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Receiving and Storing
U. S. Grain at Destination
Carl Reed
International Grains Program
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Grain Export from the U. S.
Trigo
Maz
Soya
Sorgo
Inland Export
Route New
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Exported U. S. CornAverage m.c. 14.3 %
Average TW 72.8 kg/hl
Average BCFM 2.7 %
Average Damage 2.7 %
M.C. other grains
Wheat 11.5 13.0%
Sorghum 13.5%
Soybeans 12.2%
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Receiving and Storing U. S. Corn
Contract specifications are critically
important.
If the grain is to be stored in a warmclimate, special precautions must be taken
Dealing with moisture variations
Dealing with variations in broken kernels and
fine material
Quality maintenance in storage (>6 weeks)
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Dealing with Moisture Variation
If grain must be stored.
Segregate by moisture at reception Use wetter grain first
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Example of Moisture Variation
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Ship Date Truck Temp m.c.Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 1 26 14.0
Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 2 25 15.1Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 3 24 15.0
Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 4 25 14.9
Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 5 24 14.8
Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 6 25 14.7
Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 7 26 14.6
Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 8 25 14.7
Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 9 25 14.7
Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 10 24 13.4Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 11 24 14.1
Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 12 25 13.9
Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 13 24 13.7
Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 14 22 14.7
Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 15 23 15.1
Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 16 23 14.7
Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 17 22 14.5
Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 18 22 15.0Pacific Bulker 5/25/00 19 23 15.7
Med Faith 6/21/00 1 22 13.9
Med Faith 6/21/00 2 23 14.7
Med Faith 6/21/00 3 21 13.8
Med Faith 6/21/00 4 22 14.3
Med Faith 6/21/00 5 22 14.1
Med Faith 6/21/00 6 21 14.4
Med Faith 6/21/00 7 22 14.7Med Faith 6/21/00 8 22 14.9
Example of Moisture Variation
*
*
*Compaia
CentroAmericana
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Dealing with Fine Material in Corn
Sample and analyze to know FM level
Clean before storage, or Core bins before storage
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Dealing with Insects in Any Grain
Recognize that commercially-handled grain is
infested Insect density has to be high before the infestation
can be detected
More insects are tolerated in feed grains than in
wheat May fumigate en-route, or
Fumigate at destination
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Life Cycle of Stored Product Beetles
Eggs
Larva
Pupa
Adult
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Life Cycle of Stored Product Beetles
Eggs
Larva
Pupa
Adult
These forms are invisible ingrain samples
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Laboratory Study on
Probability of Detection
010
20
30
4050
60
70
80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Insect Density (#/kg)
Proba
bilityofDetection(%)
Hagstrum et al. 1985. Environ.
Entomol 14:655-661
The USDA study showed that
when 1 insect/kg was present,
a single, 1-Kg sample had a 1-
in-3 chance of containing an
insect.
The study showed that the
probability of detecting insects
is about 3 times smaller than
what probability alone would
predict.
Si ifi f S li
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Significance of Sampling
Probability Numbers There are 1,000 one-kg samples in a MT of corn
If the insect density is 1/kg, then there are 1,000insects per MT
If the lot subsample represents 120 MT, and thegrain contains 1 insect/kg, there are 120,000insects in the grain represented
The probability of detecting insects if a one-kgsample is taken is one in three
If the true insect density is only one in 10 kg,thenthe probability of detection is one in 30.
If only one of every 10 insects in an adult, the
probability of detection is one in 300
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Dealing with Mold-Produced
Deterioration
Segregation by moisture at reception
Control of fine material Use of mold inhibitors
Maintain cool temperatures
If grain arrives cool, maintain cool temperature Use aeration if needed
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Common field fungi including species ofthe generaFusarium, Cephalosporium,
Cladosporium, etc. are common in the
soil and inside plants of growing corn.
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The field molds require a high moisturecontent in their environment. By the time
corn has dried enough to harvest, the field
molds have become dormant.
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Grain arrives at storage infected with dormant field
molds. In handling equipment and bins it is inoculated
with a new group of molds, those that can survive in
dry grain in storage.
