & Co.
© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Santo Domingo, DR
© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Santo Domingo
© T. M. Whitmore
Self-help housing, Santo Domingo
© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Santo Domingo
© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Lima
© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Saltillo, Mexico
© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Saltillo
© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Tegucigalpa
© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Tegucigalpa
300+ low income homes in Ixtapaluca, MexicoEntire complex has > 10,000!
Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador© Brad Jokish
Mexico City on a rare clear day
More typical Mexico City day
© T. M. WhitmoreUrban water, Santo Domingo
© T. M. WhitmoreUrban water, Santo Domingo
© T. M. WhitmoreSubsidence in Mexico City
© T. M. Whitmore
Subsidence in Mexico City
© T. M. Whitmore
The urban economy•Dual system
Formalcorporate, government, commerce, and major businesses
Minority of jobs?Informal
services, local assembly and repair shops, family-run micro-businesses; day labor, domestics, etc.
Majority of jobs?
© T. M. Whitmore
Find the globalization! Tegucigalpa
© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Saltillo
Informal sector economy
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo
Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo
Informal sector, Mexico City dump scavengers