Post on 14-Jul-2016
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gŸë¡ fšé¤Jiw
g‹åu©lh« tF¥ò khzt®fS¡fhd f‰wš ifnaL
m¿Kf«
kh©òäF jäœehL Kjyik¢r® mt®fë‹ Mizæ‹go
btŸs¤jhš gh¡f¥g£l kht£l§fëš g‹åu©lh« tF¥ò
gæY« khzt khzéaç‹ eyid¡ fU¤Âš bfh©L mt®fŸ
f‰wš ju¤Âid ca®¤Â¤ nj®¢Á éG¡fh£oid
nk«gL¤Jtj‰bfd jäœ, M§»y«, fz¡F, Ïa‰Ãaš,
ntÂæaš, cæçaš, jhtuéaš, éy§»aš, òéæaš, tuyhW,
bghUëaš, tâféaš, fz¡F¥ gÂéaš M»a ghl§fS¡fhd
f‰wš ifna£oid gŸë¡ fšé¤Jiw jah® brŒJŸsJ.
muÁ‹ édh¤jhŸ £l tiué‹ mo¥gilæš
khzt®fë‹ nj®¢Á éG¡fh£oid mÂfç¡F« neh¡»š
cUth¡f¥g£LŸs Ï¡ifna£oid khzt®fS¡F e‹Kiwæš
vL¤J¢ br‹W, khzt®fŸ nj®Îfis v®bfhŸs¤j¡f
JâΫ j‹d«Ã¡ifÍ« ä¡ft®fshf cUth¡FkhW gŸë¡
fšé¤ Jiw mid¤J MÁça¥ bgUk¡fisÍ«
nf£L¡bfhŸ»wJ.
1
12Mk; tFg;G - jkpo; Kjy;jhs;
t.vz; jiyg;G tpdhf;fs; kjpg;ngz;
1 ÁWtpdh 1 – 6
4x2=8
2 ngUtpdh 7 – 11 – 3 ® 12 3x4=12
3x4=12 3 ngUtpdh 12 - 16 - 3 ® 12
4 neLtpdh 20 – 21 1x8=8
5 ghlybtpdh 22 – 6 4x1=4
6 kdg;ghlk; 23 – 4 6+4=10
7 gFgjk; 24 2x2=4
8 ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G 25 3x2=6
9 Gzh;r;rp 26 2x2=4
10 jpiz> Jiw 27 1x4=4
11 mzp 28 1x4=4
12 nghUj;Jf 29 – 32 4x1=4
13 chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf 33 – 48 16x1=16
14 Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf 49 – 50
2x2=4
nkhj;jk; 100
2
t. vz; jiyg;G tpdhf;fs; kjpg;ngz;fs;
1 ÁWtpdh FWtpdh - 16 8
2 ngUtpdh jpUf;Fws; - 5 tho;j;J - 3 8
3 ngUtpdh rpw;wpyf;fpak; - 4 kWkyh;r;rp - 4 12
4 neLtpdh jpUf;Fws; kl;Lk;. - 4 8
5 kdg;ghlg; ghly;
nra;e;ed;wpawpjy; mwpTilik 4
6
gFgjk;> ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G> Gzh;r;rptpjp> 14
7 mzp ,yf;fzk;
ctik mzp>vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikmzp> nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tU epiyazp 4
8 Âiz, Jiw
nghJtpay;;jpiz> nghUz;;nkhopf; fhQ;rpj; Jiw 4
9 chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf 16
nkhj;jk; 78
3
12Mk; tFg;G - jkpo; ,uz;lhk;jhs;
t.vz; jiyg;G tpdh vz; kjpg;ngz;fs;
1 ngUtpdh 1 – 5 12
2 ngUtpdh 6 – 12 12
3 neLtpdh 11 – 12 6
4 Jizg;ghlk; 13 – 14 20
5 ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly; 15 10
6 nkhopg;gapw;;rp 16 – 21 6
7 gonkhop 22 4
8
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdh - nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 23 - 32 10
nkhj;jk; 80
4
t. vz;
jiyg;G kjpg;ngz;fs;
1 ghlk; - 1>2 kl;Lk; 9tpdhf;fs; 8
2 ghlk; - 5>7 kl;Lk; 10 tpdhf;fs; 8
3 ghlk; - 1>7 kl;Lk; 4 tpdhf;fs; 6
4 Jizg;ghlk; - 1>4 kl;Lk; 2 tpdhf;fs; 10
5 Jizg;ghlk; - 6>9 kl;Lk; 2 tpdhf;fs; 10
6 ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly; khjphp - 1 10
7 jkpohf;fk; - 20 6
8 nkhopg;gapw;rp - Gj;jfj;jpw;Fg; gpd; cs;sJ kl;Lk; 8
nkhj;jk; 66
5
jkpo; Kjy; jhs;
1.chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf.
gapw;rpfs; nra;Al;fspd; gpd; mike;Js;sd. mtw;wpypUe;Nj tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLk;. mtw;NwhL Áy;Fwpg;G> Mrphpah; Fwpg;G Mfpatw;iwAk; gbj;jhy; 16 kjpg;ngz;fisAk; ngw;wplyhk;. 2. jpiz my;yJ Jiwia tpsf;Ff. nghJtpay; jpiz> nghUz;nkhopf; fhQ;rpj;Jiw Mfpatw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;fkhf¥ gbj;jhNy 4 kjpg;ngz;fisAk; ngw;wplyhk;. 3. ghlg;gFjpfspy; mike;j mzpfspy; jpUf;Fwspy; mike;j 3 mzpfisg; gbj;jhNy 4 kjpg;ngz;fisAk; ngw;wplyhk;. *mzp ,yf;fzk;, vLj;Jf;fhl;L> mzp mike;j jd;ik Mfpait tpsf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 4. rpWtpdhf;fspy; fPNo cs;s gFjpfSf;F tiuTj;jpl;lk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; je;Js;sJ. *njhif Áy;fs; - 23 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W tUk;. *jpUf;Fws; - 23 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W tUk;. *Njk;ghtzp – 14 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W tUk;. *rpw;wpyf;fpak; - 7 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W tUk;. *kWkyh;r;rpg; ghly;fs; - 14 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W tUk;. *topghl;Lg; ghly;fs; - 14 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W tUk;. ,tw;Ws; Njk;ghtzp>rpw;wpyf;fpak;>kWkyh;r;rpg; ghly;fs;> topg;ghl;Lg;ghly;fs; M»a gFjpfis kl;Lk; gbj;jhNy rpWtpdhf;fspy; 8 kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw;W tplyhk;. 5. ngUtpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLk; gFjpfs; édh¤jhŸ £l tiuÎ mbg;gilapy; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Kjy; gFjp:- tho;j;J : 4 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W vOjpdhy; 4 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk; jpUf;Fws;: 10 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W vOjpdhy; 4 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk; njhifÁy;fs;: 12 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W vOjpdhy; 4 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk; Njk;ghtzp 6 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W vOjpdhy; 4 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk; ghz;bad; ghpR 5 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W vOjpdhy; 4 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk; ,uz;lhk; gFjp:- rpw;wpyf;fpak; 5 tpdhf;fspy; 2 vOjpdhy; 8 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk; kWkyh;r;rpg; ghly;fs; 4 tpdhf;fspy; 2 vOjpdhy; 8 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk; topghl;Lg; ghly;fs; 6 tpdhf;fspy; 1 vOjpdhy; 4 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk;
,U gFjpfspYk; jyh %d;W %d;W tpdhf;fSf;F kl;LNk tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
kWkyh;r;rpg; ghly;fs;> rpw;wpyf;fpag; gFjpfspy; Fiwthd tpdhf;fspy; ,Ue;J 4 tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLtjhy; Mokhff; fw;wpLf. Nkw;fz;l gFjpfis KOikahfg; gbj;jhNy ntw;wp ngw;Wtplyhk;.
6
6. neLtpdhf;fs; 3 gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Nfl;fg;gLk;.
1. jpUf;Fws; 2. njhlh;epiyr; nra;As; 3. kWkyh;r;rpg; ghly;fs;
KOikahd kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw tpUk;GNthh; jpUf;Fwspd;
fU¤J¡fis¤ ; njspthf vOJf. vspjhfg; gbf;f tpUk;GNthh;
kWkyh;r;rpg; ghly; tpdhf;fisg; gbf;fyhk;.
7. ghly;mbapd; fPo; cs;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJjy;.
njhifEhy;fs;> njhlh;epiyr; nra;As; gFjpg; ghly; mbfis
ed;F mwpe;J nfhz;lhy; ,g;gFjpapy; 4 kjpg;ngz;fs; ngwyhk;.
8. ,yf;fzg;gFjp:
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :-
▪ ;j;’ re;jp ‘e;’ MdJ tpfhuk; mikAk; nrhw;fs; .
▪ nganur;rk; / tpidnar;rk; tpFjp mikgit
▪ tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W> Vty; tpidKw;W tpFjp
mikgit.
▪ vspa tpidKw;W tpFjpfs; mikgit
,tw;iw ed;F gbj;jhNy 4 kjpg;ngz;fs; ngwyhk;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G ▪gz;Gj;njhif
▪tpidj;njhif ▪vz;Zk;ik / ck;ikj;njhif ▪msngil ▪cUtfk; ▪nganur;rk; / tpidnar;rk; ,tw;iw ed;F gbj;jhNy 6 kjpg;ngz;fs; ngwyhk;
Gzh;r;rp tpjp jUf:-
1. ‘cly;Nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng’ 2. ‘caph;thpd; cf;Fws; nka;tpl;NlhLk;’ 3. ‘G+g;ngah;Kd; ,dnkd;ikAk; Njhd;Wk;;
4. ‘<WNghjy;’
5. ‘,dkpfy;’; 6. ‘,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk;’
Mfpa tpjpfs; mikag;ngw;w nrhw;fisg; gphpj;Jg; Gzh;r;rptpjp
vOjpg; goFf. KOikahd kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw;Wtplyhk;.
7
9. nghUj;Jf:-
nra;As; gFjpapd; gpd; cs;s nghUj;Jf gapw;rpfis ed;F gbj;jhy; 4 kjpg;ngz;fs; ngwyhk;. 10. kdg;ghlg; gFjp kdg;ghlg;gFjpfis¥ ghtifNahL KOikahfg; gbj;jpLf. vOj;Jg;gpio ,y;yhky; mbgpwohky; vOjpdhy; KOkjpg;ngz;fs; (10) ngw;wplyhk;. 11. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis Vw;w nrhw;fshy; epug;Gf:- jpUf;Fwspd; 40 Fws;fisAk; ed;F gbj;jhy; KOikahd kjpg;ngz;fs; 4 ngwyhk;. njspthd vOj;J tbtk;>gpio ,y;yhky; vOJtJ Mfpatw;iw tpil mspf;Fk; NghJ filg;gpbj;jhy; Áw;Wf;F ÁW kjpg;ngz;fs; ngwyhk;.
jkpo; ,uz;lhk; jhs;
I. Jizg;ghlf; fl;Liufspy; KO kjpg;ngz; ngw tpUk;Gfpd;w khzt>
khztpah;fs; ftdpf;f:
13Mk; tpdhtpw;Fj; Jizg;ghlq;fs; 1 Kjy; 5 tiu cs;s fijfisg; gbj;jhy;
10 kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngwyhk;.
fijj;jiyg;G> Mrphpah; ngah; Kd;Diu fijf;fU fij khe;jhpd; ngah;fs; fijapd; Nghf;if cl;jiyg;Gfs; nfhLj;J vOJjy; fij czh;j;Jk; ePjp KbTiu
,tw;iw KOikahfg; gpd;gw;Wf 14Mk; tpdhtpw;F 6 Kjy; 10 tiu cs;s Jizg;ghlg; gFjpapy; ‘xt;nthU
fy;yha;’> ‘kz;’ Mfpa rpWfijfspy; kl;LNk fij khe;jh; gz;Gfs; tpdh cs;sJ.
vdNt mtw;iw Cd;wpg;; gbf;fTk;.
fijj; jiyg;G> Mrphpah; ngah; Kd;Diu fijr;RUf;fk; fijapd; xU fjh khe;jhpd; gz;Gfisr; rpWrpW gj;jpfspy; tpsf;Ff
,it midj;ijAk; gpd;gw;wpdhy; 10 kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngwyhk;.
8
II. 15Mk; tpdh ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly; gFjpapy; ghujpahh;> ghujpjhrd;> ftpkzp>
ehkf;fy;yhh; ghly;fs; kl;LNk toq;fg;gLk;.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l ghlypd; fUj;Jfis vspa ciueil tbtpy; vOj Ntz;Lk;. mjidr; RUf;fp ikaf;fUj;jhf vOjNtz;Lk;. ghlypy;> ctik mzp> nrhw;nghUl;gpd;tU epiyazp> ,ay;G etpw;rp mzp>
cah;T etpw;rp mzp Mfpatw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;W mike;Js;sij vLj;J vOj Ntz;Lk;.
Kd;Diu> nghUs;eak;> nrhy;eak;> Nkhid> vJif> re;jeak;> Riteak;> ghly;jiyg;G> KbTiu Mfpait mikj;Jf; fl;Liu vOjTk;.
I, II Mfpa ,uz;L gFjpfis ed;whfg; gbj;jhNy jkpo; ,uz;lhk; jhspy;
khzt> khztpah; ntw;wp ngwyhk;.
III. ciueilapd; ghlg; gFjpfSf;Fg; gpd; ,Uf;Fk; nkhopg;gapw;rpfs; kl;Lk; gbj;jhNy
10 kjpg;ngz; fpilf;Fk;.
thf;fpag; gpio ePf;Ff> re;jpg; gpio ePf;Ff kuGg; gpio ePf;Ff> gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePf;Ff
t*cr; nrhw;fis ePf;Ff Kjypa gFjpfis ed;whfg; gbf;fTk;.
IV. ngUtpdh ,uz;L gphpthff; Nfl;fg;gLk;.
(1 Kjy; 4 ghlk; tiu Kjy; gFjp) 1>2>3 Mfpa ghlq;fs; ed;F gbj;jhNy KO kjpg;ngz;fs; (12) ngwyhk;. (5 Kjy; 8 ghlq;fs; tiu ,uz;lhk; gFjp). 5>6>7 Mfpa ghlq;fspy; cs;s ngUtpdhf;fisg; gbj;jhNy KO kjpg;ngz;fs;
(12) ngwyhk;. V. neLtpdhf;fs; ,uz;L gFjpfshff;; Nfl;fg;gLk;.
1 Kjy; 4 tiu Kjy; gFjp 5 Kjy; 8 tiu ,uz;lhk; gFjp
,tw;Ws; xU gFjpapy; cs;s neL tpdhf;fis KOikahfg; gbj;jhNy
neLtpdhtpy; 6 kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngwyhk;
jkpohf;fk;> tho;tpay; epfo;T gFjpfspy; KO kjpg;ngz; ngWtjw;F ,Jtiu
muR tpdhj;jhs;fspy; Nfl;fg;gl;l jkpohf;fk;> tho;tpay; epfo;T Mfpatw;iw kPz;Lk;
kPz;Lk; gbj;Jg; gapw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Nkw;$wpatw;iw khzt> khztpah;fs; fUj;jpy;nfhz;L ed;F fw;W 80/80
kjpg;ngz;fis nty;f.
