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11
AIR QUALITY TRENDS IN AIR QUALITY TRENDS IN THE CITY OF COLOMBOTHE CITY OF COLOMBO
R.N.R.Jayaratne R.N.R.Jayaratne Senior Environmental OfficerSenior Environmental OfficerCentral Environmental AuthorityCentral Environmental Authority
Prof. O.A.IleperumaProf. O.A.IleperumaSenior LecturerSenior LecturerUniversity of PeradeniyaUniversity of Peradeniya
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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Two continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations were set up in December 1996 at Colombo Municipal Council area under World Bank Funded project called CUTP.
- to monitor major air pollutants (NO,NO2,NOX, SO2, O3,CO & PM10) - with meteorological parameters (WS,WD,VWS, SR,RF,ATE)
One of these monitoring station is located at Colombo Fort Railway station premises and other one was located at Meteorological Department premises.
Met Department one was operated from 1997 to 2000. Colombo Fort one has been in operation since 1997
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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Location of the Colombo Fort Monitoring Station
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring station (Colombo Fort)
Kelanitissa Power Station (Thermal)
Barge Mountained Power Plant (Thermal)
N
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station 2 (Meteorological Dpt)
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station 1 (Colombo Fort Railway Stn)
Kelanithissa Power Plant
Barge Mountained Power Plant
Locations of Two Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
5
Colombo Fort Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station Inside of the monitoring station
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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Monitoring Principles
Ozone UV Absorption
Carbon Monoxide Non Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR)
Nitrogen Oxides Chemiluminescence
Sulfur Dioxide UV Fluorescence
PM10 High Volume Sampling
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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• Five minute and one hour average concentrations of measured parameters were recorded in data logger.
• Every day at midnight an automatic calibration cycle is carried out to check the accuracy and validity of data.
• All valid data collected from these two monitoring stations from January 1997 to Dec 2006 were used for this analysis.
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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• To identify the trend and variations of major air pollutants for the city of Colombo during the monitoring period.
(This report will also help to identify gaps
in the available information and data requirements for long term monitoring.)
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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Methodology• Converted all recorded data in binary form in
the data logger into digital form by using WINCOLLECT software .
• Screened the data base to select good data (Validation) based on daily calibration and instrument errors.
• All valid data are presented by diagrams, graphs and tables to identify features and variation patterns easily.
• Interpretations are made in scientific manner with recommendations.
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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Maximum concentration
75th percentile
Arithmetic mean of data values
25th percentile
Minimum concentration
Trends on air pollutants in Colombo
Trend graphs of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone for both monitoring stations are presented in graphical form and the statistical parameters represented as in the following format.
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12
Jan-
97
Jul-
97
Jan-
98
Jul-
