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Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
DPTANATOMY IV
NEURO ANATOMY CREDIT HOURS 3(2-1)
Dr Abdul Ghafoor SajjadAssistant Professor
RCRS,RIU
DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE
• Central Nervous System: Disposition, Parts and Functions
• Brain stem (Pons, Medulla, and Mid Brain)
• Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Thalamus • Hypothalamus
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE
• Internal Capsule • Blood Supply of Brain • Stroke and its types • Ventricles of Brain • CSF circulation and Hydrocephalus • Meninges of Brain
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE
• Neural pathways (Neural Tracts) • Pyramidal and Extra pyramidal System
(Ascending and Descending tracts) • Functional significance of Spinal cord level • Cranial Nerves with special emphasis
upon IV, V, VII, XI, XII (their course, distribution, and palsies).
• Autonomic nervous system, its components
• Nerve receptors
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE
• SPINAL CORD • Gross appearance • Structure of spinal cord • Grey and white matter (brief
description) • Meninges of spinal cord • Blood supply of spinal cord • Autonomic Nervous system
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Recommended Text Books:
• Gray’s Anatomy by Prof. Susan Standring 39th Ed., Elsevier.
• CLINICAL NEUROANATOMY BY RICHARD S.SNELL 7TH EDITION.
• Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Keith Moore.
• Clinical Anatomy by R.J. Last, Latest Ed.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Lecture No 01
INTRODUCTION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
LECTURE OBJECTIVES
• To understand the basic organization of the main structure that form the nervous system.
• To gain the Three-dimensional appreciation of the parts of the brain and their relative position to one. another
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• A regulatory system of the body that consists of neurons and neuroglial cells.
OR • The body’s primary communication
and control system.• Can be divided according to:– Structural categories– Functional categories.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Nervous SystemStructural Organization
Structural subdivisions of the nervous system:
• Central nervous system (CNS)– Brain and Spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)– Cranial nerves (nerves that extend from
the brain)– Spinal nerves (nerves that extend from
the spinal cord)– ganglia (clusters of neuron cell bodies
(somas) located outside the CNS)
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Nervous SystemFunctional Organization
Functional divisions of the nervous system:
• Sensory afferent division:– receives sensory information (input) from
receptors – transmits this information to the CNS.
• Motor efferent division:– transmits motor impulses (output) from
the CNS– to muscles or glands (effector organs).
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Central Nervous System
BRAIN
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Brain• An adult brain weighs between 1.35
and 1.4 kilograms (kg) (around 3 pounds) and has a volume of about 1200 cubic centimeters (cc).
• Brain size is not directly correlated with intelligence
• It is not the physical size of the brain that determines intelligence—it is the number of active synapses.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Support and Protection of the Brain
• The brain is protected and isolated by multiple structures:1. Bony cranium 2. Meninges:• Protective connective tissue membranes• Surround and partition portions of the brain.
3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)• acts as a cushioning fluid.
4. Blood-brain barrier:• prevents entry of harmful materials from the
bloodstream. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Organization of Brain Tissue
• Gray matter:–Motor neuron and interneuron cell
bodies, dendrites, axon terminals– Unmyelinated axons.
• White matter:White matter:– composed primarily of Myelinated composed primarily of Myelinated
axons. axons.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
A COMMON BRAIN DIVISION
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
FOREBRAIN
• Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia.
• Diencephalon: Thalamus, Hypothalamus.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Cerebral Cortex• The word "cortex" comes from the
Latin word for "bark" (of a tree). • The thickness of the cerebral cortex varies from 2 to 6 mm. • The right and left sides of the
cerebral cortex are connected by a thick band of nerve fibers called the "corpus callosum.“
• bulge on the cortex is called gyrus and a groove is called a sulcus.Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Basal Ganglia(Part Of Telencaphalon Of Forebrain)
Functions:• Movement• The basal ganglia are a group of
structures, including the Globus Pallidus, Caudate Nucleus, Subthalamic Nucleus, Putamen And Substantia Nigra, that are important in coordinating movement.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Thalamus(Part Of Diencephalon Of Forebrain)
Functions:• Sensory processing• The thalamus receives sensory
information and relays this information to the cerebral cortex.
• The cerebral cortex also sends information to the thalamus which then transmits this information to other areas of the brain and spinal cord.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Hypothalamus(Part Of Diencephalon Of Forebrain)
Functions:• Body Temperature (acts as a
"thermostat")• Emotions• Hunger• Thirst• Circadian Rhythms
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
MIDBRAIN
Mesencephalon: tectum (inferior and superior colliculi) and tegmentum
BASIC FUNCTIONS:• Vision• Hearing• Eye movement• Motor control
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
HINDBRAIN
1. Metencephalon: Pons and Cerebellum
2. Metencephalon: MedullaBASIC FUNCTIONS:• Monitoring And Controlling Body
Movements• Homeostasis
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
The Pons
The pons are situated on the anterior surface of the cerebellum, inferior to the mid brain and superior to the medulla oblongata.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
The Medulla Oblongata
• The medulla is the most inferior part of the brain stem. The cell bodies of several cranial nerves are found there.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Cerebellum
• The word "cerebellum" comes from the Latin word for "little brain." The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem. In some ways, the cerebellum is similar to the cerebral cortex: the cerebellum is divided into hemispheres and has a cortex that surrounds these hemispheres.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Cerebellum
Functions:• Movement• Balance• Posture
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Brain stem
• The brain stem is a general term for the area of the brain between the thalamus and spinal cord. Structures within the brain stem include the Medulla, Pons, Tectum, Reticular Formation And Tegmentum. Some of these areas are responsible for the most basic functions of life such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
CLINICAL NOTES
• Head injuries– Fracture of skull• Pond Fracture
– Brain Injuries• Contrecoup injuries• TBI (Explosion or Blast)
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
CLINICAL NOTES
– Intracranial Hemorrhage1. Epidural (anterior division of middle meningeal
artery)2. Subdural ( superior cerebral veins)3. Subarachnoid ( non traumatic leakage or
rupture of congenital aneurysm on circle of willis)
4. Cerebral {most common in HTN pt. due to rupture of lenticulostraite artery ( branch of Middle Cerebral Artery), involve descending nerve fiber in the internal capsule, produce hemiplegia of opposite side of the body}
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
CLINICAL NOTES
• Shaken baby syndrome• Space occupying lesions{ SOL
(tumor, hematoma, and abscess)}• Diagnosis – CT–MRI– PET
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences