1 CANOPY REFLECTANCE (HRWW AND HRSW) IN SOUTH DAKOTA ECONOMIC OPTIMUM NITROGEN RATE FOR HRSW IN...

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CANOPY REFLECTANCE (HRWW AND HRSW) IN SOUTH DAKOTA

ECONOMIC OPTIMUM NITROGEN RATE FOR HRSW IN SOUTH DAKOTA

Nitrogen Use Efficiency Meeting

Cheryl Reese*, David Clay*, Dwayne Beck*, John Lukuch‡, Tulsi Kharel*, Sharon Clay*, Dan Long†, and

Gregg Carlson**South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD‡ North Dakota State University, Langdon, ND

†USDA-ARS, Pendleton, Oregon

August 3rd, 2010Stillwater, Oklahoma

Objectives

• Improve N fertilizer recommendations for South Dakota Wheat

• Evaluate canopy reflectance to predict N

• EONR and impact of protein premium / discount

Study Location

Hard Red Winter WheatCanopy

Reflectance

Field Locations

HRWW Study Locations

Winner, SD

Remote Sensing Equipment: CropScan, Passive 16 Band Radiometer

• Passive Sensor• Depend on sunlight• Trade-off: collect over wide range, ability to

select wavelengths, and wavebands

Indices

Description IndexCropscan Bands Used to Calculate

IndexMeasurement Authors

Normalized Difference Vegetation

(R830 - R660)(R830 + R660)

Healthy vegetation

reflects more NIR and less visible light.

Rouse, 1973

(R760 - R660) (R760 + R660)

Green Normalized Difference Vegetation

GNDVIw

(R830 - R560) (R830 + R560) More sensitive

to chlorophyll-a than NDVI.

Gitelsonet al., 1996

GNDVIn

(R870 - R568)(R870 + R568)

CRedEdge CRedEdge [R810 / R710]-1Canopy

chlorophyll

Gitelsonet al., 2005

Dakota Lakes, HRWW 2006:Good year for line source irrigation

• 04/26/06:– 3-4 leaf,

tillering• 05/11/06:

– Jointing• 05/26

– Boot, – Some awns

visible

04/26/06

05/11/06

Dakota Lakes, Canopy Reflectance

HRWW Yield and Protein

ParameterN rate

kg-N ha-1 Water kg ha-1 bu A-1

0 6796 10190 6453 96

180 5602 83270 4289 640 3842 5790 3596 53

180 3871 57270 3500 520 1334 2090 1219 18

180 1306 19270 1550 230 1187 1890 982 15

180 938 14270 1255 19

P value <0.01 <0.01LSD (0.05) 746 11

High Water

Moderate High

Moderate Low

Natural (Low)

Yield Main effects Protein

kg-N ha-1

g-protein

kg-grain-1

0 12.990 15.0180 16.6270 17.4P value <0.001LSD (0.05) 1.0WaterHigh 11.7Moderate 14.1Moderate Low 18.3Natural 17.7P Value <0.001LSD (0.05) 1.0

HRSW,Dakota Lakes,

2003-2004Canopy

Reflectance, Yield, and

Protein

Field Cultural Practices

• No-Till for 20+ years• Wide variety of rotations

– Beneficial soil / mycorrhyzial interactions

• Average spring soil test NO3– 60 kg-N ha-1

• Previous crop– 2003: Soybeans– 2004: Pinto beans and cowpeas

Growth Stages

• May 15th – 3-4 leaf, tillering

• June 4th – 6 leaf, end of tillering

• June 14th

– Flag leaf, some awns• June 26th

– Flowering

Saturation Issues

NDVIw NDVIn

CRedEdgeGNDVIn

ResultsWhich would you select?

NDVI in SD, HRSW

• Monitor growth stage carefully,

• Collect NDVI before canopy closure to avoid saturation issues

• Around Memorial Day Weekend (End of May, Beginning of June)

Lodging Heads ProteinN Rate

(kg ha-1) N Time1=none

9=allnumber /

plant kg ha-1 bu a-1

g-protein

kg-grain-1

0 0 2.0 3873 58 114100 Pre-E 4 2.8 3905 58 139200 Pre-E 6 2.6 3513 52 152133 Haun 5-6 3 2.9 4167 62 148200 Haun 5-6 3 2.7 3936 59 15167/133 Split 6 2.9 3770 56 152

<0.001 <0.01 <0.001 <0.001 <0.0011 0.7 184 3 7

Nitrogen

P ValueLSD (0.05)

Harvest Parameters

Summary: HRSW

• NDVI values should be collected before 5-6 leaf on HRSW (~May 28th or Memorial Day in South Dakota).