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Molds and Mycotoxins
Myco = mold Aflatoxin produced
byAspergillus flavusand others.
Zearalenone produced by Fusariumroseum and others
DON (vomitoxin) one of several tricho-thecenes produced byFusarium tricinctumand others.
Almost always produced
on the plant*, though the
fungus can grow in storage.
Field fungus toxin
produced in the field.*
Field fungus toxin
produced in the field.*
*Or field-type situation
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Molds and Mycotoxins - 2
T-2 another tricho-thecene produced byFusarium molds
Fumonisin produced byFusarium moniliforme andothers
Ochratoxin produced byand Penicillium species,
Aspergillus ochraceus, andothers
Field fungus toxinproduced in the field.*
Field fungus toxinproduced in the field.*
Both field and storagefungi, toxin productionappears associated withstorage of cool, dampgrain
*Or field-type situation
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Field-Type Situation?
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Field-Type Damages
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What does grain-mold biology mean
for importers of US grain? At harvest, the US domestic market quickly
identifies the origin of any grain containingmycotoxin
Exporters attempt to avoid grain from thatproduction area
Exported corn is assayed for aflatoxin, and anygrain can be tested for toxins at the purchasersrequest
Exported grain is dry, so toxin can not beproduced in the grain unless it gets wet
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Root of Infected Embryo
Mold Spores and Hyphae
Eff t f G i M i t
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Effect of Grain Moisture on
Growth of Storage Molds
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Weeks at 25 C
A.glaucusInfect
ion(%)
18 % m.c.16.5 % m.c.14.6 % m.c.Linear (14.6 % m.c.)Linear (16.5 % m.c.)Linear (18 % m.c.)
Effect of Temperature on
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0
5
10
15
20
25
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Temperature ( C)
Monthsto0.5
DML
14 % m.c.
15 % m.c.
16 % m.c.
Effect of Temperature on
Growth of Storage Molds
59 F 77 F
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y = 1.4x + 3.3
R2 = 0.95
0
10
20
30
40
0 4 8 12 16 20
Weeks of Storage
Dam
agedKernels(%)
Bin Avg
Linear (Bin Avg)
Increase in damaged kernels in corn at
14.6 % m.c. and 24 28 C75-82 F
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0
20
40
60
80
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Weeks at 25 C
Inte
rnalInfection(%)
A. glaucus
Fusarium
Increase in Infections byA. glaucus and
Decrease inFusarium spp. at 14.6 % m.c.
D i T l M ld C f 18 0 %
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Decrease in Total Mold Counts of 18.0 %-m.c.
Corn on General-Purpose Agar over Time
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Weeks at 25 C
InternalInfection(%)
025
50
75
100125
150
175
200
cfu/g(00
0)
All Aspergillus spp.
Rose Agar
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Oxygen Consumption Over Time (averages by mold inhibitor and dose)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Days of Incubation
mgO2/hr/kgDM
Untreated
Prod B 0.1 kg/tProd A 0.1 kg/t
Respiration of Pellets
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Corn at 15.0 % m.c. Treated with
Product A
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
1 11 21 32 42 54
Days of Incubation
mgO2/h/kgDry
Untreated
0.5 kg/t
1.0 kg/t
2.0 kg/t
3.0 kg/t
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Aeration
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Effect of Grain Temperature
on Rate of Deterioration
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 2 4 6 8 10Weeks of Storage
Perc
entKernelsInfecte
dbyMolds*
* Percent Infection
as % of Original 14.3 % m. c. and 86 F
14.3 % m. c. and 77 F
R d ti f A ti f
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Recommendations for Aeration of
Imported Corn* in Warm Climates
Do not aerate
If the grain is cooler than 20 C and the graintemperature is stable
When the air is as warm or warmer than the grain
Aerate only when air is at least 3 C cooler thanthe grain
Monitor aeration with grain temperature
monitoring system, stop as soon as cooling iscomplete
Only if the grain is heating should aeration beused regardless of the air temperature and RH
*stored less than 3 months
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Receiving and Storing
U. S. Grain at Destination
Carl Reed
International Grains Program