transcript
- Slide 1
- 1 Using Advanced Technologies to be Both Safe and Effective
Advancing Patient Safety and Quality : Using Advanced Technologies
to be Both Safe and Effective Jonathan B. Perlin, MD, PhD, MSHA,
FACP Deputy Under Secretary for Health Veterans Health
Administration Department of Veterans Affairs Virginians Improving
Patient Care & Safety Richmond, Virginia May 15, 2003
- Slide 2
- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 VHA:
Systematic Approaches to Quality & Safety Overview:
Relationship of Quality & Safety & the Patient Variation in
Health Care Quality (Safety) as a Strategy Measurement of Quality
(Safety) Measurement & Accountability Information Technology
& Health Care Quality Patients, Providers and Community
Perspective Strategies for Patient-Centered, High-Performance
Health Care
- Slide 3
- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Patients
dont seek care just to be safe Come for help maintaining &
improving health, managing disease & distress Goal: To Close to
Chasm... The Gap between optimal (based on best evidence) &
usual performance Evidence-based medicine: Uses processes that
rigorous, criteria-driven review of literature demonstrate achieve
consistently better outcomes VA Approach: Outcomes Can & Should
Be Specified... a priori ! Measure to define where well be... Not
to record where we were! To Err is Human: 98,000 Patients The
Quality Chasm: Every Patient Crossing the Quality Chasm 2001: IOM
Measurement & Performance Safety: Only the Tip of the
Iceberg
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Beneath:
Gap Between Best & Actual Practice If, simplistically, To Err
is Human identifies things that should never happen, Crossing the
Quality Chasm identifies things that should always happen
Certainly, as important as the question of how we prevent adverse
events is the question: How do we consistently ensure the maximum
known benefit of health care?
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 From
Health Care Delivery To Patient-Centered Care Safety: Avoid Getting
it Wrong Quality: Get it Right... Consistently Patient-Centered
Care Support patients with safe, high-quality care, in health and
disease, at the time & place, and in the manner patient desires
Care extends from hospital & clinic to home &
community
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Quality
& Safety To Err Is Human Safety is tip of iceberg Goal: Avoid
Getting It Wrong Ex A: Penicillin in known PCN-allergic patient
Adverse Event = All Risk = Adversity with no benefit
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Quality
& Safety Quality Chasm Virtually every patient experiences gap
between optimal & actual care Ex B: Non PCN-type Rx for
pneumonia in PCN allergic pt; pt not vaccinated Getting it
Partially Right Evidence: Pneumonia Vaccination reduces
hospitalization & death
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Quality
& Safety Quality Chasm Implementing Best Evidence Ex C: No need
for RX, as no pneumonia. Prior pneumococcal vaccine Evidence:
Pneumonia Vaccination reduces hospitalization & death
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Vaccine
Cuts Pneumonia Risk in High-Risk Patients Archives of Internal
Medicine 1999;159:2437-2442 Dr. Kristin Nichol, VAMC / Minneapolis
50% of elderly Americans / high-risk individuals have not received
the pneumococcal vaccine. 1996-1998: VA study of 1,900 elderly
patients with chronic lung disease ; 2/3 vaccinated against
pneumonia. Pneumococcal vaccination: 43% RR reduction in
hospitalizations for pneumonia and influenza 29% RR reduction in
the risk of death. Pneumonia and Influenza vaccination: 72% RR
reduction in hospitalizations for these two diseases 82% RR
reduction in deaths from all causes. Pneumococcal vaccination saved
$294 per patient
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003
Pneumococcal Vaccination Rates Iowa: Petersen, Med Care
1999;37:502-9. >65/ch dz HHS: National Health Interview Survey,
>64 --BRFSS-- --BRFSS 90th--
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003
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- Pneumonia: Acute Inpatient DRG89-90; Unadjusted for Pt.
Population (up 20%, FY99-01) 9,500 fewer bed days 8,000 fewer
discharges Effective, Efficient
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003
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- Pneumococcal Vaccination Rates * Iowa: Petersen, Med Care
1999;37:502-9. >65/ch dz Knowledge that Pneumococcal Vaccination
Indicated in Elderly / Chronic Disease... Why so
underutilized???