• If N is to be applied after 5-6 leaf, CRedEdge appeared to be a

• This study suggests when soil NO3-N is ~60 kg-N ha-1, 130 kg-N ha-1applied 5-6 leaf increases yield, grain protein, and reduces lodging.

How Much N Fertilizer to

Apply on HRSW?What Pays?

What Does Not Pay?

What Farmers Know at Planting

• N Fertilizer Cost• In SD, with HRSW, some indication

of yield and quality in Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas

• When they have lost $ in the past due to discount on low protein wheat

• When they have made $ with a premium

• Fertilize for protein @ 12% HRWW, @ 14% HRSW

FIELD LOCATIONS

Study Locations

HRSW grain market value in SD based on protein premium or discount.

758595

105115125135145155165175

9/1/1998

9/1/1999

9/1/2000

9/1/2001

9/1/2002

9/1/2003

9/1/2004

9/1/2005

9/1/2006

9/1/2007

9/1/2008

Discount at 10% Protein

Premium at 16% Protein

Line at $129 Mg-1 is 140-g protein kg-grain-1

where protein premium or discount is zero

South Dakota, July 30th, 2010 Commodity Prices & Premium/Discount

Experimental Design• RCB Design, Each Site, 4 Blocks. • N Treatments:

Pre-Emergence N

In-Season N Haun 5-6

Site N Treatment Name

Zero N 0 0Pre-E Moderate 100 0

Pre-E High 200 0In-S Moderate 0 133

In-S High 0 200Split 67 133

Zero N 0 0Pre-E Moderate 100 0

Pre-E High 150 0In-S Moderate 0 100

In-S High 0 150Split 50 100

Dakota Lakes 2003 and

2004, mixed grass prairie

Langdon 2004 - 2007, tall

grass praririe

kg-N ha-1

Determined Apparent Return and EONR

Calculating Return on N InvestmentApparent Return ($ ha-1)

• Two grain selling price– $129 or $258 Mg-1 ($3.50 or 7.00 bushel-1)

• Three N fertilizer costs– $0.62, $1.25, or $1.90 kg-N-1 or – ($0.28, $0.57, or $0.86 lb-N-1)

• Six Protein Premium / Discount Scenarios• N applied Pre-Emergence or In-Season

)ha N-kg ($ Cost N kg ($ Price x )ha (kg Yield

)ha ($ Return Apparent1-1-1-

1 $/kg N $ kg/ha)N

$/kg wheat$ kg/ha) Yield

$/ha N costd

$/ha wheatvalue

100 140 160

Description

Zero, no discount or premium

129 129 129

Discount only 122 129 129

Low discount & average premium

122 129 147

Moderate discount & average premium

105 129 147

High discount & average premium

90 129 147

Low discount & high premium

122 129 161

257 257 257

Discount only 244 257 257

244 257 293

209 257 293

179 257 293

244 257 322

METRIC

Low Grain Value, $129 MG -1

High Grain Value, $257 MG -1

g-protein kg-grain-1

Grain Value

10 14 16

Description

3.50 3.50 3.50

Discount only 3.32 3.50 3.50

3.32 3.50 4.00

2.86 3.50 4.00

2.45 3.50 4.00

3.32 3.50 4.38

Zero, no discount or premium7.00 7.00 7.00

Discount only 6.64 7.00 7.00

6.64 7.00 7.97

5.69 7.00 7.97

4.87 7.00 7.97

6.64 7.00 8.76

ENGLISH

Low Grain Value, $3.50 bushel -1

High Grain Value, $7.00 bushel -1

% Protein

Grain Value

$0.62$1.25$1.90$0.62$1.25$1.90$0.62$1.25$1.90

High discount

High premium

High discount

High premium

Discount only

Low discount

Moderate discount

Use $ kg-grain-1

from yield N response function

and subtract N fertilizer cost to obtain Apparent

Return ($ ha-1)

Use Excel Solver™ to Maximize

Apparent Return

($ ha-1) Based on

kg-N ha-1 Applied and Determine

Determine $ kg-

grain-1 based on yield N response

function and protein premium / discount scenario

Discount only

Low discount

Moderate discount

Protein N Response Function

Run each scenario through Excel

Solver™ to determine EONR $129 or

$257 Mg-1

$0.62, $1.25 or

$1.90 kg-N-1

Determine grain protein based on

protein N response function

Select Grain Selling Value

Select N Fertilizer

Determine Apparent

Return ($ ha-1) Using Eqn. 3.6

EONR Using Excel SolverTM

Results: Apparent

Return, and Economic

Optimum N Rate(EONR),Yield, and Protein

Nitrogen Treatment Impact for Different Protein Premium / Discount Scenarios on

Apparent Return ($ ha-1)