9
jkpo; Kjy; jhs;
gFjp – 1 (xU kjpg;ngz; tpdh - tpilfs;)
cupa tpiliaj; Nju;e;njOJf. 1. fk;gu; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Gytu;fSs; xUtu;
m) ef;fPuu; M) xl;lf;$j;ju; ,) ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
2. ‘xd;Nwnad;dpd; ’ vd;Dk; flTs; tho;j;Jg;ghly; mike;Js;s fhz;lk; m) mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; M) Re;ju fhz;lk;; ,) Aj;j fhz;lk;
3. fk;gu; jhk; ,aw;wpa fhg;gpaj;jpw;F ,l;l ngau; m) fk;guhkhazk;; M) ,uhkhtjhuk;;; ,) jpUf;if tof;fk;
4. jkpourp FwtQ;rpapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; m) rptd;; M) jpUkhy;;; ,) KUfd;
5. “fw;Nwhuhy; GytNuW ” vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg; ngw;wtu; m) tuj eQ;irag; gps;is M) fk;gu; ,) Nrf;fpohu;
6. Gwk;> Gwg;ghl;L vd toq;fg; ngWtJ m) mfehDhW M) gjpw;Wg;gj;J ,) GwehDhW
7. GwehDhw;wpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s jpizfs; m) Ie;J M) gjpndhd;W ,); gj;J
8. jkpoupd; tho;tpay; rpe;jidfisf; fUT+ykhff; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk; Ehy; m) mfehDhW M) Iq;FWEhW ,) GwehDhW
9. GwehDhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Jiwfs; m) 11 M) 65 ,); 75
10. vl;Lj;njhif Ehy;fSs; xd;W m) FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L M) Ky;iyg;ghl;L ,) gupghly; 11. gupghly; vd;Dk; Ehy; m) mfg;ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ
M) mf> Gwg; nghUs; ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ ,) Gwg;ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ 12. mfehD}W kzpkpilg; gtsj;jpy; cs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if m) 100 M)120 ,)180 13. mfehDhw;Wg; ghf;fspd; mbtiuaiw m) 4 Kjy; 8 mb tiu M)9 Kjy; 12 mb tiu ,) 13 Kjy; 31 mb tiu 14. ew;wpiziaj; njhFg;gpj;jtd; m) Mupag;gil fle;j neLQ;nropad; M) xy;iyA+u; je;j G+jg;ghz;bad; ,) gd;dhL je;j ghz;bad; khwd; tOjp 15. ew;wpizg; ghf;fspd; mbtiuaiw m) 4 Kjy; 8 mb tiu M) 9 Kjy; 12 mb tiu
,) 13 Kjy; 31 mb tiu
16. fgpyiu ‘ tha;nkhopf; fgpyu; ’ vdg; Nghw;wpatu; m) ef;fPuu; M) ngUq;Fd;Whu;f; fpohu; ,) khNwhf;fj;J eg;griyahu; 17. FWe;;njhiff;Ff; flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghbatu; m) fgpyu; M) tue;jUthu; ,) ngUe;Njtdhu; 18. Fwl;gh vd;gJ m) ehyb ntz;gh M) %tb ntz;gh ,) <ub ntz;gh 19. mwj;Jg;ghypy; cs;s mjpfhuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if m) 70 M) 38 ,) 25
10
20 jpUf;Fwspy; mike;Js;s ,ay;fs; m) 4 M) 9 ,) 30 21. nfhz;lhlg;ngWk; jpUts;Stuhz;bd;gb mtu; tho;e;j fhyk; m) fp.K. 31 M) fp.gp. 31 ,) fp.K. 18 <) fp.gp.190 22. nghUl;ghypd; ,ay;fs; m) ghapuk;> ,y;ywtpay;> Jwtwtpay;> Copay; M) murpay;> mq;ftpay;> xopgpay; ,) fstpay;> fw;gpay; 23. jpUf;Fwspd; ngUikia czu;j;JtJ m) gonkhop M) jpUts;Stkhiy ,) ehybahu; 24. ts;Stidg; ngw;wjhw; ngw;wNj Gfo; itafNk vdg; ghbatu; m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) ftpkzp 25. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYs;s fhz;lq;fs; m) %d;W M) MW ,) Kg;gJ 26. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; cl;gpupT m) glyk; M) ,ay; ,) fhij 27. rpyg;gjpfhu ciuahrpupaUs; xUtu; m) ,sk;G+uzhu; M) mUk;gjTiufhuu; ,) er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; 28. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F toq;Fk; rpwg;Gg; ngau;fspy; xd;W m) ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As; M) fz;zfp fhij
,) rpyg;gjpfhuk; 29. NjdpNy Cwpa nre;jkpopd; --- Rit NjWk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;W ghuhl;batu; m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is 30. tup vd;gJ ____ tifaJ m) re;jg;ghly; M) fypg;ghly; ,) ,irg;ghly; 31. fk;g ehlfj;jpd; ahg;G tz;zq;fSf;Ff; $wg;gLk; fzf;fPL m) 96 M) 108 ,) 100 32. cj;ju fhz;lj;ijg; ghbatu; m) xl;lf;$j;ju; M) thd;kPfp ,) GfNoe;jp 33. fk;guhkhazj;jpYs;s fhz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if m) MW M) VO ,) xd;gJ 34. Re;ju fhz;lk; ,uhkhazj;jpy; m) Kjw;fhz;lk; M) Ie;jhq; fhz;lk; ,) Vohq;fhz;lk; 35. Re;jud; vd;Dk; ngauhy; ,uhkhazj;jpy; toq;fg;gLtgu; m) mDkd; M) ,uhtzd; ,) ,yf;Ftd;
36. ‘rpwpa jpUtb’ vd;W miof;fg;gLgtu; m) fUld; M) mDkd; ,) tPlzd; 37. jdia vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; m) mk;kh M) cld;gpwe;jhs; ,) kfs; 38. ,uhkd; nfhLj;jjhfr; rPijaplk; mDkd; fhl;baJ m) fizahop M) mzpkzpfs; ,) fbjk; 39. rPjhg;gpuhl;b jd;id kPl;Lr;nry;y Ntz;b tpjpj;j fhyk; m) xU jpq;fs; M) Xuhz;L ,) xUehs; 40. tPukhKdptupd; jha;ehL m) jkpofk; M) gpuhd;R ,) ,j;jhyp 41. nfhd;];lhd; vd;DQ; nrhy;Yf;Fg; nghUs; m) nfhd;wtd; M) mQ;rhjtd; ,) Ntw;Wehl;ltd; 42. tPukhKdptu; njhFj;j mfuhjp m) rJufuhjp M) Ngufuhjp ,) mUk;gj mfuhjp 43. jpUf;Fwspd; mwj;Jg;ghy;> nghUl;ghy; Mfpatw;iw tPukhKdptu; nkhopngau;j;Jj;
je;jJ m) Mq;fpyk; M) ,yj;jPd; ,) tlnkhop
11
44. Njk;ghtzp E}ypd; ghl;Lilj; jiytu; m) R+irkhKdptu; M) ,NaRngUkhd; ,) jhtPjd; 45. ghujpjhrdhu; ntspapl;l ,jo; m) Njd;kio M) Fapy; ,) njd;wy; 46. Gul;rpf; ftpQu; vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;ltu; m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) fk;gjhrd; 47. ghz;bad; gupirf; ifg;gw;w epidj;jtd; m) tPug;gd; M) Ntyd; ,) eupf;fz;zd; 48. ghujpjhrd; vOjpa Ehy;fSs; xd;W
m) Gjpa tpbay;fs; M) FwpQ;rpj;jpl;L ,) Njd;kio 49. rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkpg; gupR ngw;w ghujpjhrdpd; Ehy; m) gprpuhe;ijahu; M) ghz;bad; gupR ,) mofpd; rpupg;G
50. ‘ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp’> ‘ftpuhl;rfd;‘ vd;nwy;yhk; Gfog;gLgtu; m) fk;gu; M) xl;lf;$j;ju; ,) ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
51. ‘ jpt;tpa ftp ’ vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gLgtu; m) gps;isg;ngUkhs; ma;aq;fhu; M) xl;lf;$j;ju; ,) FkuFUguu; 52. jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; fyk;gfk; m) kJiuf; fyk;gfk; M) ee;jpf; fyk;gfk; ,) fhrpf; fyk;gfk; 53. Gyd; -- vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tif m) fyk;gfk; M) gs;S ,) cyh 54. gjpndl;L cWg;Gfshy; ghlg;gLk; rpw;wpyf;fpak; m) fyk;gfk; M) cyh ,) gs;S 55. gpuge;jk; --- vd;Dk; tlnrhy; czu;j;Jk; nghUs; m) eifr;RitEhy; M) ed;F fl;lg;gl;lJ ,) mwpTiuEhy; 56. Kf;$lw;gs;Sf;Fupa ghtif m) rpe;Jg;gh M) Mrpupag;gh ,) tQ;rpg;gh 57. tlnkhopapy; ghujk; ghbatu; m) thd;kPfp M) tpahru; ,) fhspjhru; 58. me;jhjpf;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW ngau; m) rpNyil M) nrhw;nwhlu; epiy ,) gpuge;jk; 59. ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngau; m) JiuuhR M) vj;jpuhrd; ,) Rg;Guj;jpdk;
60 ‘tho;tpdpy; nrk;ikiar; nra;gts; ePNa ’ vd;w ghliyj; jkpo; tho;j;jhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;s muR m) jkpo;ehL muR M) GJit muR ,) gpnuQ;R muR 61. ghQ;rhyp rgjj;jpYs;s rUf;fq;fspd; vz;zpf;if m) 5 M) 7 ,) 9 62. ekf;Fj; njhopy; ftpij ehl;Lf;F cioj;jy; vd;W ghbatu; m) ghujpjhrd; M) thzpjhrd; ,) ghujpahu; 63. 20Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; ,yf;fpa kWkyu;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;ltu; m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) fk;gjhrd; 64. nre;jkpior; nrOe;jkpohff; fhz tpUk;gpatu; m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) fk;gjhrd; 65 gpnuQ;Rf; FbauRj;jiytuhy; nrthypau; tpUjpidg; ngw;wtu; m) ghujpjhrd; M) thzpjhrd; ,) Kbaurd; 66. ftpQNuW> ghtyu; kzp Kjypa gl;lq;fisg; ngw;wtu; m) ftpQu; Rujh M) thzpjhrd; ,) Kbaurd; 67. jkpofj;jpd; Ntu;l;];nthu;j; m) thzpjhrd; M) Kbaurd; ,) ghujpjhrd;; 68. Rujhtpd; Ehy;fSs; jkpo; tsu;r;rpj;Jiwapd; guprpidg; ngw;w Ehy; m) Njd;kio M) JiwKfk; ,) RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk;
12
69. ctikf;ftpQu; m) ghujp M) Rujh ,) fz;zjhrd; 70. fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gu; m) fk;gu; M) tPukhKdptu; ,) vr;.V.fpU~;zg;gps;is
71. ;rpd;dr; rPwh’ vd;w Ehiy vOjpatu; m) ckWg;Gytu; M) Fzq;Fb k];jhd; ,) gD mfkJ kiuf;fhau; 72. Re;juu; Njthuk; m) Kjyhe;jpUKiw M) Vohe;jpUKiw ,) gd;dpuz;lhe;jpUKiw 73. jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpw;F ciu vOjpatu; m) mbahu;f;F ey;yhu; M) mUk;gj ciufhuu; ,) ngupa thr;rhd; gps;is 74. jkpof muR toq;Fk; ghNte;ju; epidTg;guprpid Kjypy; ngw;w ftpQu; m) thzpjhrd; M) fz;zjhrd; ,) Rujh 75. jQ;irj; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; jkpod;id tpUJ ngw;w ftpQu; m) mg;Jy; uFkhd; M) Nkhfduq;fd; ,) jhuhghujp 76. jk;gpuhd; Njhou; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltu; m) jpUehTf;furu; M) Re;juu; ,) jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; 77. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; vd;w Ehiy vOjpatu; m) tPukhKdptu; M) vr;.V.fpU~;zg;gps;is ,) [p.A+.Nghg; 78. ckWg;Gytiu Mjhpj;j ts;sy;
m) rilag;g ts;sy; M) ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp ,) gD mfkJ kiuf;fhau; 79. ckWg;Gytupd; kw;nwhU Ehy; m) KJnkhop khiy M) Nghw;wpj; jpUmfty; ,) my;yh mUs;Ntl;ly; 80. fpwpj;jt rkaj;jhupd; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; vdg; Nghw;wg;ngWk; Ehy; m) ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; M) Njk;ghtzp ,) jpUf;fhtY}u;f; fyk;gfk; 81. rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffs; (m) 96 (M) 108 (,) 69 82. tlnkhopapy; ,uhkhazj;ij ,aw;wpath;. (m) tpahrh; (M) ef;fPuh; (,) thd;kPfp 83 jpUf;Fwspy; nghUl;ghypd; mjpfhuq;fs;. (m) 38 (M) 25 (,) 70 84. kUfp vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs;. (m) kfs; (M) kUkfs; (,) jq;;if
jpiz> Jiwfs; tpsf;fk;
1. nghJtpay; jpizia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
nghJtpay; jpiz : ntl;rp Kjy; ghlhz; Kba cs;s jpizfspy; $wg;glhj nra;jpfisAk;>
mtw;wpw;Fg; nghJthd nra;jpfisAk; $WtJ.
v.fh. ‘gy;rhd;wPNu> gy;rhd;wPNu’ vd;Dk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; tpsf;fk;:
‘gpwUf;F ey;yJ nra;ahtpl;lhYk;> jPik nra;ahky; ,Ug;gNj rpwe;j tho;f;if ‘ vd;w nghJthd fUj;ij tpsf;Ftjhy; ,g;ghly; nghJtpay; jpizahFk;.
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2. nghUz;nkhopf; fhQ;rpj;Jiwia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
nghUz;nkhopf; fhQ;rpj;Jiw:
KdptUk; mtiug; Nghd;w rhd;Nwhu;fSk;> kf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd cWjp jUk; epiyahd fUj;Jfis vLj;Jf; $WtJ.
v.fh. gy;rhd;wPNu ……… vdj; njhlq;Fk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;
“ey;yJ nra;jy; Mw;w PuhapDk;
my;yJ nra;jy; Xk;Gkpd;”
tpsf;fk;: gpwUf;F ey;;yJ nra;ahtpl;lhYk;> jPik nra;ahky; ,Ug;gNj rpwe;j
tho;f;if vd;w cWjpahd fUj;ijf; $Wtjhy; ,g;ghly; nghUz;nkhopf;fhQ;rpj; JiwahFk;.
mzpfs;
1. mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk;epyk; Nghyj; jk;ik ,fo;thh;g; nghWj;jy; jiy . ctik mzp
mzp tpsf;fk;;: nra;Aspy; ctik>ctNkak>; ctkcUG ntspg;gilaha; epw;Fkhdhy; m/J ctik mzp MFk; . ctik – mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk; epyk; ctk cUG – Nghy ctNkak; - jk;ik ,fo;thiug; nghWg;gth; nghUj;jk;: Njhz;Lfpd;wtiuAk; jhq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; epyj;ijg;Nghyj; jk;ik ,fo;thiug; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;sy; jiy rpwe;j gz;ghFk;.