98
Jan-
99
Jul-
99
Jan-
00
Jul-
00
Jan-
01
Jul-
01
Month
NO
2 C
on
cen
trat
ion
(p
pm
)
National standard 0.13 ppm
Trend line (Average)
Variation of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) One Hour Average Concentrations at
Colombo Fort Ambient Air Quality monitoring station(1997-2001)
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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0.00
0.16
0.32
Jan
-97
Jul-
97
Jan
-98
Jul-
98
Jan
-99
Jul-
99
Jan
-00
Jul-
00
Jan
-01
Jul-
01
Month
SO2
Con
cent
rati
on (
PP
M)
National standard 0.08 ppm
Variation of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) One Hour Averages concentrations at
Colombo Fort Ambient Air Quality monitoring station
SO
2(p
pm
)
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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0.0
1.3
2.5
3.8
Jan-
97
Jul-9
7
Jan-
98
Jul-9
8
Jan-
99
Jul-9
9
Jan-
00
Jul-0
0
Jan-
01
Jul-0
1
Month
CO
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (p
pm)
Variation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) One Hour Average Concentrations at Colombo Fort Ambient Air Quality monitoring station (1997-2001)
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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0.0
0.2
0.4Ja
n-97
Jul-9
7
Jan-
98
Jul-9
8
Jan-
99
Jul-9
9
Jan-
00
Jul-0
0
Jan-
01
Jul-0
1
Month
O3
Con
cent
ratio
nse
(ppm
)Variation of ozone (O3) One Hour Average Concentrations at Colombo Fort
Ambient Air Quality monitoring station(1997-2001)
National standard 0.1 ppm
O3
Con
cent
ratio
n (p
pm)
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12
Jan
-97
Mar
-97
May
-97
Ju
l-9
7
Sep
-97
Nov-
97
Jan
-98
Mar
-98
May
-98
Ju
l-9
8
Sep
-98
Nov-
98
Jan
-99
Mar
-99
May
-99
Ju
l-9
9
Sep
-99
Nov-
99
Jan
-00
Mar
-00
May
-00
Ju
l-0
0
Sep
-00
Nov-
00
Month
Co
nce
ntr
ati
on
(p
pm
)
National Standard 0.13 ppm
Variation of monthly one hour averages of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)concentrations at Colombo Meteorological Department Air Quality monitoring station
(From Jan 1997 to December 2000)
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10J
an
-97
Ma
y-9
7
Se
p-9
7
Ja
n-9
8
Ma
y-9
8
Se
p-9
8
Ja
n-9
9
Ma
y-9
9
Se
p-9
9
Ja
n-0
0
Ma
y-0
0
Se
p-0
0
Month
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
pp
m)
Variation of monthly one hour averages of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) concentrations at Colombo Meteorological Department Air Quality monitoring station
(From Jan 1997 to December 2000)
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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0
1
2
3
4
5
Ja
n-9
7
Ma
y-9
7
Se
p-9
7
Ja
n-9
8
Ma
y-9
8
Se
p-9
8
Ja
n-9
9
Ma
y-9
9
Se
p-9
9
Ja
n-0
0
Ma
y-0
0
Se
p-0
0
Month
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
pp
m)
Variation of monthly one hour averages of Carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations at Colombo Meteorological Department Air Quality monitoring station
(From Jan 1997 to December 2000)
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12
Month
Variation of monthly one hour averages of ozone (O3) concentrations at Colombo Meteorological Department Air Quality monitoring station
(From Jan 1997 to December 2000)
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration Monthly Mean and Maximum of one hour averages at Colombo Fort
( June 2003 - December 2006)
y = 0.0001x + 0.0143
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Jun
Jul
Au
g
Sep Oct
No
vD
ec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Ap
r
May
Jun
Jul
Au
g
Sep Oct
No
vD
ec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Ap
r
May
Jun
Jul
Au
g
Sep Oct
No
v
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Ap
r
May
Jun
July
Au
gu
st
Sep
tem
ber
Oct
ob
er
No
vem
ber
Dec
emb
er
2003 2004 2005 2006
Month and Year
Co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
(pp
m)
NO2 Mean
NO2 Maximum