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Why
Doesnt the Evidence of Research Become the SOP? Research =>
Knowledge => Operationalization Optimal Practice Variation
(Bataldan: Omission, Commission, Irrational, Discretionary, Supply)
Patient Need
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Small
Area Variation (Variation in Pneumonia Vaccination Among Medicare
Beneficiaries) Wennberg, Dartmouth Health Atlas
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Whats
Wrong With Variation? Not All Variation is Positive Inconsistent
Quality & Safety Inconsistent Cost (Efficiency) Inconsistent
Access Inconsistent Satisfaction Inconsistent Processes Result in
Inconsistent Outcomes Sub-optimal Processes Result in Sub-optimal
Outcomes Patients dont reliably experience the optimal processes or
outcomes c.f. IOM, 2001: The Quality Chasm How do we systematically
reduce the negative variation and drive the most effective,
efficient, safe, equitable, timely, pt- centered practice ?
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Variation
Also Occurs at the Facility, Clinic & Practitioner Level after
DA Burnett, UHC, 1995 Positive Variation Negative Variation
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 after DA
Burnett, UHC, 1995 Reasonable Expectation Certainly, what youd
want! Unfortunate Experience - What you would not want Should it
matter where (in VA) you get your care, or from which clinician?
Variation Also Occurs at the Facility, Clinic & Practitioner
Level
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 after DA
Burnett, UHC, 1995 How do we capture and systematize best practices
? How do we drive these practices to be more like those above? How
do we know throughout VA how were doing? Variation Also Occurs at
the Facility, Clinic & Practitioner Level
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Why
Should A Health System Bother With Quality? #1: Ethical
Responsibility for Consistently Good Patient Care Wanna Be Around ?
? ? Mission (Viability) Assumes Reliability (Quality) Technical
Quality, Safety Access, Satisfaction, Efficiency If Not Reliable,
Not Justifiable, Poor (Value) Society will seek, even demand,
alternatives Periods of Economic Uncertainty (Now) 1.Call the
Question of Value and 2.Offer Unique Opportunities and Propel
Change
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 after DA
Burnett, UHC, 1995 Evidence-based, Safe Justifiable Unjustifiable
Variation Also Occurs at the Facility, Clinic & Practitioner
Level
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 2003: Who
is VA Veterans Health Administration VHA is Agency of the
Department of Veterans Affairs Three Administrations, including
VHA. Also: Veterans Benefits Admin (VBA) National Cemetery Admin
(NCA) 4.7 million patients, ~ 6.9 million enrollees Increased from
2.5 million patients / enrollees in 1995 ~ 1,300 Sites-of-Care,
including > 170 medical centers or hospitals, > 700 clinics,
long-term care, domiciliaries, home-care programs To 02: ~ $22
Billion budget (flat at ~ $19B from 1995 - 1999) Budget increase
03: approximately $25B ~184,000 Employees (~15,000 MD, 50,000
Nurses, 33,000 AHP) 21,000 fewer employees than 1995 Affiliations
with 107 Academic Health Systems Additional 25,000 affiliated MDs
60% (70% MDs) US health professionals have some training in VA
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Who Are
VAs Patients ? Older 49 % over age 65 Sicker Compared to
Age-Matched Americans 3 Additional Non-Mental Health Diagnoses 1
Additional Mental Health Diagnosis Poorer ~ 70% with annual incomes
< $26,000 ~ 40% with annual incomes < 16,000 Changing
Demographics 4.5% female overall Females: 22.5% of outpatients less
than 50 years of age
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 The total
veteran population will decrease by 32% between 2000 and 2020;
however, the number of veterans age 65 or over will peak in 2014;
veterans age 85 or over will increase by 173% between 2000 and
2020. Veteran Population: Age Trends: 2000 2020 85 & Over,
Number in 1,000s
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Reducing
Variation: From Evidence to Practice Patient With Need Patient Need
Met Possess Knowledge Operationalize Knowledge Pneumococcal
Vaccination Indications Computerized Health Information System +
Measurement => Accountability => System Changes
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Value =
QUALITY (SAFE) Cost Challenge: Create Value For Veterans and
America Value = OUTCOMES Cost
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 VHA
Strategy: Measuring Quality & Value VHA Strategic Objective
Areas Quality Access Community Health Satisfaction Functional
Status Cost-Effectiveness zProvide consistently reliable,
accessible, satisfying, high-quality care which maximizes
functional status, is cost-effective and fosters healthy
communities... Challenge: To Create & Communicate VALUE Value =
Access + Technical + Functional + Satisfaction + Community Health
Cost
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Quality:
Influenza Vaccination Rates --BRFSS-- --BRFSS90*-- * Sampling more
stringent; vaccine shortage
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003
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- Immunizations +/- Mental Health Diagnosis (FY 2001) Effective
Equitable Efficient
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003
