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Kommunikatsiooniteenuste arendusIRT0080

Loeng 3/2010

Avo Otstelekommunikatsiooni õppetool,

TTÜ raadio- ja sidetehnika inst.avots@lr.ttu.ee

Kliendi soovid

Kliendi soovid (meedia & Multimedia)

• HD & 3D

• Tapeless – low cost disk storage• Open collaboration/inter-operability• New delivery platforms• The “Youth Market”• Cheaper production formats (Reality TV)• Advertising revenue models (SMS, Web,

Push)• Taxes on power consumption

Digital natives, digital immigrants and analog exiles

• The “digital natives” are born into digital technology.

• They are used to receiving information really fast.

• They like to parellel process and multitask.• They prefer their graphics before their text

rather than the opposite.• They prefer random access (like hypertext).• They function best when networked.• They thrive on instant gratification.

Acquaintance

people who are members of online social networks are not so much “networking” as they are “broadcasting their lives” to anouter tier of acquaintances (Interpersonal relationship) who aren’t necessarily inside the Dunbar circle

An interpersonal relationship is a relatively long-term association between two or more people. This association may be based on emotions like love and liking, regular business interactions, or some other type of social commitment.

Viiteidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar_number

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_concept

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquaintance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_native

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Native

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QoS• Pakettvõrkudes liikluse korralduse (traffic

engineering) mõiste “garanteeritud teenuse kvaliteet” (QoS, Quality of Service) tähendab tõenäosuslikku hinnangut, et sidevõrk jälgib liikluslepet.

• Paljudel juhtudel kasutatakse QoS tõenäosusena, et pakett läbib võrku saatjast vastuvõtjani oma ettemääratud ajavahemiku jooksul.

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Teenusekvaliteedi aspektidQoS – Quality of Service

ITU-T E.800 Recommendation

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Teenusekvaliteedi aspektid (2)

Teenuse Kättesaadavus

(Accessibility)

TeenusePüsivus

(Retainability)

TeenuseTerviklikus

(Integrity)

QoS

QoS parameetrid QoS parameetrid QoS parameetrid

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Hierarchical QoS

Customer # 1 VLAN

VoIP

VideoConf

VideoStream

Data p1

Internet

Data p2 Cust 1

Cust 2

Cust 3

Cust 4

Cust n

MPLS VPNInternet

GigE

10 GigE

MPLSTunnel

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Growth

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Speed

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Penetration

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Broadband

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NGNQoS High

ReliabilityNetwork

ManagementSecurity Intelligent

Networking

VoIP

E-Commerce

Multi-Media

Multi-casting

MobileAccess

ValueAdded

Services

VPN

•QoS and security for successful convergence

•Virtual Private Networks for converged networks and QoS

•Network management directories, policies and intelligent agents for decision support, configuration and QoS

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Industry convergence

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Interoperability

Vendor YVendor XA B

IMS GRX GRX IMS

Carrier Carrier

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T L A...

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Physical Layer - I.

Photonic

Path

Multiplex Section

Regen. Section

STM-N

Signal

Light

Pulse

VC and MS Overhead

Payload and Path Overhead

TerminalRegenerator

Optical Conversion

Terminal

Map internal signal and RS OH

into STM-N signal

Map Payload and Path OH into VC

Map VC and MS OH into internal

signal

Services (E1, E2, E3, E4, Video, etc.)

Regen. Section

Physical

Layers

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S T M 1

9 columns 261 columns

270 columns

VC CapacitySectionoverhead(SOH)

1st

2nd

Order of transmission

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125 μsec

9 Rows

Section Overhead

270 x N Columns

9xN Columns

STM-N VC capacity

STM-N frame

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Frame Structures

270 Columns

9 Rows

9 Rows

9 Rows

1,080 Columns

4,320 Columns

STM-1

155.52 Mbit/s

STM-4

STM-16

622.08 Mbit/s

2488.32 Mbit/s

STM-64 9 rows x 17280 columns, 9953.28 Mbit/s

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Rate Hierarchy

SDH

Level

Line Rate

(Mbit/s)

SPE Rate

(Mbit/s)

Optical

Level

Electrical

Level

STM-1 OC-3 STS-3

STM-4 OC-12 STS-12

STM-16 OC-48 STS-48

STM-64

155.52

622.08

2488.32

9953.28 OC-192 STS-192

STM-256 39813.12

150.336

601.344

9621.504

38486.016 OC-768 STS-768

SONET

2405.376

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Uni- and Bi-directional

– Only working traffic is shown

– Subnetwork (path) or multiplex section switching for protection

A

CE

BF

D

Uni-directional Ring(1 fiber)

C-A

A-CA

CE

BF

D

Bi-directional Ring(2 fibers)

C-A

A-C

26STM -N Mux

K1K2Read/Sel

K1K2Write

WorkingSTM-N

ProtectSTM-N

STM-N Mux

K1K2Write

K1K2Read/Sel

TributaryChannels

TributaryChannels

MSTE

MSTE

Automatic Protection SwitchingAPS = Automatic

Protection Switching

Allows network to react to failed lines, interfaces, or poor signal quality

Performed over the entire STM-N payload

Uses K1 and K2 bytes of MS Overhead

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Synchronization in Voice Networks

Network Clock

• Asynchronous transport network uses pulse stuffing and is transparent to E1 timing

DS0Switch

CB

E1

M14 M14LT CBLT LT

E4 prop. E4 E1E1 E4 prop. E4 E1

M14 M14

0.000001 ppm

LT

f120ppm

f220ppm

f320ppm

f420ppm

f520ppm

f620ppm

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• Timing distribution is done using embedded E1 facility• Asynchronous transport network is transparent to E1 timing

Synchronization Distribution

Network Clock(Stratum 1)

DS0Switch

CB

E1

M14 M14

20ppm

LT CBLT LT

E4 prop. E4 E1E1 E4 prop. E4 E1

M14 M13

0.000001 ppm

20ppm

LT

Dedicated TimingE1

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BC

DF

A

G E

Router

Router

Router

Router

Mesh Topology Networks

• Cross-Connects are nxn switches

• Interconnects S D H streams

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1

2

3

22

23

24

Write slots in order of arrival

Read slots according to connection permutation

24 23 12

Time-slot interchange

24 23 12abcd b a d c

a

b

c

d

… …

Time-Slot Interchange (TSI)

• Write bytes from arriving TDM stream into memory• Read bytes in permuted order into outgoing TDM stream• Max # slots = 125 sec / (2 x memory cycle time)

Incoming TDM

stream

Outgoing TDM

stream

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TSI

1

j

c

i

i

j

1

(i)

(j)

ij

ij

j i i jTimeslot interchangeMUX DEMUX

Kaadrimälu

JuhtmäluAjapilude loendur Time slot counter

Writeaccess

Readaccess

Datain

Dataout

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Vihm (vo’rk)

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Lõpulingid (3)http://www.packetizer.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPLS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_Digital_Hierarchy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM

http://www.juniper.net/solutions/