Linear (NO2 Mean)
National Ambient Air Quality Strandard for NO 2 for one hour average = 0.013 ppm
National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007
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Sulphur Dioxide Concentration Monthly Mean and Maximum of 1 hour averages at Colombo Fort
( June 2003 - December 2006 )
y = 2E-05x + 0.0068
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
Jun
Jul
Au
g
Sep Oct
No
v
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Ap
r
May
Jun
Jul
Au
g
Sep Oct
No
v
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Ap
r
May
Jun
Jul
Au
g
Sep Oct
No
v
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Ap
r
May
Jun
July
Au
gu
st
Sep
tem
ber
Oct
ob
er
No
vem
ber
Dec
emb
er
2003 2004 2005 2006
Month and Year
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
pp
m)
SO2 Mean
SO2 Maximum
Linear (SO2 Mean)
National Ambient Air Quality Strandard for SO2 for one hour average =0 .08 ppm
21
Carbon Monoxide Concentration Monthly Mean and Maximum of 1 hour averages at Colombo Fort
( June 2003 - December 2006 )
y = -0.0217x + 1.0988
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Jun
Jul
Au
g
Sep Oct
No
v
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Ap
r
May
Jun
Jul
Au
g
Sep Oct
No
v
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Ap
r
May
Jun
Jul
Au
g
Sep Oct
No
v
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Ap
r
May
Jun
July
Au
gu
st
Sep
tem
ber
Oct
ob
er
No
vem
ber
Dec
emb
er
2003 2004 2005 2006
Month and Year National Ambient Air Quality Strandard for 24 hour average = 26 ppm
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
pp
m)
CO Average
CO Maximum
Linear (CO Average)
22
Variation of 24 hour averages of PM10 concentrations at Colombo Fort Air Quality monitoring station (From Jan 1997 to December 2001)
23
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
16013
-May
-00
20-M
ay-0
0
27-M
ay-0
0
3-Ju
n-00
10-J
un-0
0
17-J
un-0
0
24-J
un-0
0
1-Ju
l-00
8-Ju
l-00
15-J
ul-0
0
22-J
ul-0
0
29-J
ul-0
0
5-A
ug-0
0
12-A
ug-0
0
19-A
ug-0
0
26-A
ug-0
0
2-S
ep-0
0
9-S
ep-0
0
16-S
ep-0
0
23-S
ep-0
0
30-S
ep-0
0
7-O
ct-0
0
14-O
ct-0
0
21-O
ct-0
0
28-O
ct-0
0
Date
Con
cen
trat
ion
( μ
gm-3
)
USEPA Standard Value 150µgm-3
Variation of 24 hour averages of PM10 concentrations at Colombo Meteorological Department Air Quality monitoring station
(From Jan 1997 to December 2000)
24
0
40
80
120
160
Ja
n-0
2
Ap
r-0
2
Ju
l-0
2
Oc
t-0
2
Ja
n-0
3
Ap
r-0
3
Ju
l-0
3
Oc
t-0
3
Ja
n-0
4
Ap
r-0
4
Date
Co
ncen
trati
on
(µ
g/m
-3) Standard Value 150 µg/m-3
Trend line
Variation of monthly one hour averages of PM10 concentrations at Colombo Fort Air Quality monitoring station (From Jan 2002 to June 2004)
25
Variation of PM-10 concentrations (24 hour average) at Colombo Fort monitoring site (from 1998 to 2005)
y = -0.0109x + 79.292
0
40
80
120
160
2-Ju
l-98
15-S
ep-9
8
22-N
ov-
98
1-M
ar-9
9
9-Ju
n-9
9
31-A
ug
-99
19-N
ov-
99
30-J
an-0
0
15-A
pr-
00
20-J
un
-00
28-A
ug
-00
4-N
ov-
00
12-F
eb-0
1
4-D
ec-0
1
12-F
eb-0
2
4-Ju
l-02
5-Ja
n-0
3
1-Ju
l-03
7-S
ep-0
3
7-N
ov-
03
2-Ja
n-0
4
25-F
eb-0
4
13-A
pr-
04
1-Ju
n-0
4
23-J
ul-
04
12-S
ep-0
4
5-N
ov-
04
22-J
an-0
4
13-M
ar-0
4
30-A
pr-
04
20-J
un
-04
10-A
ug
-04
27-S
ep-0
4
28-N
ov-
04
2-F
eb-0
5
25-M
ar-0
5
12-M
ay-0
5
29-J
un
-05
16-A
ug
-05
3-O
ct-0
5
1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005
Date and year
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n µ
gm
-3
Series1 Linear (Series1)24 hour average Trend line
26
Annual averages of PM-10 at Colombo Fort Monitoring site (1998-2006)
0
25
50
75
10019
98
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
µg
/m3
PM
10 A
nn
ual
Ave
rag
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n
g/m
-3
Standard - 50 μgm-3
27
Increasing amount of air pollutants with increasing number of
vehicles and the capacity of thermal power generation utilizing
fossil fuels were the major reasons for these increasing trends.