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- Quality: Gender / Age Approp Care Breast CA & Cervical CA
Screen --HCUP--
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003
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- Tobacco Non-use VA: Tobacco Use Counseling 3X / yr FY200049%
FY200163% FY2002 69% HEDIS (NCQA) Patient counseled once most
recent visit? 66% CY2000 825,000 Veterans Received Counseling 3X /
yr 1,136,000 Counseled once VHA 4% decrease in tobacco users
represents approximately 184,000 veterans US Population Non-Use
Rate Increasing 0.5% / yr for past two years
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Public
Accountability to Veterans & USA OMB Accountabilities (GPRA)
Congressional Accountabilities VA Mission & Goals VHA Mission
=> Strategic Goal Areas (Q, A, S, FS, CE, CH) Measure Alignment,
Vetting, Priority Reconciliation Creation of Directors Performance
Contract Performance Mgmt Work Group USH / Policy / Planning =>
VISION Internally Identified Opportunities & Priorities Past
Performance Performance Analysis, Measurement and Reporting Office
of Quality & Performance Performance Measure Development Office
of Quality & Performance (OQP) Clinical Recommendations &
Support Tools: Office of Quality & Perf National Clinical
Practice Guideline Council National Clinical Program Offices Under
Secretary for Healths Performance Accountability Contract Executed
by Office of Under Secretary for Health with VAs Clinicians &
Managers VAs Performance Contract Formally Executed between Under
Secretary for Health and Senior Leadership Involves Clinicians
& Managers Supports Strategic Plan Measures Grounded in
evidence-based medicine (and management) Explicit accountability
for performance Supported by Information & Advanced
Technologies |----------------Plan Development
Cycle---------------|
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Quality:
Prevention Index, 1996 2002 * Sampling methodology more
stringent
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Survival
after MI Soumerai SB "Adverse Outcomes of Underuse of Beta Blockers
in Elderly Survivors of Acute Myocardial Infarction," JAMA 1997;
277(2):115-21 Elderly patients who receive beta blockers following
a heart attack are 43 percent less likely to die in the first 2
years following the attack than patients who do not receive this
drug, according to a new study funded by the Agency for Health Care
Policy and Research (AHCPR), published in the January 8 issue of
The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). The study
found that patients who receive beta blockers are rehospitalized
for heart ailments 22 percent less often than those who do not get
beta blockers, (and avoid almost $20,000 in excess health care
costs). However, only 21 percent of eligible patients receive beta
blocker therapy. Researchers found that these patients were almost
three times as likely to receive a new prescription for a calcium
channel blocker than for a beta blocker after their AMI. Eligible
patients receiving calcium channel blockers instead of beta
blockers doubled their risk of death.
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 AHCPR:
Soumerai et al. JAMA 1997;277(2):115-21 Non-Govt: Krumholz HM et
al. Ann Int Med 1999;131(9):648-54 --HCUP-- AMI Care Improvement:
Performance Measurement Works Unmeasured Performance Measurement
Measurement + Accountability
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Reducing
Variation: From Evidence to Practice Patient With Need Patient Need
Met Possess Knowledge Operationalize Knowledge Beta-Blocker
Indications Measurement Framework + Supporting Technologies
Computerized Health Information System + Accountability System
Changes
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Evolving
VA Technology for Patient-Centered Care Information Model for
High-Performance Health Care Provider Perspective Patient
Perspective My Health eVet Patient / Community Perspective Care
Coordination
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Wagner
Model of Chronic Care Community Informed, Activated Patient
Productive Interaction Optimal Patient Outcomes Health System
Prepared, Proactive Practice Team Self-management Support Clinical
Information System Decision Support Delivery System Design
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Wagner
Model of Chronic Care: Extended Community Informed, Activated
Patient Productive Interaction Health System Prepared, Proactive
Practice Team Self-management Support Clinical Information System
Decision Support Delivery System Design Optimal Patient
Outcomes
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Community
Informed, Activated Patient Productive Interaction Health System
Prepared, Proactive Practice Team Self-management Support Clinical
Information System Decision Support Delivery System Design Model
for Care Coordination Optimal Patient Outcomes Optimal Population
Outcomes
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Community
Informed, Activated Patient Productive Interaction Health System
Prepared, Proactive Practice Team Self-management Support Clinical
Information System Decision Support Delivery System Design Model
for Care Coordination Optimal Patient Outcomes Optimal Population
Outcomes
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003
Computerized Patient Record System... Every VA medical center has
the Computerized Patient Record System... Every VA medical center
has the Computerized Patient Record System...
