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Two axes used to describe choices made when constructing a sentence

Syntagmatic axis: describes order in which words are placed.

Paradigmatic axis: refers to all the other worlds that could have been used in a particular space

Sentences can be passive or active. Active = clear doer of action: Scott

kicked the ball. Passive = focus on the object: The cake

was eaten by Mary. The bill was passed. (These choices

matter)

For example…

Concerned with who does what to whom.

Instead of standard grammar: noun, verb, noun or subject, verb, object (Mary ate the cake. Versus The cake was eaten by Mary).

New language = actor, process, goal, circumstances.

To pay attention we need different ways of talking about language choices: Transitivity Analysis

ACTOR PROCESS GOAL CIRCUMSTANCESMary ate the cake in the rain.

GOAL = the thing affected by the process

GOAL PROCESS CIRCUMSTANCES ACTORThe cake was eaten in the rain by Mary.

GOAL PROCESS CIRCUMSTANCEScientist ‘misquoted’ on swine flu origin. = MISSING ACTOR!

Language created by George Orwell in his novel 1985. Government used restricted language in order to control thought and maintain order.

Ownlife = individualism and eccentricity Unpersons = those no longer living or

known to be living Duckspeak = to quack like a duck (insult

to an opponent; compliment to a friend) Doublethink = to know and not know; to

know the truth but hold to the lie

Newspeak

Activity 2.5 pg. 43

This festive season, you'll no doubt be sending and receiving Winterval cards, decorating your beautiful Winterval tree, and tucking into a delicious portion of Winterval pudding. If all this sounds a bit odd, consider that the word Christmas is rather biased towards one particular religious persuasion. In an effort to embrace all religions, not just Christianity, during the festive season, the term Winterval has been suggested as a politically-correct alternative which potentially encompasses Jewish Hanukkah, Afro-Caribbean Kwanzaa, Hindu Diwali and pagan festivals such as Yule or the winter solstice.

Winterval

short

Vertically challenged

a group that has different national or cultural traditions from the majority of the population

Ethnic minorities

Black coffee

Coffee without milk

Handicapped term was coined by the US Democratic

National Committee in the early 1980s

Differently abled

Brainstorm

Thoughtshower

Elderly, old person Pat McVicar, assistant director with the

local Area Agency on Aging in California, interesting. She said that the term “elderly” should be thrown out altogether – the preferred terminology is “seniors” or “older adults.”

Senior

Christmas tree

Non-denominational Winter Solstice Evergreen Tree

History

Herstory

the various parts that make up a sentence, how the parts relate to each other and to the whole (grammar).

SYNTAX

Constituency: sentences are made up of structural units called constituents.

Linguists approach sentences as consisting of largest structural units first. Eg:  in a coordinate sentence two clauses and conjunction joining them.  The point is to identify "structural units" that are relevant to organization

PARTS OF SYNTAX

morpheme:  smallest unit of language that bears meaning - word or part of a word

Dog – can’t be divided into smaller structural parts = free morpheme

S at end of dogs Bi in bicycle Ed on lauged = bound morphemes; can’t

stand alone

Referring expressions = Noun phrases (Judge Wapner, The lawyer)

predication =saying something about the referring expression = verb phrases (has a daughter, swore on the bible).

Simple sentences = one independent clause (must have verb)

Four Sentence Types

Simple sentences = one independent clause (must have verb)

Compound sentences = two clauses joined with a coordinating conjunction

Four Sentence Types

Simple sentences = one independent clause (must have verb)

Compound sentences = two clauses joined with a coordinating conjunction

Complex = one independent clause attached to a dependent clause with subordinating word choice (while, although, after, unless, until)

Four Sentence Types

Simple sentences = one independent clause (must have verb)

Compound sentences = two independent clauses joined with a coordinating conjunction

Complex = one independent clause attached to a dependent clause with subordinating word choice (while, although, after, unless, until)

Compound complex = two independent clauses + one or more dependent clause

Four Sentence Types