2. ,d;ikA spd;ik tpUe;njhuhy; td;ikAs; td;ik klthh;g; nghiw - vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikmzp mzp tpsf;fk;;: ctik xU njhluhfTk;> ctNkak; xU njhluhfTk; mika ,ilapy; Nghy> Nghd;w cUGfs; kiwe;J tUtJ vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikmzp MFk;. ctik - ,d;ikAs; ,d;ik tpUe;J xuhy; ctNkak; - td;ikAs; td;ik klthh;g; nghiw ,ilapy; Nghy vd;w ctkcUG kiwe;J te;Js;sJ. nghUj;jk;: xUtDf;F tWikahdJ jd;dplk; tUk; tpUe;jpdiu cgrupf;f ,ayhJ NghFk; epiy(mJ Nghy)typikAs; rpwe;j typik mwptpyhh; nra;Ak; jtWfisg; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;tNj MFk;.
3. cjtp tiuj;jd; Wjtp cjtp
nrag;glhh; rhy;gpd; tiuj;J - nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp mzp tpsf;fk; : nra;Aspy; ,lk; ngWk; xU nrhy; mNj nghUspy; gyKiw gapd;W tUjy; nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp vdg;gLk;. mzp nghUj;jk; : ,g;ghlypy; cjtp vd;Dk; nrhy; ed;ik nra;jy; vd;Dk; nghUspy; %d;WKiw te;Js;sJ. nra;Ak; cjtp vt;tpj msit cilaJk; ,y;iy. me;j cjtpahdJ cjtp nra;ag;gl;ltupd; jFjpiaNa msthff; nfhz;lJ. vdNt nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp vd;gJ ,f;FwSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhapw;W
14
1. fk;gH ngUikiar; Rl;Lk; njhlHfisf; $Wf.
ftpr;rf;futHj;jp> fy;tpapy; nghpatd; fk;gd;> fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftpghL;k;> tpUj;jnkd;Dk; xz;ghtpw;F cah; fk;gd; ,it fk;gupd; ngUikiar; Rl;Lk; njhlu;fs; MFk;.
2. fk;gh; ,aw;wpa NtW E}y;fs; ahit? ruRtjp me;jhjp> rlNfhgue;jhjp> VnuOgJ> rpiy vOgJ> jpUf;if tof;fk;. 3. ehNlhWk;; vjidg; ghLjy; Ntz;Lk;?
,e;jpa ehL vd;Dila jha;ehL vd;W ,e;jpah; xt;nthUtUk; ehs;NjhWk; ghLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
4. vl;Lj;njhif Ehy;fs; ahit? ew;wpiz>FWe;njhif>Iq;FWEhW>mfehDhW>fypj;njhif>gjpw;Wg;gj;J>gupghly;> GwehD}W.
5. GwehD}w;why; mwpag;gLk; nra;jpfs; ahit? KbAil %Nte;ju;fs;>rpw;wuru;fs;>mikr;ru;fs;>Nridj; jiytu;fs;> giltPuu;fs;> filNaO ts;sy;fs;>filr;rq;fg; Gytu;fs;>gyUila tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs;;> mf;fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;ifKiw>ehfupfk;>murpay;>Nghu;j;jpwk;>rKjhag; gz;ghL> gof;f tof;fq;fs; Kjypatw;iwg; GwehD}w;why; ed;F mwpayhk;.
6. mfehDhW vj;jid gFjpfshf cs;sJ? mit ahit? mfehD}W %d;W gFjpfshf cs;sJ. mitahtd> fspw;wpahid epiu - 120 ghly;fs; kzpkpilg;gtsk; - 180 ghly;fs; epj;jpyf;Nfhit – 100 ghly;fs;
7. rpyk;G $Wk; %d;W cz;ikfs; ahit?
murpay; gpioj;Njhu;f;F mwk; $w;whFk;. ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cau;e;Njhu; Vj;Jtu;. Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk;.
8. Njk;ghtzp-nghUs; $Wf.
Njk;gh ñ mzp vdg; gphpj;jhy; thlhj khiy vd;Wk;> Njd; ñ gh ñmzp vdg; gphpj;jhy; Njd; Nghd;w ghf;fis mzpahf cilaJ vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;.
09. cyh vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
cyh vd;gjw;Fg; gtdptuy; vd;gJ nghUs;. jiytd; tPjpapy; cyh tu VOtif gUtg; ngz;fSk; mtd; kPJ fhjy; nfhs;tjhfg; Gide;J ghLtJ cyhthFk;
10. me;jhjp-tpsf;Ff?
Xt;nthU ghlypy; cs;s ,WjpnaOj;Njh mirNah> rPNuh> mbNah mjw;fLj;J tUk; ghlyp;d; Kjyha; tUk;gb mikj;Jg;ghLtJ me;jhjp vdg;gLk;.
11. fyk;gfk; - ngah;f;fhuzk; jUf?
fyk;gfk; ® fyk; ñ gfk; vdg; gphpf;fyhk;. fyk; - gd;dpuz;L;;;;;;;;;;; ;; gfk; - ghjp MW; Mf 18 cWg;Gfs; mikag; ghlg;gLtjhy; fyk;gfk; vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ.
12. Kf;$lypy; $Lk; MWfs; ahit?
jz;nghUie> rpw;whW> Nfhjz;luhk MW.
,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
15
13. Jd;gk; vt;thW rpjwpg;NghFk;? je;ij ngupahh; Nghy mstha;> jFjpf;Nfw;g xt;nthU ehSk; nryT nra;J tho;e;jhy;> ghwhq;fy; kPJ tpOe;j kioePh; clNd rpjwptpLtJ Nghyj; Jd;gk; gwe;NjhLk;. 14. Njthu %th; ahth;?
mg;gh;> rk;ge;jh;> Re;juh; 15. Re;juh; jk;gpuhd; Njhoh; vd miof;fg;glf; fhuzk; ahJ?
rptd;> Re;juiuj; jk; Njhouha;f; nfhz;likahy; mth; jk;gpuhd; Njhoh; vd miof;fggl;lhh;.
16. vr;.V fpU~;zg;gps;is ,aw;wpa NtW Ehy;fs; ahit?
,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk;> ,ul;rzpaf;Fws;> ,ul;rzpa rka eph;zak;> Nghw;wpj; jpUtfty; Mfpad.
17. ghNte;jh; E}y;fSs; ehd;fpd; ngah; jUf.
FLk;g tpsf;F> ,Uz;l tPL> ghz;bad; ghpR> mofpd; rphpg;G> gprpuhe;ijahh; ehlfk;.
18. tPukhKdpth; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit>? nre;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> rJufuhjp> gukhh;j;j FU fij>
Ntjpah; xOf;fk;> fpj;Njhpak;khs; mk;khid> jpUf;fhtYhh;f; fyk;gfk;.
ehd;F kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1) Þ¬øõ£›ˆ¶Š ð£ìô£™ ÜPòô£°‹ ªêŒFè¬÷‚ ÃÁè.?
1) Þ¬øõ¡ x¼õ«ù â¡Á G¬ùˆî£™ å¼õ«ùò£õ£¡.
Þ¬øõ¡ ðô à¼õƒè¬÷‚ ªè£‡ìõ¡ â¡Á G¬ùˆî£™
Üšõ£«ø 裆CòOŠð£¡.
2) Þ¬øõ¡ ‘Þ™¬ô’ â¡Á ÃÁ«õ£¼‚° Þ™ô£îõù£è¾‹,
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«è£ì£è‚ ªè£‡ì£™î£¡ àôè àJ˜èœ õ£ö Þò½‹.
Þ¬øõ¬ù„ êóí¬ìõ¶ å¡Á ñ†´«ñ ñQî˜è÷£Aò ï‹ñ£™
ªêŒò Þò½‹.
2) õóîï…¬êòŠ Hœ¬÷ â‚è£óíƒè÷£™ îIö¡¬ù¬ò õ£›ˆ¶õ‹
â¡Á ÃÁA¡ø£˜?
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îI›ªñ£N
2) ÜP¾‚ è‡è¬÷ˆ Fø‰¶ àôè ï승è¬÷ ÜP‰¶ ªè£œ÷ àîMò ªñ£N
ï‹ îI›ªñ£N.
3) ï‹ C‰î¬ù¬ò ñŸøõ˜‚°ˆ ªîKM‚è è¼Mò£è Þ¼‰î F¼ˆîñ£ù
ªñ£N ï‹ îI›ªñ£N .
4) «õŸÁ ªñ£Nèœ ðôõŸ¬ø‚ èŸè àîM ªêŒî ªñ£N ï‹ îI›ªñ£N
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5) Þˆî¬èò CøŠ¹è¬÷ˆ î¡ùèˆ«î ªè£‡´œ÷ ï‹
îIö¡¬ù¬ò “õ£›è õ£›è” âù õ£›ˆ¶«õ£‹ â¡Á õóîï…¬êòŠ
Hœ¬÷ îIö¡¬ù¬ò õ£›ˆ¶Aø£˜.
3)Þ‰Fò˜ ܬùõ¼‹ ⚪õ‡íˆ¬î‚ ¬è‚ªè£œ÷™ «õ‡´‹? ã¡?
1) Þ‰Fò  â¡Â¬ìò  âù‚«è àK¬ñò£ù  â¡Á
«î£Á‹ «ð£ŸPŠ ð£´î™ «õ‡´‹. 2) ïñ‚°„ CP¶‹ ªê£‰îI™ô£î
܉Gò˜èœ ï‹ Þ‰Fò£¬õ ݆C ªêŒò Þ‰Fò˜èœ ܬùõ¼‹
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3) ï‹ ï£†¬ì ݆C ªêŒî ªõœ¬÷ò˜èœ “ï‹ õ£›¾ ñôó àîõ
ñ£†ì£˜è÷£?-” â¡Á Þ‰Fò˜èœ õ£®‚Aì‰îù˜. Ü‰î‚ è£ôº‹
è쉶 ªê¡Á M†ì¶. 4) Þ‰îˆ Fù‹ ºî™ Þ‰Fò  â¡Â¬ìò
 âù‚«è àK¬ñò£ù  â¡ø â‡íˆ¬î  嚪õ£¼õ¼‹
¬è‚ªè£œ÷™ «õ‡´‹.
4) ªð£¬ø»¬ì¬ñJ¡ CøŠH¬ùˆ F¼õœÀõ˜ õNG¡Á ÃÁè?
ÌIò£ù¶ ñˆ «î£‡´ðõ¬ó»‹ ªð£Á¬ñ«ò£´ A‚
ªè£œÀ‹. ܶ«ð£ô ñ Þ蛉¶ «ð²«õ£¬ó  A‚
ªè£œÀî™ «õ‡´‹.
å¼õ˜ ªêŒî bƒ¬èŠ ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œÀî™ ï¡Á. ܈bƒ¬è ñø‰¶M´î™
ܬîMì ï¡Á.
õÁ¬ñ‚ªè™ô£‹ õÁ¬ñ M¼‰Fù˜è¬÷ àðêK‚è£ñ™ Þ¼Šð¶.
ܶ«ð£ô õL¬ñ‚ªè™ô£‹ õL¬ñ ÜPõŸøõ˜èO¡ bòªê£Ÿè¬÷Š
ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œÀîô£°‹.
G¬øŠð‡¹ (꣙¹¬ì¬ñ) ñ M†´ cƒè£ñ™ Þ¼‚è
«õ‡´ªñ¡ø£™ ªð£Á¬ñ â¡Â‹ °íˆ¬î  «ð£ŸPŠ ð£¶è£‚è
«õ‡´‹.
5) åÁˆî£˜, ªð£Áˆî£˜ °Pˆ¶‚ °øœ ÃÁõù ò£¬õ?
Hø˜ ªêŒî bƒ¬èŠ ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œ÷£¶ ˆî£™ ñ
Þš¾ôè‹ ñFò£¶. ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£‡ì£™ ªð£¡«ð£™ ¬õˆ¶Š «ð£ŸÁ‹.
Hø˜ ªêŒî bƒ¬èŠ ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œ÷£ñ™ ˆîõ˜èÀ‚°
å¼ï£œ ñ†´«ñ Þ¡ð‹. ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œðõ˜èÀ‚° Üõ˜èœ
õ£›‚¬è º¿õ¶‹ Þ¡ð‹ A¬ì‚°‹.
ªêŒòˆîè£î ªè£®ò ªêò™è¬÷ å¼õ˜ ïñ‚°„ ªêŒî£½‹ ÜîŸè£è
ñù‹ õ¼‰îô£‹. Ýù£™ ÜøˆFŸ° ñ£ø£ù ªêò™è¬÷  ªêŒò£ñ™
Þ¼Šð¶ ï¡ø£°‹.
Ü÷¾ èì‰î ¶¡ðˆ¬î å¼õ˜ ïñ‚°„ ªêŒî£½‹ Üõ¬ó 
ªð£Á¬ñ â¡Â‹ °íˆî£™ ªõŸP ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹.
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6) ÜP¾¬ìò£K¡ Þô‚èíƒè÷£è õœÀõ˜ ÃPòùõŸ¬ø ⿶è?
ÜP¾¬ìòõ˜èœ H¡ù£™ ïì‚èŠ «ð£õ¬î º¡Ã†®«ò ÜP‰¶
ªè£œõ˜. ÜPM™ô£îõ˜èœ Üšõ£Á ÜP»‹ FøI™ô£îõ˜èœ.
x¼õ¡ Ü…ê«õ‡®ò ðNð£õƒèÀ‚° Ü…ê£ñ™ Þ¼Šð¶
ÜPò£¬ñò£°‹. Ü…ê «õ‡®ò ðNð£õƒèÀ‚° Ü…C õ£›õ¶
ÜP¾¬ìò£˜ ªêòô£°‹.
7) M¬ùˆF†ðˆF¡ CøŠ¹‹, Ü綬ìò£˜ ⌶‹ ðò‹ °Pˆ¶ ⿶è.
ªð¼¬ñ‚°Kò ܬñ„êK¡ ñùõL¬ñ Üšõóê‚°„ CøŠ¬ð
à‡ì£‚°õ Üšõ¬ñ„ê¡ ò£õ󣽋 ñF‚èŠð´õ£¡.
x¼ ªêò¬ô„ ªêŒ¶ º®ˆ¶ M´«õ¡ â¡Á G¬ùŠðõ˜èœ
ñùõL¬ñ ªè£‡ìõ˜ès; Mth;. 8. ,uhruhr Nrhodpd; tpy;> ths;> KuR> nfhb> Fil Fwpj;Jf; $wg;gl;ld ahit>?
tpy; - ,e;jpuid ntd;wJ> ngUq;;fliy tw;wr; nra;jJ.
ths; - Nrho ehl;bw;Ff; fhtphp nry;y kiyia ntl;b top mikj;jJ. thdj;jpy; mire;j efuj;ij mopj;jJ.
KuR – Nruid ntd;W ngw;w flg;gkuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. fhtphpf;F mizfl;l giftiu kz; Rkf;fr; nra;jJ.
nfhb – NkUkiyia tyk; te;jJ. ,e;jpuidg; Gypahff; nfhz;lJ.