0.62 1.25 1.90 0.62 1.25 1.90

Discount Only

Low Discount

Mod. or High N Applied In-S

Moderate Discount

High Discount

High Premium

Mod. or High N Applied In-S

Zero or Mod. N Applied In-S

Moderate N Applied Pre-E

or In-SZero N

Moderate N Applied Pre-E

Moderate N Applied Pre-E or In-SHigh N

Applied In-S

Protein Premium or

Discount Scenario

Grain Value ($129 Mg-1)

N Fertilizer Cost ($ kg-N-1)

Grain Value ($258 Mg-1)

N Treatment w/ Greatest Apparent Return, $ ha-1

EONR: Application TimePre-Emergence or In-Season?

• Tested 36 scenarios:– Six Sites– Three fertilizer prices– Two grain selling prices

• Out of these:– EONR In-S or Pre-emergence the

same: 22 scenarios– In-S EONR Higher: 10– Pre-emergence EONR Higher: 4

Fertilizer Cost and EONR: % N Fertilizer Reduction

$ kg-N-1

EONR kg-N ha-1

(@$258 Mg-1)

EONR kg-N ha-1

(@$129 Mg-1)%

Reduction0.62 110 89 191.25 89 47 471.90 63 24 62

EONR at Langdon and Rainfall

• $129 Mg-1 a)

$0.62 kg-N-1

EONR = 1.4 (cm rain) + 31.1

R2 = 0.38

$1.25 kg-N-1

EONR = 2.3 (cm rain) - 66.1

R2 = 0.66

$1.90 kg-N-1

EONR = 1.3 (cm rain) - 36.2

R2 = 0.27

020406080

100120140160

40 50 60 70

cm rainfall

Need Rain forin-season N

Conclusions• Indices show great promise in SD to

manage in-season N for both HRWW and HRSW; need more fields.

• N fertilizer price affects wheat EONR. • Development of a online EONR

prediction model for wheat incorporating:– N fertilizer cost options– Value of grain– Different protein premium/discounts

scenarios– Tillage / Climate Impacts on N mineralization:

• Microorganism competition for N• Mycorrhizal colonization and contributions

EONR Calculator for Wheat

Central tall grass prairie Discount PremiumNorthern mixed grass prairie Zero ZeroNorthern short grass prairie Discount Only Zero

Low Discount Moderate PremiumModerate Discount Moderate PremiumHigh Discount Moderate PremiumLow Discount High Premium

ORSet protein

Non-Responsive sitesYesNo

Select N source$250 $325 $400 $475 $ / ton-fertilizer$0.45 $0.58 $0.71 $0.85 $ / lb-N$5.00 $5.00 $5.00 $5.00 $ / bu

Nitrogen PriceWheat Price

Choose Protein Discount / PremiumChoose Region

UAN (28%)

Set N fertilizer cost and wheat selling price

Questions / Thank you!

Scientists:• David Clay (SDSU)• Sharon Clay (SDSU)• Dwayne Beck (SDSU)• Gregg Carlson (SDSU)• Dan Long (USDA-ARS)

Farmers and Support Staff at SDSU

• Dan Forgey (Farmer)• Ralph Holzwarth (Farmer)• Ryan Patterson (Farmer)• Steph Hansen (SDSU)• Jon Kleinjan (SDSU)• Ryan Brunner (SDSU)• Tulsi Kharel (SDSU) 36

South Dakota State University

Yield, Lodging, and Grain

Protein

LodgingGrain

Protein

kg ha-1 bu a-11= none 9

g-protein

kg-grain-1

Dakota Lakes 2003 3735 56 4.2 152

Dakota Lakes 2004 3986 59 3.2 135

Langdon 2004 3938 59 1 135

Langdon 2005 4513 67 2.5 144

Langdon 2006 3190 47 1 142

Langdon 2007 3462 51 1.8 137

P Value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

LSD (0.05) 187 3 0.7 4

N Time/Rate

Zero N 3392 50 1.1 121

Pre-E, Moderate 3894 58 2.5 140

Pre-E, High 3799 57 3.6 146

Haun 5-6, Moderate 3844 57 2 144

Haun 5-6, High 3939 59 1.6 148

Split, Pre-E & Haun 5-6 3956 59 3 146

P Value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

LSD (0.05) 198 3 0.8 5

Grain Yield

05/26/2006

Winner Field, 2006:A Challenging Field

1 CANOPY REFLECTANCE (HRWW AND HRSW) IN SOUTH DAKOTA ECONOMIC OPTIMUM NITROGEN RATE FOR HRSW IN...

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