Increasing number of brand new passenger transport vehicles instead of re-conditioned vehicles the major reasons for these slight increasing trends
Increasing trends of NO2,SO2 & PM10
Improvements of internal combustion engines to reduce emission, gradually decreasing of petrol driven vehicles in the vicinity of monitoring station are the major reasons and another possible reason was reaching more ultraviolet radiation into the lower atmosphere stimulating of producing hydroxyl free radicals for decline of carbon monoxide
Decreasing trend of CO
28
0.140.120.100.080.060.040.020.00
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
NO2
Fre
quency
0.140.120.100.080.060.040.020.00
2000
1000
0
NO2
Fre
quency
0.140.120.100.080.060.040.020.00
10000
5000
0
SO2
Fre
quency
0.140.120.100.080.060.040.020.00
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
SO2
Fre
qu
en
cy
Comparisons of the variations of air quality monitoring data between Colombo Fort and Meteorological department sites
NO2 Concentration (One hour average) in ppm
Frequency distribution of NO2 one hour average concentrations at Colombo Fort (1997-2004)
NO2 Concentration (One hour average) in ppm
Frequency distribution of NO2 one hour average concentrations at Meteorological department (1997-2000)
SO2 Concentration (One hour average) in ppm
Frequency distribution of SO2 one hour average concentrations at Colombo Fort (1997-2004)
SO2 Concentration (One hour average) in ppm
Frequency distribution of SO2 one hour average concentrations at Meteorological department (1997-2000)
Nat
ion
al s
tan
dar
d 0
.13
pp
mN
atio
nal
sta
nd
ard
0.1
3 p
pm
Nat
ion
al s
tan
dar
d 0
.08
pp
mN
atio
nal
sta
nd
ard
0.0
8 p
pm
29
6.04.83.62.41.20.0
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
CO
Fre
quency
6.04.83.62.41.20.0
3000
2000
1000
0
CO
Fre
quen
cy
0.40.30.20.10.0
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
O3
Fre
qu
en
cy
0.40.30.20.10.0
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
O3
Fre
qu
en
cy
Comparisons of the variations of air quality monitoring data between Colombo Fort and Meteorological department sites Cont……
CO Concentration (One hour average) in ppm
Frequency distribution of CO one hour average concentrations at Colombo Fort (1997-2004)
O3 Concentration (One hour average) in ppm
Frequency distribution of O3 one hour average concentrations at Colombo Fort (1997-2004)
CO Concentration (One hour average) in ppm
Frequency distribution of CO one hour average concentrations at Meteorological department (1997-2000)
O3 Concentration (One hour average) in ppm
Frequency distribution of O3 one hour average concentrations at Meteorological department (1997-2000)
National standard 0.1 ppm
National standard 0.1 ppm
30
1601106010
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Concentration (ug/m3)
Fre
quen
cy
1601106010
20
10
0
Concentration (mg/m3)
Fre
qu
en
cy
PM10 Concentration (One hour average) in ppm
Frequency distribution of PM10 24 hour average concentrations at Colombo Fort (1997-2004)
PM10 Concentration (One hour average) in ppm
Frequency distribution of PM10 24 hour average concentrations at Meteorological department (1997-2000)
Comparisons of the variations of air quality monitoring data between Colombo Fort and Meteorological department sites Cont……
USEPA standard 150 μgm-3
31
Variation of O3 concentrations with wind direction At Meteorological Department site
Galle Road
High Level Road
Meteorological Department monitoring station
2000-2900
The area between 2000-2900 from Meteorological Department site.
(High ozone concentration recorded when wind
came from this area).