Fil – kf;fisf; fhg;gjw;F mz;l $lj;ij xj;J epd;wJ. 9. njd;fiu ehl;bd; tsk; Fwpj;J Kf;$lw;gs;S ciug;gdtw;iw vOJf.
njd;fiu ehl;bd; tsk; (1) njd;fiu ehl;by; ntapy; fhAk; - Mdhy; kf;fspd; tapW fhahJ (2) japh; kl;LNk fyq;;Fk;. mq;Fs;s kf;fs; kdk; fyq;fhh;. (3) ehopifAk; thuKNk khAk;. kf;fs; grpahy; khahh; (4) nts;sk; kl;LNk kWfp XLk;. Mdhy; kf;fs; kWfp thlhh;. (5) Kw;wpa nre;ney; jiyrhAk;. Mdhy; kf;fs; vjw;fhfTk; jiy Fdpa
khl;lhh;. (6) Kdpth; kl;LNk jdpj;J ,Ug;gh;>fztd; kidtpahf tho;gth; jdpj;J
,Uf;f khl;lhh;. (7) re;jdk; kl;LNk NjAk; > mq;F cs;s ngz;fs; JhJ ciuj;Jj; Nja;tJ
,y;iy. 10. ngUkhs; ciw jpUNtq;flg;gjp Fwpj;Jg; gps;isg;ngUkhs; Iaq;fhh; $Wtd
ahit? khiy Neuj;jpy; thdj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; gpiwr; re;jpuidj; jiyapy; R+ba
rptngUkhDk;>gpuk;kDk;>,e;jpuDk;>Ntjk; Kjypa E}y;fisg; Nghw;Wk; Kdpth;fSk;> Kg;gj;J Kf;Nfhbj;Njth;fSk;> jk; cs;sj;jpy; epWj;jp fhiyapYk; khiyapYk; tzq;Fk; kiyNa ngUkhs; ciw jpUNtq;fl kiyahFk;.
11. jiytp Nkfj;jplk; nkhope;j J}J nkhopfs; ahit? jpUkhiyg; Nghd;W fhpa epwk; cila> NkYk; re;jd kuq;fs; epiwe;j
nghjpif kiyr;rhuypy; jq;;fpAs;s Nkfq;fNs! khiy Neug; gpiwr;re;jpuDk;> ,iu NjLfpd;w Fapypd; FQ;Rk; vd; capiu thapypl;Lg; Grpf;fpd;wd.
mjdhy; Nkfq;fNs ,r;nra;jpiaf; fapyha kiyapYk;> NkU kiyapYk;>
nghjpif kiyapYk; vOe;jUsp cs;stDk; jlhjifg; gpuhl;bapd; fztUkhfpa kJiur; nrhf;fehjg; ngUkhdplk; nrd;W nrhy;tPh;fshf.
18
12. Rtbr; rhiyapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba E}y;fs; ahit?
(1) gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; ,Ug;gJ Nghyj; jkpo;nkhopapy; Rtbr;rhiyfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(2) jkpo; nkhop E}y;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (3) nkhop ngah;g;G E}y;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (4) mKjk; Nghd;w ftpij E}y;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (5) ey;y fUj;Jila ciueil E}y;fSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (6) ,tw;iwr; Rtbr;rhiyapy; JiwJiwaha;g; gphpj;jLf;fp itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
13. C‚èùˆî£™ õ¼‹ ðò¡èœ ò£¬õ?
1)  «ð«ó£´‹, ¹è«ö£´‹ õ£›õ ï‹I캜÷ «ðóP«õ
¶¬í ªêŒ»‹. ܶ«ð£™  Y«ó£´‹, CøŠ«ð£´‹ thor; C‚èù«ñ
¶¬í¹K»‹. 2) Þ¼‚°‹ ð투îªò™ô£‹ ðè†ì£è õ£›‰¶ ªêô¾
ªêŒî£™ ï‹ õ£›¾ có£M¬òŠ «ð£¡Á å¡Á‚°‹ àîõ£ñ™ «ð£ŒM´‹.
3) C‚èùˆ«î£´ îò õ£›‚¬è cÏŸ¬øŠ «ð£¡Á ðò¡ î¼õ‹.
4) C‚èùˆ¬î‚ è¬ìŠH®‚è£ñ™ ðè†ì£è õ£›‰îõ˜èœ ÞÁFJ™
õÁ¬ñ»ŸÁˆ ¶¡ðŠð´õ˜. 5) Ýì‹ðóñ£ù õ£›‚¬è èí«ïóˆF™
ñ¬ø»‹ có£M¬òŠ «ð£¡ø¶. C‚èùˆ«î£´ îò õ£›‚¬è
«ñ¡«ñ½‹ ªð¼°‹ cÏŸ¬øŠ «ð£¡ø¶.
14. FyNrfu Mo;thh; Ntz;LtJk; Ntz;lhjJk; ahit? FyNrfu Mo;thh; Ntz;LtJ:-
jpUNtq;;fl kiyapy; cs;s Ridapy; kPdha;g; gpwf;f Ntz;Lfpwhh;. Ntz;lhjJ:-
Fiwahj nry;tj;NjhL tpz;Zyfj;ijAk;> kz;Zyfj;ijAk; MSk; gjtpia Ntz;lhk; vd;fpwhh;.
neLtpdh - jpUf;Fws;
1) ‘ªêŒ‰ï¡PòPî™’ â¡Â‹ ÜFè£óˆF™ õœÀõ˜ ÃÁ‹ 輈¶è¬÷ˆ
ªî£°ˆ¶‚ ÃÁè.
ªêŒ‰ï¡P‚° Ü÷¾ Þ™¬ô:&
 â‰î àîM»‹ ªêŒò£ñ™ Þ¼‚è, Hø˜ ïñ‚°„ ªêŒ»‹ àîM‚°
ñ‡µô¬è»‹, M‡µô¬è»‹ ªè£´ˆî£½‹ ßì£è£¶. è£ôñP‰¶ x¼õ˜ ªêŒî
àîM Iè„ CPî£è Þ¼‰î£½‹ ܶ Þ‰Gô¾ô¬èMìŠ ªðKò‹. ï‹Iì‹
â‰îŠ ðò¬ù»‹ âF˜ð£ó£ñ™ å¼õ˜ ªêŒî àîMJ¡ ñ¬ò Ý󣌉¶
𣘈 Þ¶ èì¬ôMìŠ ªðKò‹.
19
ªêŒ‰ï¡P¬ò ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ«õ£˜ Fø‹:&
F¬ù Ü÷¾ å¼õ˜ àîM ªêŒî£½‹, Üš¾îMJ¡ ñ¬ò
à혉îõ˜èœ Ü¬îŠ ð¬ùò÷õ£è ãŸÁ‚ªè£œõ˜. x¼õ˜ ªêŒ»‹
àîMJ¡ Ü÷¾ â¡ð¶ Üî¡ ñFŠ¬ðŠ ªð£Áˆî¶ Ü¡Á. Üš¾îM¬òŠ
ªðŸøõ¼¬ìò î°F âšõ÷Mù«î£ Üšõ÷¬õŠ ªð£Áˆî£°‹.
ï¡P ªêŒî£ó¶ ð Mìô£è£¶:&
°ŸøñŸø ï™ôõ˜èO¡ ð ñø‰¶M´î™ Ã죶. ¶¡ðˆF™
àîMòõ˜èO¡ ï†¬ð‚ ¬èM´î™ Ã죶. Ýðˆ¶‚ è£ôˆF™
àîMòõ˜èO¡ ð ã«ö¿ HøMèO½‹ ñøˆî™ Ã죶.
ñø‚è «õ‡®ò¶‹, ñø‚è‚ Ãì£î¶‹:&
x¼õ˜ ªêŒî àîM¬ò ñø‰¶ M´î™ ï¡ø£è£¶. Ýù£™ x¼õ˜ ªêŒî b¬ñ¬ò
Ü¡«ø ñø‰¶M´î™ ï¡ø£°‹.
ï¡ø™ô¬î Ü¡«ø ñø‚°‹ Fø‹:&
èí‚Aôìƒè£ˆ bƒ°è¬÷ x¼õ˜ ïñ‚°„ ªêŒî£½‹, Üõ˜ â¡«ø£ ªêŒî
x¼ ñ¬ò‚ èí‚A™ªè£‡´ Üõ˜ ªêŒî bƒ¬è ñø‰¶, ñ¡Qˆ¶
M´î™ ï¡ø£°‹.
ªêŒ‰ï¡P ñø‰î£K¡ G¬ô:&
â‰îŠ ð£õƒè¬÷  ªêŒî£½‹ ÜFL¼‰¶ cƒ°õ õN»‡´.
Ýù£™ x¼õ˜ ªêŒî àîM¬ò ñø‰î£™ ÜŠð£õˆFL¼‰¶ cƒ°õ
õN«òJ™¬ô.
2) ‘ªð£¬ø»¬ì¬ñ’ â¡Â‹ ÜFè£óˆF™ õœÀõ˜ ÃÁ‹ 輈¶è¬÷ˆ
ªî£°ˆ¶ ⿶è.
G+kpNghy; jhq;F:
ÌIò£ù¶ ñˆ «î£‡´ðõ¬ó»‹, ªð£Á¬ñ«ò£´ A‚ ªè£œÀ‹.
ܶ«ð£ô ñ Þ蛉¶ «ð²«õ£¬ó  A‚ ªè£œÀî™ «õ‡´‹. x¼õ˜
ªêŒî bƒ¬èŠ ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œÀî™ ï¡Á. ܈bƒ¬è ñø‰¶M´î™ ܬîMì
ï¡Á.
nghWikNa typik:-
õÁ¬ñ‚ªè™ô£‹ õÁ¬ñ M¼‰Fù˜è¬÷ àðêK‚è£ñ™ Þ¼Šð¶.
ܶ«ð£ô õL¬ñ‚ªè™ô£‹ õL¬ñ ÜPõŸøõ˜èO¡ bòªê£Ÿè¬÷Š ªð£Áˆ¶‚
ªè£œÀîô£°‹. G¬øŠð‡¹ (꣙¹¬ì¬ñ) ñ M†´ cƒè£ñ™ Þ¼‚è
«õ‡´ªñ¡ø£™ ªð£Á¬ñ â¡Â‹ °íˆ¬î  «ð£ŸPŠ ð£¶è£‚è «õ‡´‹.
nghWj;jtUf;Ff; fpilg;git:
Hø˜ ªêŒî bƒ¬èŠ ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œ÷£ñ™ ˆîõ˜èÀ‚° x¼ï£œ ñ†´«ñ
Þ¡ð‹. ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œðõ˜èÀ‚° Üõ˜èœ õ£›‚¬è º¿õ¶‹ Þ¡ð‹
A¬ì‚°‹. Hø˜ ªêŒî bƒ¬èŠ ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œ÷£ñ™ Šðõ˜è¬÷ àôèˆî£˜
x¼ ªð£¼†ì£è ñF‚è ñ£†ì£˜èœ. Ýù£™ ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œðõ˜è¬÷Š ªð£¡«ð£™
¬õˆ¶Š «ð£ŸÁõ˜.
20
nghWikahy; ntw;wp:-
ªêŒòˆîè£î ªè£®ò ªêò™è¬÷ å¼õ˜ ïñ‚°„ ªêŒî£½‹ ÜîŸè£è ñù‹
õ¼‰îô£‹. Ýù£™ ÜøˆFŸ° ñ£ø£ù ªêò™è¬÷  ªêŒò£ñ™ Þ¼Šð¶ ï¡ø£°‹.
Ü÷¾ èì‰î ¶¡ðˆ¬î x¼õ˜ ïñ‚°„ ªêŒî£½‹ Üõ¬ó  ªð£Á¬ñ â¡Â‹
°íˆî£™ ªõŸP ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹.
nghWg;gtNu cah;e;jth;:-
bòõ˜ ïñ‚°„ ªêŒ»‹ bƒAù£™ «ï¼‹ ¶¡ðˆFŸ° õ¼‰F, ‹
Üõ˜‚°ˆ bƒ° ªêŒò£¶ ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. Üšõ£Á ªð£ÁŠ«ð£˜
¶øMJ‹ ÉŒ¬ñ»¬ìòõ˜ Ýõ£˜. àí¾Š ðC¬ò Üì‚Aõ£¿‹ ªðK«ò£¬óMìŠ
Hø˜ÃÁ‹ Þ¡ù£„ ªê£™¬ôŠ ªð£ÁŠðõ˜ «ñ‹ð†ìõ˜.
3) ‘ÜP¾¬ì¬ñ’ â¡Â‹ ÜFè£óˆF™ õœÀõ˜ ÃÁ‹ 輈¶è¬÷ˆ
ªî£°ˆ¶ ⿶è.
mwpT vd;gJ……:-
ÜPõ£ù¶ Ýðˆ¶‚ è£ôˆF™ ñŠ ð£¶è£‚°‹ è¼Mò£°‹.
ð¬èõ󣽋 ÜN‚è º®ò£î «è£†¬ìò£è M÷ƒ°õ¶ ÜPõ£°‹. ñù‹ bòõNJ™
ªê¡ø£™, Üšõ£Á ªê™ôMì£ñ™ î´ˆ¶, ï™õNJ™ ªê½ˆ¶õ¶ ÜPõ£°‹.
â‰îŠªð£¼¬÷ò£˜ ªê£™ô‚ «è†ì£½‹, ÜŠªð£¼O™ àœ÷ à‡¬ñŠ ªð£¼¬÷
Ý󣌉¶ ÜPõ¶ ÜPõ£°‹.
mwpthspapd; nray;:-
ÜKò 輈¶è¬÷Š Hø˜‚° âOî£èŠ ¹K»ñ£Á‹, M¼‹¹ñ£Á‹ ªê£™ô «õ‡´‹.
Hø˜ õ£JL¼‰¶ õ¼‹ ªê£ŸèO™ ¸‡ªð£¼¬÷ Ý󣌉¶ 裇ð¶
ÜPõ£°‹. àôA½œ÷, ꣡«ø£˜èOì‹ ðöA Üõ˜è¬÷ ï†ð£‚A‚ ªè£œÀî™
ÜP¾¬ì¬ñò£°‹. ܉î ð MKò¾‹ Mì£ñ™, ²¼ƒè¾‹ Mì£ñ™ 𣘈¶‚
ªè£œõ¶ ÜPõ£°‹. àôA½œ÷ àò˜‰î ꣡«ø£˜èœ âšõNJ™ ªê™Aø£˜è«÷£
Ü«î õNJ™ ‹ x¡P õ£›õ«î ÜPõ£°‹.
mwpTilNahhpd; jdpr;rpwg;G:-
ÜP¾¬ìòõ˜èœ H¡ù£™ ïì‚èŠ «ð£õ¬î º¡Ã†®«ò ÜP‰¶ ªè£œõ˜.