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Better
Provider Support: Multimedia Patient Record 65% Medical Centers
have filmless images immediately available for doctor &
patient...
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003
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- Health Care is a Team Sport ! Health Care is a Team Sport
!
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Reminders
help us do the right thing consistently well...
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Clinical
Reminders Standardizing Best Practices Reduces Negative Variation
Create Standardized Data Acquisition of health data beyond care
delivered in VA
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Quality:
Diabetes Measures Sawin CT, Walder DJ, Bross DS, Pogach LM,
Diabetes process and outcome measures in the VHA, Diabetes Care,
1999 Age-Standardized Amputation Rates Decreasing
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Better
Provider Support: The New Guidelines... Bullets: Recommendation
& EvidenceAlgorithm Evidence Table Expanded Discussion Primary
References CAUTION!!! Task Support VS Task Interference
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003
Performance Measures for Lipid Screening & Mgmt in Patients
with Diabetes
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003
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- The Human Cost of Poor Penmanship... In 1999, a Texas jury
awarded a woman $450,000 after her husband died when his pharmacist
misread "Plendil" (a medication for high blood pressure), for
"Isordil", a medication for heart pain. The jury concluded that his
physicians poor handwriting was responsible for the error. One is 7
hospitalizations & one in 20 outpatient encounters in the
United States is complicated by avoidable adverse medication
events. Prescribing, preparing, and dispensing of medication each
account for about one-third of the errors....
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 The Human
Cost of Poor Penmanship... In 1999, a Texas jury awarded a woman
$450,000 after her husband died when his pharmacist misread
"Plendil" (a medication for high blood pressure), for "Isordil", a
medication for heart pain. The jury concluded that his physicians
poor handwriting was responsible for the error.
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 z
Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE), one of the Leapfrog
Groups Top 3 Safety Strategies zOutside of VA, CPOE < 8%
nationally, < 30% among Academic Medical Centers zNationally,
91% of all VA Rxs Now CPOE zUp from 79%, one year ago zCorporate
Performance Measure zUltimate Goal: 100% zVA is the Benchmark for
CPOE
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 CMOPs:
Technology at Work Consolidated Mail Outpatient Pharmacy ~200
Million 30-Day Equivalent Prescriptions / Year (40K per shift per
CMOP) zMedication Deficiencies: 5.8 sigma zWrong Medication:
0.0009% zLabeling problem: 0.0001% zDamage in Mails: 0.0014%
zDelays in Delivery: 0.0178% zPatient Satisfaction Rating: 90%
VG/E
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 IV Room
Label Printer (Similar process for p.o. Rxs)
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003
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- Community Informed, Activated Patient Productive Interaction
Health System Prepared, Proactive Practice Team Self-management
Support Clinical Information System Decision Support Delivery
System Design Model for Care Coordination Optimal Patient Outcomes
Optimal Population Outcomes
- Slide 69
- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 My Health
e Vet Internet-based, secure Personal Health Space. Provides
veterans with copies of key parts of their VA health information
(from VistA) Veterans can retain, view, and update their personal
health data (BP, Blood Sugar, Wt, etc.) Comprehensive, Personalized
Health Education Information Personalized Health Assessments
Activate & Empower partnership with health care providers in
achieving optimal health, through the sharing of health
information
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003
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- Hey, Doc, I have Diabetes, Shouldnt I be on an ACE Inhibitor
?
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003
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- Patient begins to tie together diet & weight with nutrition
information & blood sugar & Understanding of disease from
health education & Begins to take control of health Process
changes from Transactional (making appointments) TO
Transformational (Changing Health Behaviors & Health)
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Community
Informed, Activated Patient Productive Interaction Health System
Prepared, Proactive Practice Team Self-management Support Clinical
Information System Decision Support Delivery System Design Model
for Care Coordination Optimal Patient Outcomes Optimal Population
Outcomes Operational Definition...
