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Welcome to Unit 5

Non-Communicable Diseases

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Unit 5 Required Reading

Chapter 6: Non-communicable Diseases

Pages: 87-98

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Non-Communicable Diseases

What is a non-communicable disease (NCD)?• A disease that is not contagious

• Generally has risk factors, such as genetics, lifestyle, or environment.

• Together non-communicable diseases represent the majority of causes of death and disability in most

developed countries.• They include such diseases as cancer, Alzheimer’s

disease, heart disease, depression, diabetes, asthma and stroke (to name a few).

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Epidemiological Transition

What is epidemiological transition?

“Epidemiological transition describes the changing pattern of diseases that has been seen in many countries as

they have experienced social and economic development” (Riegleman, 2010, p. 88).

Reference:

Riegleman, R. (2010). Public health 101: Healthy people – healthy populations.

Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett

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Epidemiological Transition

• Most deaths in underdeveloped countries are related to infections and contagious diseases.

• As social and economic development progresses, non-communicable diseases become the predominate cause of death.

• Countries that are socially and economically developed have an increase in non-communicable diseases, but also continue to combat communicable diseases as well, such as HIV/AIDs, influenzas, drug resistant bacterial infections and sexually transmitted diseases

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Screening for Disease

Purpose of Screening for Disease

• To test individuals who are asymptomatic (experiencing no symptoms) of a disease.

• To catch a disease early on in the disease process.

• To reduce disability and deaths

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Types of Screening Programs

• Breast cancer• Colon cancer

• Vision and hearing impairments• Diabetes

• Kidney disease• Hypertension• Cholesterol

• Can you list anymore?

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Four Criteria for an Ideal Screening Program

1. The disease that is being screened for is known to produce substantial number of

deaths and/or disabilities.

2. Early detection is possible and improves outcomes.

3. There is a feasible testing strategy for screening.

4. Screening is acceptable in terms of harms, costs, and patient acceptance.

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Unit 1 Review

• Public health is a science

• Public health differs from medicine• Public health consists of 5 distinct disciplines (epidemiology, statistics, biomedical,

social and behavioral, and environmental health)

• Public health focuses on 3 types of preventions (primary, secondary and tertiary)

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Unit 1 Review Continued

• Public health is very much concerned with the determinants of health. Determinants are underlying factors that may not be all that

obvious at first glance, but play a significant role in bringing about disease.

• We learned that John Snow, often referred to as, “the father of epidemiology” was the first to use the scientific study to determine the source of

cholera at the Broad St. pump.

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Unit 2 Review

• Health informatics

• Health communication

• Quality health information on the Internet: what to look for to determine a quality and credible

source of information

• Vital Statistics: what are they, who collects them and why are they important?

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Unit 2 Review Continued

• 6 Ss of sources of public health data : single case or small series, vital statistics, surveys/sampling,

self-reports, sentinel monitoring, and Syndromic surveillance.

• Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)• Morbidity• Mortality

• Disability-Adjusted Life Year• Japan: longest life expectancy at approximately

83 years.

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Unit 2 Continued

3 Basic Approaches to Clinical Decision Making

• Inform of decision

• Informed consent

• Shared decision making

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Unit 3 Review

Social and Behavioral Sciences and Public Health

• Socioeconomic

• Culture

• Religion

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Unit 3 Review Continued

Change Model

• Precontemplation

• Contemplation

• Preparation

• Action

• Maintenance

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Unit 4 Review

Terms to Know

• Police power

• Negative rights

• Substantive due process

• Procedural due process

• Authoritative decision

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Unit 4 Review Continued

Characteristics of Market justice• Views health care as an economic good

• Assumes free market conditions for health service delivery

• Assumes that markets are more efficient in allocating resources equitably

• Production and distribution of health care determined by market-based demand

• Medical care distribution is based on people’s ability to pay

• Access to medical care is viewed as an economic reward for personnel effort and achievement.

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Unit 4 Review Continued

Characteristics of Social Justice• Health care is viewed as a social resource; just like public

education.• The government should actively govern and monitor health care, its

services and delivery.• The government is more efficient in allocating health resources

equitably.• Central planning, rather than private is best in allocating health care

resources• Everyone, regardless of their ability to pay should have equal

access to health care• Equal access to health care is a basic right for every human being.

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Unit 4 Review Continued

Quarantine as a Public Health Authority

• Quarantine defined• The practice of quarantine dates back to ancient

Roman days• Today’s use of quarantine

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Unit 4 Review Continued

• Nuremberg Code: Ten principles

• Belmont Report: Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice

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Unit 5 Written AssignmentCourse Project Outline

Requirements• Cover page (APA format)

• Outline: generally 1 to 2 pages• No reference page required

• See format to follow on Unit 5 home page under the icon “project”

• Size 12 font, Times New Roman font style, 1” margins • Double space entire paper!

• No Bold print, underlining, or photos• Submit to Dropbox by 11:59 pm Tuesday

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Midterm Exam

• Comprehensive: Covers material from Unit 1 thru Unit 5.

• 50 multiple choice questions (2 pts. each).• Timed exam: 4 hours

• Exam can only be opened once• All information on the exam comes from the

textbook• No extensions will be granted

• Complete and submit by 11:59 pm Tuesday

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Unit 5 To-Do-List

• Submit original response to the DB by midnight Saturday and 2 responses to classmates’ posts by Sunday

(midnight).• Study material for midterm exam and take the exam

when you feel prepared, but before 11:59 pm Tuesday• Complete the Unit 5 written assignment and submit to

the Dropbox by 11:59 pm Tuesday (you can submit a rough draft to me via email no later that midnight EST

Sunday)• Contact me with any questions or concerns via email or

phone call.