ÜPM™ô£îõ˜èœ Üšõ£Á ÜP»‹ FøI™ô£îõ˜èœ. x¼õ¡ Ü…ê«õ‡®ò
ðNð£õƒèÀ‚° Ü…ê£ñ™ Þ¼Šð¶ ÜPò£¬ñò£°‹. Ü…ê «õ‡®ò
ðNð£õƒèÀ‚° Ü…C õ£›õ¶ ÜP¾¬ìò£˜ ªêòô£°‹.
mwpNt nry;tk;:-
âF˜è£ôˆF™ Gèö Þ¼Šð¬î º¡Ã†®«ò ÜP‰¶ªè£œÀ‹
ÜP¾¬ìòõ˜èÀ‚° Üõ˜èœ à콋, ñùº‹ ï´ƒ°‹ð®ò£ù ¶¡ð‹ õó£¶.
ÜP¾¬ìòõ˜èœ¢ ÜP¾ â¡Â‹ ªê™õ‹ Þ¼Šð â™ô£„ ªê™õƒè¬÷»‹
à¬ìòõó£è«õ è¼îŠð´õ£˜. Ýù£™ ÜPMô£˜ âˆî¬èò ªê™õ‹ Þ¼‰î£½‹
ÜP¾„ ªê™õ‹ Þ™ô£î x¡Á‹ Þ™ô£îõó£è«õ è¼îŠð´õ£˜.
21
4) ‘M¬ùˆF†ð‹’ â¡Â‹ ÜFè£óˆF™ õœÀõ˜ ÃÁ‹ 輈¶è¬÷ˆ
ªî£°ˆ¶ ⿶è?
kdtypikapd; ,ay;G:-
ªêò™õL¬ñ â¡ð¶ å¼õK¡ ñùõL¬ñ¬òŠ ªð£Áˆî¶. ñŸø
õL¬ñèœ â™ô£‹ «õø£ù¬õ. ð¿¶ð´‹ M¬ù¬ò„ ªêŒò£F¼ˆî™,
x¼«õ¬÷ Ü„ªêòL™ ¶¡ð‹ õ‰î£™ ñù‹ î÷ó£ñ™ Þ¼ˆî™, ÞšMó‡´‹
ñùõL¬ñ ªè£‡ìõ˜èO¡ ªè£œ¬èò£°‹.
jpwikiar; nraypy; fhl;L:>-
â‰î x¼ ªêòô£è Þ¼‰î£½‹ º®M™ ªõOŠð´ñ£Á ªêŒõ«î ݇¬ñò£°‹.
Þ¬ìJ™ ªõOŠð´ñ£Á ªêŒî£™ ܶ ïñ‚°ˆ bƒ¬èˆ . x¼ ªêò¬ô„
ªêŒ¶M´«õ¡ â¡Á ÃÁõ¶ âOò ªêòô£°‹. Ýù£™ Ü„ªêò¬ô‚ ÃPòð®
ªêŒ¶ 裆´õ¶ ÜKò ªêòô£°‹.
tpidj;jpl;gk; jUtJ:-
ªð¼¬ñ‚°Kò ܬñ„êK¡ ñùõL¬ñ Üšõóê‚°„ CøŠ¬ð à‡ì£‚°õ
Üšõ¬ñ„ê¡ ò£õ󣽋 ñF‚èŠð´õ£¡. x¼ ªêò¬ô„ ªêŒ¶ º®ˆ¶ M´«õ¡
â¡Á G¬ùŠðõ˜èœ ñùõL¬ñ ªè£‡ìõ˜è÷£è Þ¼‰î£™, Üõ˜èœ ÃPò
ªêò¬ô‚ ÃPòð®«ò º®ˆ¶M´õ˜.
cUtj;ijtp;;l„ nraNy rpwe;jJ:-
༜A¡ø ªðKò Üöè£ù «î¼‚°„ CPò ÜöèŸø Ü„ê£E
ðò¡ð´Aø¶. ܶ«ð£ô x¼õK¡ à¼õˆ¬îŠ 𣘈¶ Þõ˜ Þ„ªêò¬ô„ ªêŒò Þòô£îõ˜
â¡Á âœO ï¬èò£´î™ Ã죶. ñù‹ ªîO‰¶, ªêŒòˆ ¶E‰î ªêòL¬ù„
«ê£˜¾c‚A, è£ô‹ ˆî£¶ Ü‰î„ ªêò¬ô M¬ó‰¶ º®ˆ¶M´î™ «õ‡´‹.
nray; ,y;iyah? GfOk; ,y;iy :-
x¼ ªêòL¡ ÞÁFJ™ Þ¡ð‹ A¬ì‚°ªñ¡ø£™ âšõ÷¾ ¶¡ð‹
õ‰î£½‹ ¶E¾ì¡ Ü„ªêò¬ô„ ªêŒ¶ º®ˆ¶ M´î™ «õ‡´‹. àì™ õL¬ñ,
ðíõL¬ñ, ð¬ì õL¬ñ Þ¼ŠH‹ ñùõL¬ñ Þ™ô£îõ¬ó Þš¾ôè‹ x¼
ªð£¼†ì£è ñF‚裶.
22
nra;As; mb tpdh - tpilfs;
1. ’ahUkpy;iyj; jhNd fs;td;
jhdJ ngha;g;gpd; ahndtd; nra;Nfh”?
m. ,jpy; fs;td; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;ltd; ahtd;?
M. ,J ahh; ahhplk; $wpa $w;W?
,. ,f;$w;wike;j nra;Aisg; ghbath; ahh;?
<. ,g;gFjp ve;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ?
tpilfs; : m. jiytd; M. jiytp> jd; Njhopaplk;
,. fgpyh; <. FWe;njhif
2. ‘ neLe;Njh; Ch;kjp tyt
Kbe;jd;W mk;k ehk; Kd;dpa tpidNa”
m. ,/J ahh; ahhplk; $wpa $w;W?
M. ‘tyt” vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLgtd; ahh;?
,. ,r;nra;Aisg; ghba Gyth; ahh;?
<. ‘Kbe;jd;W” vd;W ghlypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ vJ?
tpilfs; : m. jiytd; Njh;g;ghfdplk; M. Njh;g;ghfd;
,. kJiu ks;sdhh; <. jiytd; vz;zpte;j nray;
3. ‘ey;yJ nra;jy; Mw;wPh;MapDk;
my;yJ nra;jy; Xk;Gkpd;”
m. ,g;ghly; ,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ?
M. ,g;ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
,. Mw;wPuhapDk; vJ?
<. Xk;Gkpd; nghUs;$W.
tpilfs; : m. GwehD}W M. ehpnt&cj; jiyahh;
,. ey;ytw;iwr; nra;ahtpbDk; <. jtph;j;JtpLq;fs;
4. ‘jpq;fnshd;wpUg;gd; ,d;Nd ; jpUTsk; jPh;e;jgpd;id
kq;Fntd; capNuhnld;Wd; kyub nrd;dp itj;jhs;”
m. ,jidf; $wpath; ahh;?
M. ahhplk; $wpdhh;?
,. ,t;tb ,lk; ngw;w E}ypd; ngah; ahJ?
<. ‘kyub nrd;dp itj;jhs;” - vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLgth; ahh;?
tpilfs; : m. mDkd; M. ,uhkdplk;
,. fk;guhkhazk; <. rPij
23
5.’flik Ghpe;jhd; ,tNd”
m. ,jidf; $wpath; ahh;?
M. ahhplk; $wpdhh;?
,. flik Ghpe;jtd; ahh;?
<. ,t;tb ,lk; ngw;w E}ypd; ngah; ahJ?
tpilfs; : m. Mj;jhf;fpotp M. md;dj;jplk;
,. Ntyd; <. ghz;bad; ghpR
kdg;ghlg; gFjp
1.jpUf;Fws; 2 mjpfhuq;fs; - 40 mbfs; 2.gpwghly;fs; - 46 mbfs; ghtif mwpe;J> vOj;Jg;gpioapd;wp mbgpwohky; vOJf. . nghUj;Jf. 1. jpiz --- ghbNahu; tpil
m) FwpQ;rp --- 1) Xuk;Nghfpahu; m – 4 M) Ky;iy --- 2) mk;%tdhu; M – 5 ,) kUjk; --- 3) Xjyhe;ijahu; , – 1 <) nea;jy; --- 4) fgpyu; < – 2 --- 5) Ngadhu; 2. Ehy; --- Mrpupau; tpil
m)kzpNkfiy --- 1) fpU~;;zg;gps;is m – 3
M)Njthuk; --- 2) ckWg;Gytu; M – 4
,)rPwhg;Guhzk; --- 3) rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhu; , – 2
<),ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;-- 4) Re;juu; < – 1 --- 5) Fzq;Fb k];jhd; 3. Ehy; --- rkak; tpil
m) kzpNkfiy --- 1) rkzk; m – 4
M) ePyNfrp --- 2) fpwpj;jtk; M – 1
,) ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;--- 3) ,Ryhk; , – 2
<) rPwhg;Guhzk; --- 4) ngsj;jk; < – 3 --- 5) itztk;
24
4. Ehy; --- Mrpupau; tpil
m) ,uhruhrNrhoDyh --- 1) gps;isg;ngUkhs; Iaq;fhu; m – 4
M) jpUNtq;flj;je;jhjp -- 2) FkuFUguu; M – 1
,) kJiuf; fyk;gfk; --- 3) Mrpupau; ngau; mwpatpy;iy , – 2
<) Kf;$lw;gs;S --- 4) xl;lf;$j;ju; < – 3 5) fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahu;
5. Gytu;fs; --- ,aw;wpa Ehy;fs; tpil
m) ,sq;Nfhtbfs; --- 1) kzpNkfiy m – 2
M) jpUj;jf;f Njtu; --- 2) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M – 3
,) ehjFj;jdhu; --- 3) rPtfrpe;jhkzp , – 5
<) rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhu;---- 4) tisahgjp < – 1 --- 5) Fz;lyNfrp
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
khjphp 1. G+l;b ® G+l;L ñ ,
G+l;L – gFjp
, – tpidnar;r tpFjp 2. Njhd;wp ® Njhd;W ñ , 3. va;jp ® va;J ñ , 4. Ve;jp ® Ve;J ñ , 5. ,iwQ;rp ® ,iwQ;R ñ , 6. Nehf;fp ® Nehf;F ñ , 7. Koq;fp ® Koq;F ñ , 8. Nghw;wp ® Nghw;W ñ , khjphp 1. tho;f ® tho; ñ f
tho; - gFjp f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp 2.xopf ® xop ñ f 3.Xq;Ff ® Xq;F ñ f 4.cah;f ® cah; ñ f 5.nra;f ® nra; ñ f
khjphp 1. Xk;Gkpd; ® Xk;G ñ kpd;
Xk;G – gFjp
kpd; - Vty;gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp
25
2. czh;kpd; ® czh; ñ kpd; khjphp 1. GfyPh; ® Gfy; ñ <h;
Gfy; – gFjp <h; ® Vty;gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp 2. fhzPh; ® fhz; ñ <h; khjphp
1. Fdpe;J ® Fdp ñ j;(e;) ñ j; ñ c
Fdp – gFjp
j; - re;jp (‘e;;;’ MdJ tpfhuk;) j; - .,we;j fhy ,ilepiy
c – tpidnar;r tpFjp 2.jpwe;J ® jpw ñ j;(e;) ñ j; ñ c 3.xope;J ® xop ñ j;(e;) ñ j; ñ c khjphp 1. mirj;j ® mir ñ j; ñ j; ñ m
mir – gFjp j; - re;jp j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy m – nganur;r tpFjp.
2. Mh;j;j – Mh; ñ j; ñ j; ñ m
Þô‚èí‚ °PŠ¹
g‡¹ˆ ªî£¬è: ‘ik’ tpFjp kiwe;J tUtJ
Ø‹ð¬ì 較裂¬è ¬ì 輺A™
ªï´‰«î˜ ªï´‰î¬è ð„Å¡ º¶ñó‹
ð²ƒè£™ ªð¼‰«î˜ ¬ó ªõ…²ì˜
º„êƒè‹ º‚°¬ì bªïP
M¬ùˆ ªî£¬è: fhyk; kiwe;J tUtJ
F¼‰¶ªñ£N F¬ó辜 ¹¬ùèô‹
å¿°c˜ ð옺A™ ܬôèì™ iƒ°c˜
àÁ°¬ø èOïì‹ ð옺A™
MKïè˜ î£›HøŠ¹ ߘõ¬÷ ܬôèì™
àò˜â‡í‹ à¬ø«õƒèì‹ Ü虺A™ G¬øñF
Ü´‚°ˆªî£ì˜: xNu nrhy; mLf;fp tUtJ
Fù‰Fù‹ ܬø‰î¬ø‰¶ õ£Nòõ£Nò
²¬ñ²¬ñò£Œ ¶¬ø¶¬øò£Œ M‚AM‚A ¹¬ì¹¬ì
àK„ªê£™ ªî£ì˜: ngah;r;nrhy;iyr; rpwg;gpg;gJ
ñ£ïè˜ ñ™ô™ñ¶¬ó î쉫 è®ïè˜
¬õõ£œ ï£ñ«õ™ ¬õ«õ™ ñ£ñ¶¬ó
ñ£ñ¬ô
26
ªêŒ»O¬ê Ü÷ªð¬ì (Þ¬êG¬øò÷ªð¬ì): ðÇà‹
ªê£™L¬êò÷ªð¬ì: îjÞ, bªî£gÞ, ªêhÞò
Þ¡Q¬êò÷ªð¬ì: °Úà‹, õ÷˜‚°Úà‹
⇵‹¬ñ: ‘ck;’ ntspg;gilahf tUtJ ¬õò躋 õ£ù躋 õ£J½‹ ñ£O¬è»‹
ñô˜î½‹ Ë𽋠胬軋 C‰¶¾‹
‹ ‚°‹ M‡E½‹ ñ‡E½‹
«ð«ó£´‹ ¹è«ö£´‹ ñ£ìº‹ Ýìóƒ°‹
à¼õè‹: ctik ctNkak; ,uz;ilAk; xd;whf;FtJ
è‡a˜ªõœ÷‹ ñFM÷‚° ðC‚èJÁ ¬è‹ñ¬ô
ªð£Ÿè¬ó îƒèˆFIƒèô‹ îƒèˆ«î£E
Mòƒ«è£œ M¬ùºŸÁ: õ£Nò, ªêŒè
âF˜ñ¬ø Mòƒ«è£œ M¬ùºŸÁ: ñøõŸè, ¶øõŸè
HKˆ¶Š ¹í˜„C MF î¼è
1) àJ¼‡´ = àJ˜ + à‡´
MF = ‘à왫ñ™ àJ˜õ‰¶ å¡Áõ¶ Þò™«ð’ â¡Â‹ MFŠð®
(˜+à=¼) àJ¼‡´ â¡ø£ù¶
¥ ù¡Á =  + â¡Á ( ¡ + â = ªù )
¥ Þ¼÷ÁˆF´‹ = Þ¼œ + ÜÁˆF´‹ ( œ + Ü =÷ )
¥ ð转ø = ðè™ + à¬ø ( ™ + à = ½ )
¥ Üøù™ô = Üø¡ + Ü™ô ( ¡ +Ü = ù )
2) M÷‚«èŸP = M÷‚° + ãŸP
MF &1 = ‘àJ˜õK¡ à‚°øœ ªñŒM†´ å´‹‘. vd;w tpjpg;gb
tpsf;f; ñ Vw;wp â¡ø£ù¶
MF 2 = ‘à왫ñ™ àJ˜õ‰¶ å¡Áõ¶ Þò™«ð’ ( ‚ + ã= «è )
M÷‚«èŸP â¡ø£ù¶
¥ õ‡®ù‹ = õ‡´ + Þù‹ (l;ñ c ® L ) ( † + Þ = ®)
¥ ñ£êŸø£˜ = ñ£² + ÜŸø£˜ ( „ + à = ² ) ( „ + Ü = ê )
¥ ï¡ø¡Á = ï¡Á + Ü¡Á ( Ÿ + à = Á ) ( Ÿ + Ü = ø )
¥ Cô‹ªð£¡Á = Cô‹¹ + å¡Á ( Š + à = ¹ ) ( Š + å = ªð£ )
¥ ܬø‰î¬ø‰¶ = ܬø‰¶ + ܬø‰¶ ( ˆ + à = ¶ ) (ˆ+Ü =î)
27
3) º¶ñó‹ = º¶¬ñ + ñó‹
MF = ‘ßÁ«ð£î™’ â¡Â‹ MFŠð® ¬ñM°F ªè†´ º¶ñó‹
â¡ø£ù¶.
