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transcript
8/6/2019 04 HMT423 Lecture IV Ammar Latif
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Lecture IV
The Bridge from Personality toProfessionality of Ethics.
Ammar Latif
ammar@iqraisb.edu.pk
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Lecture IV ~
* Until now we have been talking mostly
about personal ethics ie/ relating to the
individual.
* How do we look at ethics in a professional
setting?
* How do we apply the theories we have
learnt?* How to put principles into
action?
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Lecture IV ~
* Why look at personal ethics at all?
* Because this is the starting ground for it
all....
* By developing ethical philosophies we can
guide our actions in the world.
* Looking at personal ethics enables us to
formulate a philosophy of ethics.
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Lecture IV ~
* Or in other words by
being aware of our general level of
ethics &
making decisions according to these
personally held ethics,
an ethics philosophy is gradually developed
over time.
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Lecture IV ~
* How to become more aware of our
ethics?
* Simplicity in itself!
* Self-reflection is the key...
This involves
Objectively looking at one's actions
and guiding thoughts &
Assessing whether the decision
made
are ethically sound.
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Lecture IV ~
* Ethics questionnaires are a good way of
determining where ye stand on an ethics
issue.
* The following 7 step framework helps in
being clear about your own view of things.
All about making better decisions.
In the light of an increased knowledge
of ethics.
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Lecture IV ~ 7 StepFramework for better decisions.
* 1) Stop & think,
* 2) Clarify goals,
* 3) Determine facts,
* 4) Develop options,
* 5) Consider consequences,
* 6) Choose &
* 7) Monitor & modify.
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Lecture IV ~
* 1) Stop & think.
Thinking ahead.
Stop the momentum of events for long
enough to permit calm analysis.
Prevents rash decision.
Prepares for more thoughtful solutions
to problems.
Instills discipline.
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Lecture IV ~
* 2) Clarify goals.
This is necessary for choosing.
Be clear about short & long term aims.
Sometimes immediate gratification can
prevent the achievement of long term
goals.
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Lecture IV ~
* 3) Determine facts.
Intelligent choices are based on
accurate information.
Need to resolve what is known with
what needs to be known.
Good judgment exercised in terms of
Reliability & credibility,
Authenticity, accuracy &
Multiple perspectives.
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Lecture IV ~
Good to seek out informed opinions.
Evaluate information critically.
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Lecture IV ~
* 4) Develop options.
Good to make a list of available
options.
This consists of identifying a set of
actions to possibly pursue.
Seeking advice at this stage is very
useful.
If one or two options
are available, think again!
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Lecture IV ~
* 5) Consider consequences.
Must be done to maintain ethicality of
decisions.
Involves filtering (what does this
mean?) the optional choices through
your ethical paradigm.
Look at things from a purely ethicsperspective.
A new light.
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Lecture IV ~
* 6) Choose.
At this stage if things are not
manifestly clear then
Talk to people whose judgment ye
respect.
Place yourselves in an ethical
person's shoes.
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Lecture IV ~
* A question to ask yourself?
Would ye be comfortable with your decision
being public?
* Golden Rule > Do unto others as ye
would have them do unto ye.
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Lecture IV ~
* 7) Monitor & modify.
Sometimes wrong decisions are made.
Maintain a sense of scrutiny.
Re-evaluate decisions in the light of
hind sight (it's always 20/20).
Did the decision have the desired
effects?
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Lecture IV ~ Rationalisations.
* What is a rationalisation?
What people say to themselves before
they want to feel good about something
they are going to do.
* Shaky ethical ground.
* These are easy to fall into the habit of
using.
* Need to be careful!
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Lecture IV ~ title....
* If Its Necessary, Its Ethical - This rationalization rests onthe false assumption that necessity breeds propriety. The
approach often leads to ends-justify-the-means reasoning
and treating non-ethical tasks or goals as moral
imperatives.* The False Necessity Trap - As Nietzsche put it,
"Necessity is an interpretation, not a fact." We tend to fall
into the "false necessity trap" because we overestimate
the cost of doing the right thing and underestimate the
cost of failing to do so.
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Lecture IV ~ title....
*If Its Legal and Permissible, Its Proper - Thissubstitutes legal requirements (which establish minimal
standards of behavior) for personal moral judgment.
Ethical people often choose to do less than the maximally
allowable, and more than the minimally acceptable.
* Its Just Part of the Job - Conscientious people who want
to do their jobs well often fail to adequately consider the
morality of their professional behavior.
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Lecture IV ~ title....
* Its All for a Good Cause- People are especiallyvulnerable to rationalizations when they seek to advance
a noble aim. "Its all for a good cause" is a seductive
rationale that loosens interpretations of deception,
concealment, conflicts of interest, favoritism and violationsof established rules and procedures.
* I Was Just Doing It for You - This is a primary justification
for committing "little white lies" or withholding important
information in personal or professional relationships.
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Lecture IV ~ title....
* Im Just Fighting Fire With Fire - This is the falseassumption that promise-breaking, lying and other kinds
of misconduct are justified if they are routinely engaged in
by those with whom you are dealing. Remember: when
you fight fire with fire, you end up with the ashes of yourown integrity.
* It Doesnt Hurt Anyone - Used to excuse misconduct,
this rationalization falsely holds that one can violate
ethical principles so long as there is no clear and
immediate harm to others.
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Lecture IV ~ title....
* Everyones Doing It - This is a false, "safety in numbers"rationale fed by the tendency to uncritically treat cultural,
organizational or occupational behaviors as if they were
ethical norms, just because they are norms.
* Its OK If I Dont Gain Personally - This justifies improperconduct done for others or for institutional purposes on the
false assumption that personal gain is the only test of
impropriety.
A related but narrower view is thatonly behavior resulting in improper
financial gain warrants ethical criticism.
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Lecture IV ~ title....
* Ive Got It Coming - People who feel they areoverworked or underpaid rationalize that minor "perks"
such as acceptance of favors, discounts or gratuities
are nothing more than fair compensation for services
rendered.* I Can Still Be Objective - By definition, if youve lost your
objectivity, you cant see that youve lost your objectivity!
Does the person providing you with the benefit believe
that it will in no way affect
your judgment?
Would the person still provide the
benefit if you were in no position to
help?
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Lecture IV ~ On being good.
* Ethical decisions have consequences,
and one long-term consequence is to make
you into a person of character.
But what is character?
It is the sum of ones distinctive traits,
qualities and predilections, and amounts to
ones moral constitution. Character is ethicsin action.
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Lecture IV ~
* "Ones character is ones habitual way of
behaving," education scholars Thomas
Lickona, Eric Schaps and Catherine Lewis
have written.
* "We all have patterns of behavior or
habits and often we are quite unaware ofthem.
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Lecture IV ~
* When Socrates urged us to Know thyself,
he clearly was directing us to come to know
our habitual ways of responding to the
world around us."* Conscience is the awareness of a moral
or ethical aspect to ones conduct; it urges
us to prefer right over wrong. Because noteveryone has good character, not everyone
has a reliable conscience.
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Lecture IV ~
* After all, a bad person with no conscience
at all feels just as good as a person with a
clear conscience.
* Having a bad conscience is notnecessarily a bad thing - its a sign that one
at least knows right from wrong.
* That is the crux of an ethical philosophy.
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Lecture IV ~
* When Socrates urged us to Know thyself,
he clearly was directing us to come to know
our habitual ways of responding to the
world around us."* Conscience is the awareness of a moral
or ethical aspect to ones conduct; it urges
us to prefer right over wrong.Because not everyone has
good character, not everyone
has a reliable conscience.
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Video Analysis & discussion~ The Story of Cosmetics.