Post on 24-Jul-2018
transcript
Chapter 1: The World Before Modern Times
Lesson 1 Ancient Civilizations
Civilization?
1st Humans and 1st CivilizationsHow did it all begin and how do we know if there was no writing?
Hominids-Australopithecine-Homo Habilis-Homo Erectus-Homo Sapien
Who emerges as the survivors and why?
Ability to adapt to environment
The Stone Age-Paleolithic Era -Nomads
-Hunter-Gatherers-Technology?
* Technology is what separates societies and allows for the ability to further adapt to an environment
Revolution Takes PlaceRevolution?
Neolithic Revolution 10,000 BC-Shift from Hunter-Gatherer society to Agriculture and Domestication
Agriculture?
Domestication?
Benefits/Results - Stay in one place
- Reliable food source – Larger Populations-Specialization and Trade- More defined Rules- Social Classes- Increase in Culture
Results in the beginning of Civilization
What is a Civilization?- Complex Society in which individuals work together to meet the needs of the whole
Characteristics of a Civilization-Large Cities-Government- Social Structures -Formalized Religion -Writing-Art
First CivilizationsFertile Crescent: Mesopotamia
-located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers-Locate on the Map
Made up of many different City StatesCity-State?
Sumerians-Polytheistic?-1st Writing System- Cuneiform-Math based on 60-Science- invented the wheel, plow, and bronze weapons
Akkadians-1st Permanent Army
Babylonians-Hammurabi Code
-1st written code of laws Phonecians
-Merchant Society based on?- Phonecian Alphabet
-Later adopted by the Greeks
As Civilizations grow and come into contact with one another through trade and warfare, cultural diffusion takes place.
Hebrews/Israelites-Culture becomes backbone of western society-Monothesitic?
-Judaism-Helps create Christianity and Islam
-Strong Code of Laws and Moral Behavior-10 Commandments-Mosaic Laws
Persia-Conquered much of the territory in Middle East-Result- encouraged cultural diffusion among the civilizations
Early Asian Civilizations
India-Indus River Valley-Development of two major world religions
-Buddhism-Hinduism
China-Similar development to rest in Government, Writing, Art, Architecture, etc.
-Mandate of Heaven
-Kings have the divine right to Rule-Also used to justify change in dynasties as divine will
-Dynastic Cycle
Key Philosophies-Confucianism- belief in love and respect, especially for authority and elders. Focus on
improving society.
-Daoism- focus on natural laws, find your place in nature to achieve balance and harmony.
African CivilizationsEgypt
-Located along what river?-Theocracy
-Rule by a religious leader-Pharoah
-Polytheistic-Writing System: Hieroglyphics -Pyramids
Others such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhai-Flourished due to the Salt and Gold Trade
Greek Civilizations
-Made up of Polis- Greek City States-2 Most Known
-Sparta -Militaristic/Agrarian Society -Oligarchy- rule by a few-Athens - Merchant Society -Democracy- rule by the many (people)
What happened between these two powers?
Macedonia-The war between Athens and Sparta allowed for Alexander the Great to conquer
Greece.-Alexander continued his conquest in Egypt, Persia, and to India spreading Greek culture
and creating Hellenistic (Greek Like) Societies along the way.
Greek CultureFundamental to the development of Western Society-Philosophy: “Love of Wisdom”
-pursuit of better understanding the world around-Socrates- learn and teach by questions-Plato- The Academy- school of philosophy-Aristotle- Logic and Reason
Socrates PlatoAristotle
-Polytheistic-Language and Alphabet
-Alpha, Beta, Etc.
-Literature/History-Homer’s Epic Poems
-Illiad-Odyssey
-Herodotus-First History-Liked to Exaggerate in his stories
-Architecture-Parthenon-Columns
Much of Greek Culture was adopted and preserved by those who conquered it next: The Romans
Roman Civilization
-Polytheistic-Adopted the gods of those conquered: Greece, Persia, Egypt etc.
-Created a Republic to govern Rome-3 branches
-Senate- proposed laws-Magistrates- ran operations, judges-Tribunes- elected magistrates and voted on laws
Republic to Empire-Augustus create the title of Emperor
-Furthered the expansion of Rome and cultural diffusion of civilizations mentioned before throughout Europe.
-Key Achievements-Stressed Hygiene-Large cities, roads, aqueducts, sewers-Concrete-Impartial Legal System and Trial by Jury-Preserved Greek Intellect
ANCIENT CIVILIZATION DECODER WORKSHEET
Section 2 New patterns of CivilizationIslamic World
-Monotheistic Religion-Created by Muhammad-Holy Book- Quran-Caliphs- succeeded Muhammad
-Expanded all throughout Middle East, Asia, and Africa-Achievements
-Many advancements in math and science-Standing written language and code of law to region
Europe in the Middle Ages-With Fall of Rome, it allows for new Civilizations to grow
-Like when a large tree falls in forest-Germanic States begin to form-Holy Roman Empire Forms
-Charlemagne-New European Society Based on:
-Germanic Tribes-Roman Legacy-Christian Church*Creates a European Identity*
High Middle Ages- Europe is dominated by new system called FeudalismFeudalism- political and social system based on Lords, Knights, and Peasants
-Lords- owned the land-Knights- fought and protected the land-Peasants- worked the land
1000-1300 Experiences Major Growth-Increase in Trade-Increase in Agriculture
-increase in population-increase in urban life
-Most Dominant Institution: Catholic Church-Spiritual Revival in Europe- Pope very influential- Crusades: Series of Military Expeditions in which
European Christians try to regain Holy Lands from Muslims.