Post on 28-Dec-2015
transcript
1) Competing political ideologies (philosophical belief systems):
I. Conservatism: - Supported by the wealthy, nobles, landowners - Argued for maintaining traditional monarchies - Prefer status quo for social / economic hierarchy
II. Liberalism:- Supported by the emerging industrial middle
class (business leaders & merchants) - Argued for more elected parliaments (limited
democracy… OK w/ constitutional monarchies)- Wanted suffrage limited only to educated
property owners (no trust for the working class)- Usually favor non-violent reform
1) Political Ideologies (continued):
III. Radicalism:- Promoted by the working class- Wanted FULL democracy for ALL citizens - Wants to REPLACE the system, not just reform the system (don’t “fix” monarchies, get rid of them!)- Maintained ideals of the French Revolution (liberty, equality, fraternity)- Favor drastic changes, using violence if necessary
2) NATIONALISM:- Patriotism- Pride & loyalty in a nation (territorial grouping of
people who share a common identity*)- Loyalty to the nation you have, want, or had
*Group identity often based on one or more of:
- common history
- common traditions
- common culture, religion
- common ethnicity, language
JINGOISM – EXTREME NATIONALISM
(blind faith & unquestioning loyalty to one's nation)
3) NATION-STATE (aka NATION, STATE, COUNTRY):
MUST have the following characteristics:
1. a SOVEREIGN government
2. a group of people under the political authority of that government (may be homogeneous or multiethnic… consider: what conditions make for a more united population?)
3. a defined territory (identifiable borders)
4) Nation-states could be created either by uniting smaller states / kingdoms…
(Germany, Italy),
… OR splitting away from existing larger empires to establish “self-rule”
(Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire)
5) Unifying factors of nationhood:1. Ethnicity*2. Culture, Traditions3. Religion*4. Common History5. Common Language6. Common Territory
*Does NOT need to be uniform… HOWEVER, IF diverse, national unity REQUIRES either Constitutionally protected minority rights, OR a strong dictator who rules through fear!
6) POSITIVE effects of nationalism:- People uniting for a common purpose (emphasizing similarities over differences)- Provides a sense of identity- Fighting for independence & security, against oppression & tyranny- Tend to be democratic- Productive competition: “scientific & technological advances”; and Olympics!
7) NEGATIVE effects of nationalism:- Oppression of minority cultures & national sub- groups: forced assimilation, “ethnic cleansing”,
tyranny, genocide!- Jingoism- Destructive competition: warfare- Anti-intellectualism (abandonment of logic, reason)
8) The BALKANS:
Southeastern Europe… often volatile!
9) First SUCCESSFUL nationalist revolution for independence in EUROPE:
GREECE (from Ottoman Empire), in 1830… HELPED by European monarchs:
UK Identifies w/ ancient Greek culture France Christianity v. Islam Russia Regional rival to Ottoman Empire
10) NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS: American Revolution (1775 – 1783… successful) French Revolution (1789 – 1799… failed) Latin American revolutions (early 1800’s…. successful) … Greek independence (1830: successful) … Belgian independence (1830: successful) … Italian unification (1830: crushed by Austria &
Metternich… failed, for now) … Polish Revolution (1830: crushed by Russia… failed)
11) MORE NATIONALIST ETHNIC revolutions:
1848Hungary (failed), Bohemia (Czech Republic) (failed)
Started revolutions: Liberals…… AND radicals!
Who won?… CONSERVATIVES still in control (for now!)
Problem: liberals and radicals unable to cooperate…When liberals and radicals can’t unite, conservatives winWhen liberals unite w/ radicals, conservatives lose
C > L – RC < L + R
12) France… is a mess!
1830: Constitutional monarch (Charles X) attempts to become ABSOLUTE monarch…
French radicals (and liberals!) revolt…
Charles X replaced by Louis-Philippe
(constitutional monarch)…
rules for 18 years
1848: French working class radicals… demand more democratic rights… overthrow Louis-Philippe
France in 1848 (cont.):
- Conservative (king) overthrown by radicals AND
liberals… France founds the “Second Republic”
- Liberals (middle class) only want political reform
(democracy)
- Radicals (working class) want political reform
(democracy) AND economic reform (socialist policies)
- Inability to compromise results in street fighting in Paris b/t liberals & radicals...
- 10,000 workers killed in civil unrest… public blames
radicals for civil disorder, sympathizes w/ liberals
- Napoleon’s nephew, Louis-Napoleon (aka Napoleon III)
elected president of the ‘Second Republic’
12) France (cont.): 1852: - Aftermath… four years later, Louis-Napoleon dissolves the French Parliament - declares himself EMPEROR NAPOLEON III - French population VOTES their approval (!?) in a
national referendum - The French prefer stability to democracy!
13) Starting to industrialize in the 2nd half of the 1800’s:- France
- Russia
BOTH are way behind Britain… and Prussia (soon to be Germany)!
BONUS: Stirring the pot in 1848…