32
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year and fuel type
Em
mis
ion
of
NO
2 (X
10
00
)gk
m-1
Motor cars Motor trycicles Motor Cycles Buses Duel purpous Lorries Others
NO2 emission of diesel three-wheelers are not included becauseDifficulty to find NO2 emission factor of diesel three-wheelersThe number of diesel three-wheelers are very few compared to other vehicle groups
60% of total number of vehicles registered in Sri Lanka are assumed to be in Colombo Metropolitan Area based on the study done by transport studies and planning center under CUTP in 1996
NO2 emission from vehicles in Colombo Metropolitan Area (g/km)
33
SO2 emission of diesel three-wheelers are not included becauseDifficulty to find SO2 emission factor of diesel three-wheelersThe number of diesel three-wheelers are very few compared to other vehicle groups
60% of total number of vehicles registered in Sri Lanka are assumed to be in Colombo Metropolitan Area based on the study done by transport studies and planning center under CUTP in 1996
0
200
400
600
800
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
Petr
ol
Die
se
l
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year and Fuel type
Em
mis
ion
of
SO 2 (X
100
0)
gk
m-1
Motor cars Motor trycicles Motor Cycles Buses Duel purpous Lorries Others
SO2 emission from vehicles in Colombo Metropolitan Area (g/km)
34
0
150
300
450
600
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
Fu
el U
sag
e fo
r E
lect
rici
ty(X
1000
)MT
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Em
issi
on
of
SO
2 &
NO
2 (X
106 )g
SO2 NO2 Auto Diesel Furnace Oil Naphtha
Fuel consumption and amounts of NO2 and SO2 emissions relevant to the power sector in Sri-Lanka
35
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
Ele
ctr
icit
y G
en
era
tio
n (
GW
h)
Hydro Thermal Self Genaration Wind Total Generation
Electricity generation of Sri-Lanka
36
First intermonsoon (March-April)
15%
Northeast monsoon (December- February)
13%
Second intermonsoon
(October - November)
28%Southwest monsoon
(May - September) 44%
Rainfall data- Report on Climate by M.B.G.de Silva based on rainfall data from 1961-1990
in Arjun’s Atlas of Sri Lanka
Variation of rainfall in four seasons during the year in Colombo
37
Central Environmental Authority
Station: Fort
12/1/1998 to 2/27/1999
90
68
45
22
0
338
315
292
270
248
225
202
180
158
135
112
0 to 1
1 to 2
2 to 4
4 to 6
6 to 8
> 8
Magnitude()
0.0% calm
N
94.4% Valid Data present.
Central Environmental Authority
Station: Fort
3/1/1999 to 3/30/1999
90
68
45
22
0
338
315
292
270
248
225
202
180
158
135
112
0%
10%
20%
30%
0 to 1
1 to 2
2 to 4
4 to 6
6 to 8
> 8
Magnitude()
0.0% calm
N
81.7% Valid Data present.
Dfgggfsgga
Rainfall 13%
Rainfall 15%
Wind pattern of four monsoonal seasons during the year at Colombo Fort monitoring station
Magnitude(ms-1)
Magnitude(ms-1)
North-East monsoon (December – February)
First inter-monsoon (March – April)
38
Central Environmental Authority
Station: Fort
5/1/1999 to 9/29/1999
90
68
45
22
0
338
315
292
270
248
225
202
180
158
135
112
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
0 to 1
1 to 2
2 to 4
4 to 6
6 to 8
> 8
Magnitude()
0.0% calm
N
97.8% Valid Data present.
Central Environmental Authority
Station: Fort
10/1/1999 to 11/29/1999
90
68
45
22
0
338
315
292
270
248
225
202
180
158
135
112
0%
10%
20%
30%
0 to 1
1 to 2
2 to 4
4 to 6
6 to 8
> 8
Magnitude()
0.0% calm
N
89.1% Valid Data present.
Go
Rainfall 44%
Rainfall 28%
Wind pattern of four monsoonal seasons during the year at Colombo Fort monitoring station
South-west monsoon (May to September )
Second inter-monsoon (October to November)
Magnitude(ms-1)
Magnitude(ms-1)
39
Variation of air pollutant concentrations with time and date
The statistical parameters calculated with respect to the time and date were presented in graphical form to study the variation patterns during the day and the week.The statistical parameters of air pollutants are represented in these graphs in following format.