4) ªð¼ƒèOÁ = ªð¼¬ñ + èOÁ
MF&1 = ßÁ«ð£î™ â¡Â‹ MFŠð® ‘¬ñ’ M°F ªè†´
ªð¼+èOÁ â¡ø£ù¶.
MF&2 = ÞùIè™ â¡Â‹ MFŠð® ‘ƒ’ «î£¡PŠ ªð¼ƒèOÁ
â¡ø£ù¶
¥ ªð¼‰«î˜ = ªð¼¬ñ + «î˜
¥ ªï´‰î¬è = ªï´¬ñ + î¬è
¥ ªð¼‰ªîŒõ‹ = ªð¼¬ñ + ªîŒõ‹
¥ ªê¿‹ªð£¡ = ªê¿¬ñ + ªð£¡
5) ñE‚迈¶ = ñE + 迈¶
MF = Þò™H‹, MFJ‹ G¡ø àJ˜ º¡ èêîð I°‹
â¡Â‹ MFŠð® ‘‚’ «î£¡P ñE‚迈¶ â¡ø£ù¶
¥ b‚°„C = b + °„C
¥ M¬ùˆF†ð‹ = M¬ù + F†ð‹
¥ ñF‚°¬ì = ñF + °¬ì
¥ ðˆFQŠªð‡®˜ = ðˆFQ + ªð‡®˜
¥ õ¬÷ˆ«î£O = õ¬÷ + «î£O
¥ ñ¬ö‚è‡a˜ = ñ¬ö + è‡a˜
¥ ñE‚迈¶ = ñE + 迈¶
6) ̃ªè£®ò£÷¢ = Ì + ªè£®ò£œ
MF & “ÌŠªðò˜ º¡ Þùªñ¡¬ñ»‹ «î£¡Á‹” â¡Â‹ MFŠð®
‘q;’ «î£¡P ̃ªè£®ò£÷¢ â¡ø£ù¶
¥ Ì…«ê£¬ô = Ì + «ê£¬ô
¥ G+q;nfhb ® = Ì + nfhb
Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf
1. fhyj;jpdhw; nra;j ed;wp rpwpnjdpDk;
Qhyj;jpd; khzg;nghpJ.
2. vOik vOgpwg;Gk; cs;Sth; jq;fz;
tpOke; Jilj;jth; el;G.
28
3. xWj;jhiu nahd;whf itahNu itg;gh;
nghWj;jhiug; nghd;Nghy; nghjpe;J.
4. cz;zhJ Nehw;ghh; nghpah; gpwh;nrhy;Yk;
,d;dhr;nrh Ndhw;ghhpw; gpd;.
5. vg;nghUs; ahh;ahh;tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;
nka;g;nghUs; fhz;g jwpT.
6. mQ;Rt jQ;rhik Ngijik mQ;rt
jQ;ry; mwpthh; njhopy;.
7. nrhy;Yjy; ahh;f;Fk; vspa mhpathk;
nrhy;ypa tz;zk; nray;.
8. Jd;gk; cwthpDk; nra;f Jzpthw;wp
,d;gk; gaf;Fk; tpid.
***********
29
Jizg;ghlk; 1. ghy; tz;zk; gps;is
-GJikg;gpj;jd; fij khe;jh;fs;
ghy; tz;zk; gps;is
gps;isapd; kidtp
ehd;F Foe;ijfs;
Nky tPl;L mz;zhr;rp
Rg;Gf; Nfhdhh;
º¡Â¬ó:& °´‹ðƒè¬÷ ¬ñòñ£è‚ ªè£‡´ Cø‰î CÁè¬îè¬÷
à¼õ£‚Aòõ˜ ¹¶¬ñŠHˆî¡ Ýõ£˜. ÞõK¡ Iè„Cø‰î è¬îò£ù “ð£™õ‡í‹
Hœ¬÷” è¬îJ¬ù Þƒ°‚ 裇«ð£‹.
è¬î‚ è¼:& “݇” â¡ðîŸè£è Ýíõ‹ ªè£œ÷£«î.
ªñ‚R«è£ ⃫è?:&
ð£™õ‡í‹ Hœ¬÷ èªô‚ì˜ ÝdR™ 35 Ï𣌠ê‹ð÷ˆF™ °ñ£vî£õ£èŠ
ðEò£ŸPù£˜. x¼  ð£™õ‡í‹ Hœ¬÷«ò£´ ðEò£ŸÁ‹ °ñ£vî£
ªñ‚R«è£ õìܪñK‚è£M™ Þ¼Šðî£è‚ ÃPù£˜. ð£™õ‡í‹ Hœ¬÷«ò£
ªñ‚R«è£ ªî¡ÜªñK‚è£M™ Þ¼Šðî£è‚ ÃPù£˜.
 ªê£¡ù¶ êK«ò â¡ð¬î GÏH‚è i†®™ àœ÷ Ì«è£÷Š ¹ˆî般îŠ
ð£˜‚è «õèñ£è i†®Ÿ° õ‰î£˜.
ñ¬ùM ÃPò Ý«ô£ê¬ù:&
ð£™õ‡í‹ Hœ¬÷‚° ° °ö‰¬îèœ. Üõ˜èO¡ 𣙪êôMŸ°‚
ôîô£è ° Ï𣌠ªêôõ£Aø¶. Þ‰î‚ Ã´î™ ªêô¬õŠ «ð£‚è
°ö‰¬îèÀ‚è£è x¼ ñ£´ õ£ƒA M†ì£™ â¡ù â¡Á ð£™õ‡íˆF¡ ñ¬ùM
â‡Eù£œ.
ñ£´ õ£ƒè «õ‡ì£‹:&
i†®Ÿ° õ‰¶ Ì«è£÷Š ¹ˆîèˆ¬îŠ ð£˜ˆî£˜ ð£™õ‡í‹. ÜF™ ªñ‚R«è£
õìܪñK‚è£M™ Þ¼‰î¶. Üõ˜ ñùF™ «è£ð‹ õ‰î¶. Ü‰î «ïóˆF™
Hœ¬÷èÀ‚è£èŠ ð²ñ£´ õ£ƒ°‹ Ý«ô£ê¬ù¬ò ñ¬ùM ÃPù£œ. ÞŠ
ð£™õ‡í‹ “Þƒ«è te;jhy; x«ó Þó£ñ£òí‹” â¡Á «è£ðˆF™ ÃPò«î£´,
“ñ£´W´ õ£ƒè º®ò£¶” â¡ø£˜. î¡ Hœ¬÷èœ cˆî‡E¬ò‚ °®ˆ«î
õ÷˜‰¶M´‹ â¡ø£˜.
ð²¬õ»‹, 衬ø»‹ ñ¬ùM õ£ƒ°î™:& ñ¬ùM î¡ ifapy; mzpe;jpUe;j
Þó‡´ ªè†®‚ 裊¹ õ¬÷ò™è¬÷ MŸÁ, Nky tPl;L Ü‡í£„C àîM«ò£´, x¼
ñJ¬ôŠ ð²¬õ»‹, 衬ø»‹ õ£ƒAù£œ. i†®Ÿ° õ‰î ð£™õ‡í‹Hœ¬÷ i†®™
𲾋, è¡Á‹ Þ¼Šð¬îŠ 𣘈¶‚ «è£ð‹ ܬì‰î£˜. Üõ˜ Ü¡PL¼‰¶ i†®™
裊H»‹, «ñ£¼‹ ꣊H´õF™¬ô.
30
ð£™õ‡íˆF¡ H®õ£î„ ªêò™:&
15 èÀ‚°Š Hø° x¼ï£œ Þó¾ 8 ñE‚°Š ð£™õ‡í‹Hœ¬÷ ñ£†¬ì
MŸðîŸè£è„ ²Š¹‚«è£ù£¬ó‚ Æ® õ‰î£˜. khl;ilg; ghUk; 25 &gha;. ê£I ñ£´ 60
Ï𣌠ªðÁ‹ â¡Á ²Š¹‚«è£ù£˜ ÃP»‹ “àù‚è£è 30 Ïð£Œ. ÞŠªð£¿«î
H®ˆ¶‚ ªè£‡´ «ð£è «õ‡´‹” â¡Á è†ì¬÷ ކ죘. 70 Ï𣌂° thq;fpa
ñ£†®¬ù 30 Ï𣌂°„ ²Š¹‚ «è£ù£Kì‹ MŸÁM†ì£˜. ð£™õ‡íˆF¡ ͈î
ñè¡ “Ü‹ñ£ ⡠臵‚°†®” â¡Á ܿ. ‘²‹ñ£ ªèì êõ«ñ’ â¡Á
ð£™õ‡í‹Hœ¬÷ ÃPù£˜.
º®¾¬ó:&
Ýí£F‚舫 ªêò™ð´õ °´‹ð‹ âšõ£Á ¶¡ðŠð´‹ â¡ð¬î
Þ‚è¬î àôAŸ°‚ ÃÁAø¶.
2. Ntyp -,uh[k; fpU~;zd;
fij khe;jh;fs;
Nfhkjp
Nfhkjpapd; kfd;> Foe;ijfs;
kUkfs; khyjp
Nfhkjpapd; ngz;fs;: gq;f[k;> nrz;gfk;
khyjpapd; mf;fh : Uf;kzp
Uf;kzpapd; fztd;: nry;yg;gd;
º¡Â¬ó:&
ªð‡èO¡ õ£›‚¬è„ C‚è™è¬÷ ikakhff; ªè£‡´ è¬îèœ â¿¶õF™
õ™ôõ˜ Þó£ü‹A¼wí¡ Ýõ£˜. Üõó¶ Cø‰î è¬îèÀœ x¡ø£Aò ‘«õL’
â¡Â‹ CÁè¬î ðŸP‚ 裇«ð£‹.
è¬îf; è¼:& gzj;jpw;F NtypAk; ,y;iy Ks;Sk; Þ™¬ô
è™ò£íˆF™ ªî£ìƒAò¶:&
«è£ñFJ¡¢ ͈î ñè¡ Ü½õôèˆF™ ðEò£ŸÁ‹ ‘ñ£ôF’ â¡Â‹ «õŸÁ„ ê£FŠ
ªð‡¬í‚ è£îLˆî£¡. ñ£ôF ï™ô Üö°; ÞQ¬ñò£èŠ «ð²ðõœ. è£îLˆî
Þõ˜èœ x¼ï£œ F¼ñí‹ º®ˆ¶‚ ªè£‡´, «è£ñF i†®Ÿ°„ ªê¡ø£˜èœ. Cô
ñ£îƒèÀ‚°Š Hø° ñ£ôFJ¡ èíõ¡ «õ¬ôJ¡ è£óíñ£è 6000 è™èÀ‚°
܊𣙠àœ÷ ªõO®Ÿ°Š ðEò£Ÿør; ªê¡Á M†ì£¡. ñ£ôF è¼¾ŸÁ
Þ¼‰î£œ.
«õL î£‡ì º®òM™¬ô:&
ñè¡ Ý¬êŠð†´ˆ F¼ñí‹ º®ˆî£¡ â¡ðîŸè£è ñ£ôF¬ò‚ «è£ñF
ñ¼ñè÷£è ãŸÁ‚ ªè£‡ì£œ. Ýù£™ Üõ‚°Š H¡ù£™ àœ÷ Hœ¬÷èÀ‚° ï™ô
ÞìˆF™ F¼ñí‹ ªêŒò «õ‡ì£ñ£? «õL î£‡ì º®òM™¬ô â¡Á «è£ñF
31
ñù‹ õ¼‰Fù£œ. “ã«î£ àˆF«ò£èk; vd;fpw ꣂA™ ªõO«ò «ð£è†´‹, õó†´‹,
Þ¼‚膴‹Â” «è£ñF ñ¼ñè¬÷ ñùF™ ãŸÁ‚ ªè£‡ì£œ. Ýù£™ ñ£ôFJ¡
Ü‹ñ£, ÜŠð£¬õ„ ê‹ð‰F º¬ø ªè£‡´ àøõ£ì Üõœ M¼‹ðM™¬ô.
à‡¬ñ ÜP‰î ªê‡ðè‹:&
«è£ñFJ¡ ñèœ ªê‡ðè‹ ‘ñ£ôF ܇E ªî£†´ rikj;j àí¬õ Ü‹ñ£
à‡íñ£†ì£œ’ â¡Â‹ à‡¬ñ ÜP‰îõœ. ܇E îƒèÀ‚°„ êññ£ùõœ
Þ™¬ô â¡ð¶ «è£ñF Hœ¬÷èÀ‚°ˆ ªîK»‹.
C¬wg;gl;l AOò£è ñ£ôF:&
↴ñE «ïó‹ ܽõôèˆF™ Þò‰Fóñ£è ñ£ôF õ£›‰î£œ. Üõ¬÷ˆ
i†®Ÿ° «è£ñF ÜŠ¹õ«î Þ™¬ô. ñ£ôF‚°‚ «è£ñF º¿¬ñò£ù
Ýîó¾‹ ªè£´ŠðF™¬ô. Þ¬î G¬ùˆ¶ Üö‚Ãì º®ò£îõ÷£è ñ£ôF
õ£›‰î£œ.
õ¬÷裊¬ð ï숶ƒèœ:&
F¯ªó¡Á å¼ï£œ ñ£ôFJ¡ ܂補 ¼‚°ñE»‹, ܈ ªê™ôŠð‹
«è£ñF i†®Ÿ° õ‰î£˜èœ. Üõ˜è¬÷‚ è‡ì¶‹ õ‰î ªõÁŠ¬ð‚ «è£ñF M¿ƒA
M†´„ CKŠ¬ð ªõO‚ 裆®ù£œ. õ¬÷裊¬ð ï숶õîŸè£è Ü‹ñ£ àì¬ô
õ¼ˆF„ «ê˜ˆî Þó‡´ ËÁ Ï𣌠«ï£†´è¬÷ Ü‹ñ£ î‰îî£è ¼‚ñE
«è£ñFJì‹ ªè£´ˆî£œ. «è£ñF Üî¬ù ñ®ˆ¶ Þ´ŠH™ ªê£¼A‚
ªè£‡ì£œ.