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 CARE
COORDINATION The Clinic (Care Coordinator) Becomes Aware that the
Patient Is Beginning to Get Into Trouble, Proactively, The Patient
Is Called To Come Into Clinic... Or Visited at Home! Before S/He
Crashes
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 San Juan
Gainesville Lake City West Palm Beach Miami Bay Pines Ft. Myers
VISN 8 Community Care Coordination Service Program Sites Orlando
Patient (not provider) centric Designed to fill gaps in system
Collaboration with providers. Expands patient and provider
relationship into the home (home- telehealth technologies)
Successful in Doms and State Nursing Homes Positive med/psyc/soc
Outcomes Expandable & Reproducible
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 The
Health Buddy: Demonstrated Uses Single Dialogues HTN, COPD, DM,
CHF, Cancer Care, Depression, Chronic pain, HIV, Hep C,
Anticoagulation, Bi-polar Disorder Dual Dialogues HTN/COPD DM/CHF
DM/HTN CAD/Angina HTN/Hyperlipidemia (Spanish) CHF/Hyperlipidemia
(Spanish) Trialogue HTN/CHF/DM
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 iCare
Desktop Software
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 VISN8
Blood Pressure Medication Compliance In the past 24 hours, have you
taken all of your blood pressure medicines as your doctor has
ordered them?
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 VISN8:
Diabetes Care Have you checked your blood sugar in the last 24
hours?
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 VISN8:
Diabetes Care Have you taken your diabetes pill or insulin in the
last 24 hours?
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003
Utilization Outcomes ServicesCare Coordination Usual care Clinic
visits+30%+15% ER visits-36%+11% Admissions-46%+7% BDOC-61%+8% Ext
Admissions-47%+65% BDOC-81%+68%
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 SF 36 V:
Chronic Disease N= 738
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 SF 36 V
Mental Health N=114
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Clinical
Outcomes Compared to Usual Care, Care Coordination Resulted in...
Blood Pressure Improvement: 62% greater reduction in systolic bp
(p=0.015) 38% greater reduction in diastolic bp (p=0.050) Diabetes
Care (HbA1c) Improvement: Regression analysis showed significantly
greater decrease in HbA1c
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- Home-Telehealth Technologies
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Gaps:
Evolving Framework - The Right Framework ? Health Promotion
Preventive Care Primary Care Specialty Care Rehabilitation Tertiary
Care Long Term Care Home Care Continuum of Care Access
CostQualitySatisfaction Functional Status Community Health
Strategic Objective Areas Population Segments Vulnerable Cohorts
Patients Performance Measurement System Framework for Action
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Measuring
the Iceberg: From Why to How & What... Principles: Underuse,
Overuse, Misuse Information age: Local Standard of Practice
anachronistic High Opportunity (Variability) High Prevalence (CAD,
CHF, DM) High Risk (Transplant, Cardiac Surgery) High Vulnerability
(Mental Illness, Poverty, Minority) High Leverage Relatively Easy
to Implement (Known Best Practices) Efficiency (Economy of
Measurement) Dove-tails with other goals (e.g CPRS implementation)
Dove-tail with required measurement (e.g. HEDIS, ORYX) High Road
Effectiveness of Mission Culture of excellence, desire to raise bar
Commitment to Measuring: Measure to define where well be, not to
record where we were ! Mechanics: Ideal: Electronic Medical Record
Challenge: Non-standard data Solution: Health Data Repository Other
Practical Approaches: Chart Review Patient Self-Report (Survey) VA
Uses Hybrid
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Setting
the Benchmark... Closing The Quality Chasm
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Rough
Mapping of VA Domains to IOM Aims... VA DOMAINS Quality (Safe)
Access Satisfaction Functional Status Cost-Effective Community
Health IOM QUALITY CHASM AIMS Effective Safe Timeliness
Patient-Centered Efficient Equitable
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 2002:
Leadership by Example recognizes VAs: Clinical Performance
Improvement Performance Measurement Information Technologies Health
Services Research Patient Safety Evidence, Measurement, Technology
& Accountability
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Is It
Safety ? Is It Quality ? Are all patients benefiting equally?
Higher? Broader, Different? Is It Just Good Care ?
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- J. Perlin - Veterans Health Administration: May, 2003 Is It
Quality or Safety ? ... The best measure of quality is not how well
or how frequently a medical service is given, but how closely the
result approaches the fundamental objectives of prolonging life,
relieving distress, restoring function, and preventing disability.
Lembcke, 1952
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- 98 For Health Care & For VA Technology is a means, not an
end, An enabler, not a goal The goal is high-performance, high-
value, high-quality, safe, patient- centered health care...