75th Percentile
Average
25th Percentile
40
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0:0
0
2:0
0
4:0
0
6:0
0
8:0
0
10
:00
12
:00
14
:00
16
:00
18
:00
20
:00
22
:00
TIME
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
pp
m)
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0:0
0
2:0
0
4:0
0
6:0
0
8:0
0
10:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
20:0
0
22:0
0
TIME
Co
ncen
trati
on
(p
pm
)
Variation of one hour averages of NO2 concentrations with time at Colombo Fort monitoring station
Variation of one hour averages of SO2 concentrations with time at Colombo Fort monitoring station
41
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0:0
0
2:0
0
4:0
0
6:0
0
8:0
0
10:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
20:0
0
22:0
0
TIME
Co
ncen
trati
on
(p
pm
)
Variation of one hour averages of CO concentrations with time at Colombo Fort monitoring station
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0:0
0
2:0
0
4:0
0
6:0
0
8:0
0
10:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
20:0
0
22:0
0
TIME
Co
ncen
trati
on
(p
pm
)
Variation of one hour averages of O3 concentrations with time at Colombo Fort monitoring station
42
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
20:0
0
22:0
0
TIME
Con
cent
ratio
n (p
pm)
Variation of one hour averages of NO2 concentrations with time at Colombo Meteorological Department monitoring station
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
20:0
0
22:0
0
TIME
Con
cent
ratio
n (p
pm)
Variation of one hour averages of SO2 concentrations with time at Colombo Meteorological Department monitoring station
43
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
20:0
0
22:0
0
TIME
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
pp
m)
Variation of one hour averages of CO concentrations with time at Colombo Meteorological Department monitoring station
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
20:0
0
22:0
0
TIME
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
pp
m)
Variation of one hour averages of O3 concentrations with time at Colombo Meteorological
Department monitoring station
44
Variation of air pollutant concentrations with date
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Day
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
pp
m)
Variation of one hour averages of NO2 concentrations with day at Colombo Fort monitoring station
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Day
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
pp
m)
Variation of one hour averages of SO2 concentrations with day at Colombo Fort monitoring station
45
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Day
Con
cent
ratio
n (p
pm)
Variation of one hour averages of NO2 concentrations with day at Colombo Meteorological Department monitoring station
0.000
0.003
0.006
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Day
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
pp
m)
Variation of one hour averages of SO2 concentrations with day at Colombo Meteorological Department monitoring station
46
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Day
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
pp
m)
Variation of one hour averages of CO concentrations with day at Colombo Fort monitoring station
50
60
70
80
90
100
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Day
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
gm
-3)
Variation of 24 hour averages of PM10 concentrations with day at Colombo Fort monitoring station
47
CONCLUSIONS
Air pollution trends with respect to sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are slowly increasing while carbon monoxide is slowly decreasing.
Increasing amount of air pollutants with increasing number of vehicles and the capacity of thermal power generation utilizing fossil fuels were the major reasons for these increasing trends.
Improvements of internal combustion engines to reduce emission, gradually decreasing of petrol driven vehicles in the vicinity of monitoring station are the major reasons and another possible reason was reaching more ultraviolet radiation into the lower atmosphere stimulating of producing hydroxyl free radicals for decline of carbon monoxide
The trend with respect to PM10 is slowly increasing over the period from Jan 1998 to June 2003. However , reaseantly we observed slight decreasing of PM-10
48
CONCLUSIONS Cont…….
Emissions from increasing fleet of vehicles are the major contributor of air pollution in Colombo City.
The emissions from thermal power stations operating in and near the Colombo metropolitan area using relatively high sulfur fuel are added burden for air pollution in Colombo City.
Prevailing wind pattern and rainfall pattern with monsoons are the major factors for seasonal variation pattern of air pollutants concentrations.
PM10 concentration in Colombo city with presence of sulfur dioxide is the serious cause to concern.
49
50
1 Howard S.Peavy,Donald R. Rowe and George Tchobanoglous, (International Ed), Environmental Engineering, McGraw-Hill, Singapore(1985) p.1-8 & 418-463
2 Bernard J Nebel & Richard T Wright,(7th Ed),Environmental Science The way the world works, Prentice Hall, Upper saddle River, New Jersy.(p 524-549)
3 PGIS, University of Peradeniya, Workshop on Acid Rain Monitoring & Air Quality Monitoring and Management Proceedings,(2001).p1-5
4 Arudpragasam K.D. (Editor in chief), Man And Environment, An introduction to Environmental Studies, Central Environmental Authority , Colombo 10, (1999), p129-164
5 UEPA,APTI, Air Pollution Control Orientation Course Self-Instructional Manual, Air Pollution Training Institute(APTI),Environmental Research Center , NC 27711,USA (1992)
6 Lakdasa Wijethilake and Suhashini A.R.Karunaratne, Air Quality Management Considerations for Developing countries, World Bank Technical Paper Number 278,The World Bank, Washington D.C.(1995)
7 UNEP,Urbun air pollution,GEMS Environmental library NO-04,UNEP, Niroby, Kenya (1998)
8 World Health Organization, Guidelines For Air Quality,World Health Organization, Geneva (2000)
9 Jiry Hanzak, Jaroslay Pekarec, Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere at the background level, Report on case study, Czech hydro meteorological institute, Kosetice observatory, Czech Republic
References
51
No of Exceedences- SO2 One Hour Average-Fort Railway Station Site 1997-2001
0
10
20
30
40
50
Jan-
97
Apr
-97
Jul-9
7
Oct
-97
Jan-
98
Apr
-98
Jul-9
8
Oct
-98
Jan-
99
Apr
-99
Jul-9
9
Oct
-99
Jan-
00
Apr
-00
Jul-0
0
Oct
-00
Jan-
01
Apr
-01
Jul-0
1
Oct
-01
Month
No
of E
xcee
denc
es
1-hourly SO2 Exceedences vs Wind Direction
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Wind Direction
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
pp
m)
Exceedences of one hour averages SO2 from national standard at
Colombo Fort Monitoring site (1997-2001)
Number of exceedences of one hour average concentration of SO2
Variation of SO2 exceedences with wind direction
52
Variation of NO2 concentrations with rain fall
Variation of SO2 concentrations with rain fall
53
Variation of CO concentrations with rain fall
Variation of O3 concentrations with rain fall
54
Variation of NO2 concentrations with wind direction
Variation of SO2 concentrations with wind direction
55
Variation of CO concentrations with wind direction
Variation of O3 concentrations with wind direction
56
Variation of NO2 concentrations with wind speed
Variation of SO2 concentrations with wind speed
57
Variation of CO concentrations with wind speed
Variation of O3 concentrations with wind speed
58
This report will provide trend information on air quality
• To assist in the development of appropriate reporting methodology
• To create systems tackling progress in air quality management
• To provide guidance and direction for policy makers, decision makers, planners and policy analysts in the private and government sectors.
59
Air pollutant
Percentage of data
captured
Percentage of missing
data
Total No of data points
Mean ppm
Median ppm
Min ppm
Max ppm
NO2 70.3% 29.7% 46161 0.019 0.017 0.00 0.121
SO2 69.9% 30.1% 45924 0.013 0.008 0.00 0.331
CO 63.7% 36.3% 41838 0.546 0.382 0.00 9.515
O3 28.1% 71.9% 15172 0.005 0.003 0.00 0.378
NO2 38.6% 61.4% 13282 0.008 0.007 0.00 0.047
SO2 43.8% 56.2% 15090 0.004 0.003 0.00 0.043
CO 40.7% 59.3% 14042 0.435 0.310 0.00 5.060
O3 39.7% 60.3% 13667 0.021 0.011 0.00 0.364
Co
lom
bo
Fo
rt
mo
nit
ori
ng
Sta
tio
nM
eteo
rolo
gic
al D
epar
tmen
t m
on
ito
rin
g s
tati
on
60
Total No of data points
Mean μgm-3
Median μgm-3
Min μgm-3
Max μgm-3
Colombo Fort monitoring station * 424 76.8 74 35 153
Colombo Meteorological Department monitoring station **
193 52.3 50 13 111
• PM 10 sampling was carried out once in four days from May 1997 to December 2001 and once in three days from May 2003 to June 2004.
** PM 10 sampling was carried out once in four days from May 1997 to December 2000.
Summary of monitoring data for PM10