ªî£ì£î ñ£Iò£˜:&
x¼  ñ£¬ô àì™ïô‹ Þ™ô£îõœ «ð£™ ñ£ôF ð´ˆF¼‰î£œ. ù
ÜŠ«ð£î£õ¶ ªî£†´Š 𣘊ð£˜è÷£? â¡ð¬î ÜPõîŸè£è Üšõ£Á Þ¼‰î£œ.
“à싹‚° â¡ù?” â¡Á «è†´‚ ªè£‡´ õ‰î «è£ñF ªî£†´Š 𣘂èM™¬ô.
“ªê‹ðè‹ Þƒè õ‰¶ ܇E¬òˆ ªî£†´Šð£¼” â¡Á «è£ñF ªê£¡ù¶‹ ñ£ôF‚°‚
èrŠ¬ð ÜFèñ£‚Aò¶.
ê‹ð÷ˆ¬îˆ «î® õ‰î£œ:&
ñ£ôFJ¡ ܂裾‹, ܈î£Â‹ õ‰¶ ªê¡øH¡ ñò‚è‹ õ¼õ¶ «ð£™
Þ¼‰î, ñ£ôF 𴂬èJ™ ð´ˆF¼‰î£œ. ܃° õ‰î «è£ñF, àƒè
܂裾‚°‹, ܈î£Â‚°‹ 裊H‚è£è Þó‡´ èŠ¹‚°Š 𣙠ⴈî ÷‚°
«ñ£¼‚°‚ ÃìŠ ð£™ Þ™¬ô â¡ø£œ. ê‹ð÷‹ «ð£ìM™¬ôò£? «îF ä‰î£A
M†ì«î? â¡Á «è£ñF ñ£ôFJì‹ «è†ì£œ. Üõœ ªð†®J™ Þ¼‚Aø¶
â¡ø¾ì¡, ù â´‚A«ø¡ â¡Á ªê£™L «è£ñF ñ£ôFJ¡ ªð†®¬òˆ Fø‰¶
«ê¬ôèÀ‚° Ü®J™ Þ¼‰î ð˜¬ú â´ˆ¶‚ ªè£‡ì£œ. Þ¬îŠ ð£˜ˆî ñ£ôF
‘ðíˆFŸ° å¡Á«ñ Þ™¬ô, «õL»‹ Þ™¬ô; ºœÀ‹ Þ™¬ô’ â¡Á ñùF™
â‡Eù£œ.
º®¾¬ó:& ªð‡èœ «õ¬ô‚°„ ªê¡Á, ê‹ð£Fˆî£™ êºî£òˆF™ M®¾ õ¼‹
â¡Á G¬ùˆî ªð‡Eù‹ ޡ‹ êºî£ò «õLèÀ‚°œ C‚A Þ¼Šð¬î
Þ‚è¬î à혈¶Aø¶.
32
3. kz; -ma;f;fz;
fij khe;jh;fs;
fUg;igah - ,uhkhap- jkpo;j;jk;gjp
#ug;gl;b kf;fs;
Nrth njhz;L epWtdh; - Nfhtpuh[;
rpd;dj;jha;
hpr;rh;L - yp]p- Mq;fpNyaj; jk;gjp
º¡Â¬ó:&
èî£CKò˜ ÜŒ‚è‡ ð‡ð£†´ à혾è¬÷ ¬ñòñ£è ¬õˆ¶‚ è¬îèœ
⿶õF™ Cø‰îõ˜. Üõ˜ â¿Fò ¹è›ªðŸø è¬îèÀœ x¡ø£ù ‘ñ‡’ CÁè¬îJ™
â¡ àœ÷‹ èõ˜‰î ‘,ó£ñ£J’ ðŸP ނ膴¬óJ™ 裇«ð£‹.
è¬î„²¼‚è‹:&
Þó£ñ£J -- ---輊¬ðò£ jk;gjpapdh; Mõê£ò‚ ÃLè÷£è„ ÅóŠð†®J™ õ£›‰î£˜èœ.
ªð‡ °ö‰¬îè¬÷‚ ªè£™õ¬îŠ ð£õ‹ âù‚ è¼î£î, ð®ŠðP¾ Þ™ô£î Aó£ñ‹
ܶ. Ü‚Aó£ñˆF™ ,ó£ñ£J Í¡ø£õ¶ ªð‡ °ö‰¬îò£è„ C¡ùˆî£¬òŠ
ªðŸø£œ. õÁ¬ñò£™ ÞƒAô£‰F™ õ£›‰î ªõœ¬÷‚è£ó˜è÷£ù K„꘴ -- yp]p
jk;gjpapdUf;Fr; C¡ùˆî£¬òˆ ‚ ªè£´ˆî£œ. 21 ݇´èÀ‚°Š Hø°
C¡ùˆî£J ùŠ ªðŸø ªðŸ«ø£¬óŠ 𣘂è ÅóŠð†®‚° õ‰î£œ. Þó£ñ£J
Üõ˜è¬÷ õó«õŸÁ, Üõ˜èÀ‚° M¼‰¶ ðKñ£Pù£œ. Þó£ñ£J °´‹ðˆF¡
õÁ¬ñ¬ò â‡Eò K„꘴ -- yp]p jk;gjpapdh; Þó‡´ Þô†ê‹ Ïð£¬ò‚ «è£Mó£x
%ykhff; ªè£´ˆîù˜. “âƒèO¡ °ö‰¬î„ ªê™õˆ¬î ï£ƒèœ î£ùñ£èˆî£¡
ªè£´ˆ«î£‹” â¡Á ªê£™L, ð투î Þó£ñ£J °´‹ðˆFù˜ õ£ƒè ñÁˆîù˜.
K„꘴‹, yp]p»‹ Þ‰FòŠ ð‡ð£†¬ìŠ «ð£ŸPù˜.
ªð‡Hœ¬÷è¬÷ Ü¡¹ ªêŒðõœ:&
Þó£ñ£J %d;W ngz; °ö‰¬îè¬÷Š ªðŸøõœ. Ü‰î‚ Aó£ñˆF™ ªð‡ °ö‰¬î
Hø‰î i´ Þö¾ i´ «ð£ô Þ¼‚°‹. èœOŠð£™, 輂裌, ªï™ â¡Á ãî£õ¶
ªè£´ˆ¶ˆ ñ£˜è«÷ ªè£¡Á, ¹¬îˆ¶ M´õ£˜èœ. ܈î¬èò Aó£ñˆF™
Í¡ø£õî£èŠ Hø‰î C¡ùˆî£J¬ò»‹ «ê˜ˆ¶ Í¡Á ªð‡Hœ¬÷è¬÷»‹ Þó£ñ£J
Ü¡¹ ªêŒî£œ. áó£KìI¼‰¶ Üõ˜è¬÷‚ 裊ð£ŸPù£œ. Þ¬õ â™ô£‹ Þó£ñ£J
ªð‡Hœ¬÷è¬÷ I辋 Ü¡¹ ªêŒðõœ â¡ð¬î‚ 裆´A¡øù.
à¬öŠ¹î£¡ ÜõO¡ ªîŒõ‹:&
ÁŠð£¾î™, ïì¾, è¬÷â´Š¹, ÜÁõ¬ì â¡Á å¼ õ¼ìˆF™ Í¡Á
ñ£îƒèœî£¡ Þó£ñ£J‚° «õ÷£‡¬ñ «õ¬ô A¬ì‚°‹.ÜšõŠ«ð£¶ A¬ì‚°‹
ªñŒ‚裆´ «õ¬ôè¬÷»‹ î¡èíõ¼ì¡ Aó£ñ‹, Aó£ññ£è„ ªê¡Á 𣘈¶
õ‰î£œ. Þ„ªêò™èœ Üõœ à¬öŠ¬ð«ò ªîŒõñ£èŠ «ð£ŸÁðõœ â¡ð¬î
à혈¶A¡øù.
33
á¬ó«ò âF˜‚èˆ ¶E‰îõœ:&
Þó£ñ£J‚° õÁ¬ñ è£óíñ£è„ C¡ùˆî£¬ò õ÷˜‚è º®òM™¬ô.
Üõœ âŠð®ò£õ¶ õ£ö«õ‡´‹ â¡Á Þó£ñ£J ¶®‚Aø£œ Ü õ£ŒŠð£è
K„꘴ -- yp]p î‹ðFJù˜ °ö‰¬î¬òˆ ‚ «è†°‹ «ð£¶ áó£˜ îˆ¶‚ªè£´‚è‚
Ã죶 â¡Aø£˜èœ. “¹¶Šðö‚般î à‡ì£‚Aù£™ ªðKòõ˜èœ á¬óM†«ì
îœO ¬õˆ¶ M´õ£˜èœ” â¡Á á˜ñ‚èœ Ió†´Aø£˜èœ. áó£¬ó«ò âF˜ˆ¶ˆî£¡
C¡ùˆî£J¬ò Þó£ñ£J «è£Mó£x Íôñ£èˆ ‚ ªè£´‚Aø£œ. Þ¶ ªð‡
Hœ¬÷è¬÷‚ 裊ð£Ÿø á¬ó«ò âF˜‚°‹ Þó£ñ£JJ¡ ñùõL¬ñ¬ò â´ˆ¶‚
fhl;LfpwJ.
Þó£ñ£JJ¡ M¼‰¶‹, Ü¡¹‹:&
21 õ¼ìƒèÀ‚°Š Hø° Þó£ñ£J ªðŸø C¡ùˆî£J Üõ¬÷ˆ
îˆªî´ˆî ªðŸ«ø£¼ì¡ õ¼õ î¡ õÁ¬ñ õ£›M½‹ Ü¡¬ø‚° ÜKC„«ê£Á,
°ö‹¹, 裌èPèœ, óê‹, ð£ò£ê‹ ¬õˆ¶ M¼‰¶ ðKñ£ÁAø£œ. î¡ ñèÀ‚°
Ü¡«ð£´ àí¾ á†® ñA›Aø£œ. Þ¬õ ܬùˆ¶‹ Þó£ñ£JJ¡
M¼‰«î£‹ð™ ð‡¬ð â´ˆ¶‚ 裆´A¡øù.
ðò¬ù âF˜Šð£˜‚è£î Þó£ñ£J:&
Þó£ñ£J °´‹ðˆF¡ õÁ¬ñ¬òŠ «ð£‚è K„꘴& yp]p î‹ðFò˜
Þó‡´ Þô†ê‹ Ï𣌠ܡ𣙠ªè£´ˆî¬î Þó£ñ£J ãŸè ñÁˆî£œ.
“âƒèOì‹ °ö‰¬î„ ªê™õ‹ Þ¼‰î î£ù‹ ªè£´ˆ«î£‹. M¬ô‚°‚
ªè£´‚èM™¬ô” â¡Á àKò è£óíº‹ ÃP, ñÁ‚Aø£œ. Þ„ªêò™ Üõœ ðò¬ù
âF˜ð£˜‚è£î ð‡¹¬ìòõœ â¡ð¬î‚ 裆´Aø¶.
º®¾¬ó:&
Þˆî¬èò Cø‰î ð‡¹èœ ܬùˆ¬î»‹ ÜP‰î H¡«ð “܉î
ñ‡E™î£¡ F¼‚°øÀ‹, F¼õ£ê躋, C¡ùˆî£»‹ Hø‚è º®»‹” â¡Á
K„꘴ ð£ó£†´Aø£˜. ªõœ¬÷‚è£óˆî‹ðFèœ ð£ó£†´‹ Þó£ñ£JJ¡ ð‡¹èœ
ܬùˆ¶‹ Þ‰FòŠ ð‡ð£†¬ì àôA™ àò˜ˆ¶A¡øù.
34
,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly;
1. Kd;Diu (Mrphpah; Fwpg;G)
ghujpahh;> ghujpjhrd;> ehkf;fy; ftpQh;> ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is.
2. Nkhid rPh;NjhWk; my;yJ mb NjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J
xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid MFk;.
3. vJif rPh;NjhWk; my;yJ mb NjhWk; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J
xd;wp tUtJ vJif MFk;.
4. Kuz;
rPh; NjhWk; my;yJ mb NjhWk; nrhy;Nyh mjd;
nghUNsh Kuz; gl (v娢nrhy;yha;) tUtJ
Kuz; MFk;.
5. ,iaG
rPh; NjhWk; my;yJ mb NjhWk; filrpapy;
epd;w vOj;Njh> nrhy;Nyh xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG
MFk;.
6. mzp
,ay;G etpw;rp mzp> cah;T etpw;rp mzp>
ctik mzp> nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
Mfpatw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;W ,lk; ngWk;.
7. Rit eak; ngUkpjr; Rit
8. jiyg;G ,uz;L > %d;W nrhw;fSf;Fs; vOJf
9. KbTiu
Kd;Diuf;fhd Mrphpah; Fwpg;Gfs;:
ghujpahh;: ghujpahh;; 1882Mk; Mz;L brk;gh;j;; jpq;fs; 11Mk; ehs; J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;s vl;laGuj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. ngw;Nwhh; rpd;dr;rhkp Iah;> ,yf;Fkp mk;khs; Mth;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngah; Rg;gpukzpad;. ,sikapNyNa ftpghLk; Mw;wy; ngw;wjhy; ghujp vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngah; ngw;whh;. ,th; fz;zd; ghl;L>Fapy; ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk; vd;Dk; Kg;ngUk; ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shh;. 11-09-1921,y; ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.
ghujpjhrd;
ghujpjhrdhh; 29-04-1891 ,y; GJitapy; gpwe;jhh;. ,th; ngw;Nwhh; fdfrig> ,yf;Fkp mk;khs;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngah; fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk;. ghujpahh; kPJ nfhz;l md;G fhuzkhfj; jk; ngaiug; ghujpjhrd; vdg; Gide;Jnfhz;lhh;. ,th; FLk;g tpsf;F> ,Uz;l tPL> mofpd; rphpg;G> ghz;bad; ghpR> gprpuhe;ijahh; E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. 21-04-1964 md;W ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.
35
ehkf;fy; ftpQh; ehkf;fy; ftpQh; nt.,uhkypq;fdhh; ehkf;fy; khtl;lk; NkhfD}hpy; 19-10-1888 Mk;
Mz;L ntq;fl;uhkd; vd;ghUf;Fk; mk;kzp mk;khSf;Fk; 8 MtJ kfdhfj; Njhd;wpdhh;. rpwe;j tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuUkhthh;. ,tiur; rpwg;gpf;Fk; nghUl;L> jkpof muR muritf; ftpQuhfTk;> rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpduhfTk; epakpj;jJ. eLtz; muR ,tUf;F>
‘gj;kG+~z;’ tpUJ mspj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;jJ. ,th; ,aw;wpa E}y;fSs; rpy kiyf;fs;sd;> rq;nfhyp> mtDk; mtSk;. ,th; 24-08-1972 md;W ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.
ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is
ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Nj&hpy; rptjhZg;gps;is - Mjpyl;Rkp MfpNahUf;F 27-07-1876 ,y; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;;.,th; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; Mrpa N[hjp> kyUk; khiyAk;> kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;> ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;; KjypadthFk;. 24-08-1972 md;W ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.
ciueil ngUtpdh
ghlk; : 1 cah;jdpr;nrk;nkhop
1. nre;jkpo;ehL> nfhLe;jkpo;ehL vd;w gphpTfs; gw;wpg; ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; ciug;gd ahit? nre;jkpo; ehL:
1. re;jd kuq;fs; epiwe;j nghjpif kiyapy; ,Ue;J jkpo; tsh;j;j mfj;jpa KdptUk;>
2. nrse;ju ghz;bad; vd;Dk; jkpo; kd;dUk; 3. rq;fg; Gyth;fSk; jioj;J ,dpNj tho;e;j kq;fyj; jd;ik cila ghz;ba
tsehL jhd; nre;jkpo;ehL vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
nfhLe;jkpo; ehL 1. njd;ghz;behL 2. Fl;l ehL 3. Fl ehL 4. fw;fhehL 5. NtzhL 6. G+opehL 7. gd;wp ehL 8. mUth ehL 9. mUth tljiy ehL 10. rPj ehL 11. kiyakhd; ehL
12. Gdy; ehL nre;jkpo; epyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ,e;jg; gd;dpuz;L FWepyq;fSk; Fw;wkpy;yhf; nfhLe;jkpo; ehlhFk;. 2. ,irj;jkpo; vd;gJ ahJ? Kw;fhyj;Jk; ,f;fhyj;Jk; tpsq;Fk; ,irj; jkpo; E}y; tiffs; ahit? ,irj;jkpo;:
1. ,irj;jkpo; vd;gJ gz;nzhL fye;Jk; jhsj;NjhL Nrh;e;Jk; mikAk; nra;AshFk;. 2. nre;jkpo;g; ghl;LfshYk;> nfhLe;jkpo;g; ghl;LfshYk; mike;j ,yf;fpaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; ,yf;fzq;fSkhd E}y;fspd; njhFjpahFk;.
36
,irj;jkpopy; mlq;Ftd
1. fPh;j;jidfs; 2. thpg;ghly;fs; 3. rpe;J 4. Mde;jf; fspg;G 5. Fk;kp 6. njk;khq;F Kw;fhyj;J ,irj;jkpo; E}y;fs; 1. ngUehiu 2. ngUq;FUF 3. ,ir EZf;fk; 4. jhstif Nahj;J ,ilf;fhyj;J ,irj;jkpo; E}y; Njthuk; ,f;fhyj;J ,irj;jkpo; E}y;fs;
1. fe;jGuhzf; fPh;j;jid 3. rq;fPj re;jphpif 2. nghpaGuhzf; fPh;j;jid
3. ehlfj; jkpopd; rpwg;gpay;Gfshff; fl;Liuahrphpah; $Wtd ahit? ehlfj;jkpo;:
1. ifapy; Gj;jfj;ij vLj;Jg;gbf;f Neuk; ,y;yhj gzpahsh;fSf;Fk;> gbf;fj; njhpahjth;fSf;Fk; ey;ywpT Gfl;Lk; Nehf;fj;Jld; vOe;jNj ehlfj; jkpohFk;. 1. mJ Nfl;NghUf;Fk; fhz;Nghh;f;Fk; ,d;gk; jUtjhy; kf;fs; mjidf; fhz tpUk;gpr; nry;fpd;wdh;.
ehlfj; jkpopd; rpwg;G: ,ay; jkpo;> ,irj; jkpo; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; mbg;gilahf; nfhz;L gpwe;jNj ehlfj;jkpo;. 1. ,aYk;> ,irAk; Nfs;tp ,d;gk; kl;LNk jUtd 2. ehlfj; jkpNoh Nfs;tp ,d;gj;Jld; fhl;rp ,d;gKk; jUfpwJ. 3. ,jdhy; jhd; gpw ehl;ltUk;> gpwnkhopg; Gyth;fSk; ehlfj;ij Nkd;ik 4. cilajhf kjpf;fpd;wdh;.
4. jkpo; cah;nkhop> jdp nkhop vd ciuf;fg;glf; fhuzq;fs; ahit? jkpo; cah; jdpr; nrk;nkhop:
1. tlnkhop> ,yj;jPd;> fPhpf; Kjypa nkhopfisg;Nghd;W jkpo; nkhopAk; cah; jdpr; nrk;nkhopahFk;.
cah;nkhop - tpsf;fk;: 1. jhd; toq;Fk; ehl;by; cs;s nkhopfs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpl cah;thd> Nkd;ik cila nkhopNa cah;nkhop MFk;. 2. jkpo; nkhop> njYq;F Kjypatw;wpw;F vy;yhk; jiyik rhd;wJ> mtw;wpDk; 3. kpf;f NkjfTk; cilaJ. vdNt jkpo; cah;nkhopNa MFk;.
jdpnkhop - tpsf;fk;: 1. jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; Mw;wy; cila nkhopNa jdpnkhop MFk.; 2. jkpo; nkhopapd; cjtpia ePf;fpdhy; njYq;F Kjypa nkhopfs; ,aq;fh. Mdhy; jkpo; nkhop gpwnkhopfspd; cjtpapd;wpj; jdpj;J ,aq;ff;$baJ. 3. ,/J ,e;jpa nkhop E}w; Gyth;fSk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l cz;ik MFk;. MfNt jkpo;nkhop jdp nkhopNa MFk;.
37
5. nrk;nkhopapd; ,yf;fzk; ahJ? mt;tpyf;fzk; jkpo; nkhopapd;ghy; nghUe;jpapUg;gjid epWTf? 1. jpUe;jpa gz;Gk; rPh;j;j ehfupfKk; nghUe;jpa nkhopNa nrk;nkhop MFk;. ,t;tpyf;fzk; jkpo; nkhopapy; mike;jpUj;jy; Njw;wk;. 2. ,lh;gl;l nrhy; KbTfSk; nghUs; KbTfSk; ,y;yhky; nrhy;gtd; fUjpa nghUisf; Nfl;gtd; njsptha; czuty;yjha;g; gioad fope;Jk; Gjpad GFe;Jk; jpUj;jk; va;jp epw;wNy jpUe;jpa gz;ngdg;gLtjhFk;. ,J jkpo; nkhopapy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. 3. xU ehl;bd; Kjph;r;rpf;F Vw;wthW nrhw;fSk; Njhd;wp nkhopfSk; ehfupf eyk; tpisj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 4. nrhw;fs; Njhd;Wk; NghJ> gpw nkhopr;nrhw;fs; my;yhky; jd; nrhw;fNs kpFjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,J jkpo; nkhopf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;.
ghlk; : 2 rkurk;
1. cyfpy; rkurk; guthikf;Ff; fhuzq;fshfj; jpU.tp.f $Wtd ahit? 1. rkurj;ijg; gw;wp vOe;j Ngr;RfSk; vOj;JfSk; kiynadTk;> flnydTk;
cs;sd. 2. cyfpy; Njhd;wpa mwpQh; gyUk; rkurj;ijNa mwpTWj;jpr;nrd;wdh;. Mdhy;>
cyfk; mjw;Fr; nrtp rha;f;ftpy;iy. 3. kdpjdplj;jpy; Fb nfhz;Ls;s mOf;fhW mth> ntFsp Kjypad kdpjid rkur
Qhdpahf;Ftjpy;iy. 4. rkurj;ijg; gw;wpg; NgRtJk; vOJtJk; vspJ Mdhy; mjid eilKiwf;Ff;
nfhz;L tUtJ mhpJ. 5. vdNt> kdpjd; rkurj;ijg; gw;wpg; NgRtijf;fhl;bYk; mij eilKiwapy;
nfhz;Ltu KaYtNj mwpTilikahFk;.
2. ehL vDk; gw;why; rkurj;ij ,og;gJ gw;wpj; jpU.tp.f. ciug;gd ahit? 1. xUtd; ehL vDk; gw;why; gpw ehLfisj; Jd;GWj;Jjy; $lhJ. 2. Nky; ehl;lhh; jhk; gpwe;j ehl;bd; nghUl;Lg; gpw ehLfisg; gw;Wtjpy; jpwik
tha;e;jth;. 3. Mfha tpkhdq;fSk;> ePh; %o;fpf; fyq;fSk; er;Rf; fhw;WfSk; gpw ehLfisf; ifgw;Wtjw;Nf fz;ldh;. 4. jq;fs; ehl;ilNa flTshff; fUJk; ,th;fSf;Fg; gpw ehl;lthplKk; flTs;
,Uj;jy; GydhtJ ,y;iy. 5. kw;wth;f;Fk; grp Kjypad cz;L vd;gij mth;fs; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghh;g;gjpy;iy. 6. vy;yh ehl;lth;fSk; rNfhjuh;fs; vd;gij czuhj ,th;fs;> ehL vDk; gw;why;
rkurj;ij ,of;fpwhh;fs;.
3. rhjpf; nfhLik> rkantwp Kjypad rkur czh;itf; Fiyg;gdthk; - ,f;fUj;ijj; jpU.tp.f. top epd;W Ma;f:
rhjpf; nfhLik 1. gpwg;ghy; cah;T> jho;T fUJk; ngUq;Fw;wk; ekJ ehl;Lf;Nf rpwg;ghf cz;L. 2. vy;yhf; nfhLikfspYk; jiyahaJ rhjpf; nfhLikNa. 3. gpwg;ghy; cah;T> jho;T fUJk; cs;sj;jpy; rkurr; rhay; gluhJ.
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rka ntwp 1. rka ntwp flTs; md;igf; nfLf;fpwJ. 2. xUtd; jd; rkaj;jpd; kPJ gw;Wf;nfhz;L kw;wr; rkaj;jhiu epe;jpf;fpwhd;. 3. rkak; vd;gJ xd;Nw. mJNt rkurk; MFk;. 4. gy rka czh;Tk; jd; rkag; gw;Wk; rkurj;ij mopj;JtpLfpd;wd.
4. ek; ehl;by; ePz;l fhykhf epfo;e;J tUk; ngUq;nfhiy vd;W jpU.tp.f. tUe;jp ciug;gdtw;iw vOJf.
1. nghpNahh; mwpTWj;jpa nfhs;iffisg; Gijj;J mth; cUtj;ij kl;Lk; te;jidAk;> topghLk; nra;Ak; ngha; xOf;fk; ek; ehl;by; ePz;l ehs; tof;fpypUf;fpwJ.
2. "rhj;jpuk; gy NgRk; rof;fh;fhs; Nfhj;jpuKk; FyKk; nfhz;L vd; nra;tPh;”
vd;Wk;> “rhjp Fyk; gpwg;ngd;Dk; Ropg;gl;Lj; jLkhWk;”> vd;Wk; mUspa nghpNahiu topgLk; kf;fs;> rhjpiaNa flTshfTk; rkakhfTk; nfhz;Ls;sdh;.
3. ,th;fs; rhjpia kWj;Jr; rkurj;jpy; jpisj;j nghpNahiu topgLtjpy; nghUs; ,y;iy.nghpNahh; mwpTWj;jpa newpepd;W xOFtNj cz;ikahd topghlhFk;.
ghlk; : 5 MTe;jkpoUk; 1.kf;fs; ehfhpfj;NjhL khl;bw;Fk; njhlh;Gz;L vd;gijg; ghthzh; $WkhW ahq;qdk;?
1. kf;fs; ehfhpfk; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> efuk; vd;w ehd;F epiyfisj; jOtpaJ. mtw;Ws; FwpQ;rpapNyNa jkpoh;f;F> mj;jkpohpd; Kd;Ndhh;f;Fj; njhlh;G ,Ue;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. MthdJ Kjd; Kjypy; FwpQ;rp epyj;jpw;Fhpa tpyq;fhFk;. FwpQ;rpia mLj;j Ky;iy epyj;jpy; tho;e;j Mah; Ml;ilAk; khl;ilAk; nghpa mstpy; tsh;j;jdh;. mtw;wpd; CidAk;> ghiyAk; cz;L tho;e;jdh;. mit Nka;g;gth; Mah; vdg; ngah; ngw;wdh;.
2. khL vd;gJ nry;tk; Nghyf; fUjg;glf; fhuzq;fs; ahit? 1. gz;ila cyfk; KOikAk; khNl kf;fspd; nry;tkhf ,Ue;jJ. 2. “Nfby; tpOr;nry;tk; fy;tp xUtw;F
khly;y kw;iw ait” vd;W ts;Sth; $WtjpypUe;J> khNl nry;tk; vd;gij czuyhk;. 3. Ky;iy epyj;jpy; coT Njhd;wp> kUj epyj;jpy; rpwg;gile;jJ. 4. khL ,U epyj;jhUf;Fk; CDk;> ghYk; nfhLj;J Ntshz;ikf;Fk; cjtpaJ. 5. khl;bd; CDk; ghYk; kl;Lkpd;wpj; Njhy;>nfhk;G curid> thy;> kaph;> rhzk; Kjypa gpwTk; gad;gl;ld. 6. ghy;> japh;> Nkhh;> ntz;nza>; nea; Mfpad Ie;Jk; ( gQ;rhkpu;jk; ) jUtJ khNl MFk;. 3. Mtpd; rpwg;Gfshfg; ghthzh; tpje;Jiug;gd ahit?
1. MTk;> MNtWk; kf;fSf;Fg; gad;gLtd. mtw;Ws; MNt mikjpAilaJk;> mKjspj;jYk;> ,Ughy; fd;W <DjYk; gw;wpr; rpwg;gha;g; Nghw;wg;gl;lJ.
2. ‘ghh;j;jhy; gRNghy. gha;e;jhy; Gyp Nghy” vd;gJ gonkhop. MTf;F thAiw mspj;jy; Kg;gj;jpuz;L mwf;nfhilfSs; xd;wha;f;nfhz;ldh;. ,of;Fk; nghUSk; Mtpd; tha;g;gl;lhy; Mf;fkhk; vd;Dk; fUj;jpy; ‘ghoha;g;NghfpwJ gRtpd;
thapNy” vd;Dk; gonkhop Njhd;wpaJ.
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3. M> jhd; cz;lij kPz;Lk; jd; tha;f;Ff; nfhz;L te;J mirapl;Lr; nrhpf;fr; nra;Ak;.mjdhy; MthdJ jiy khzhf;fUf;F ctikaha;f; $wg;gl;lJ.
4. Mtpd; jpdT jPh;j;jw;nghUl;L> MThpQ;rp vd;Wk; MjPz;L Fw;wpnad;Wk; nrhy;yg;gl;l jwpfs; Ch;NjhWk; ehl;lg;gl;bUj;jiyf; fhzyhk;.
4. mWKiw tho;j;J -tpsf;F.
1. kf;fshy; tho;j;jg;gLk; nghUs;fSs; MTk; xd;nwdj; jkpoh; fUjpdh;. mWKiw tho;j;J vd;Dk; njhy;fhg;gpag; gFjpAiuapy; ‘KdptUk;> ghh;g;ghUk;> MdpiuAk;>
kioAk; KbAil Nte;jUk;> cyFk;” vd;Dk; mWtiu tho;j;jy; vd er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; ciuj;jhh;.
2. kf;fs; ey;tho;tpw;F MTk; xU fhuzk; vd;gij czh;j;Nj jkpoh; tho;j;jpdhh;. 3. ’tho;f me;jzh;> thdth; Mdpdk;” vd;gJ jpUQhd rk;ge;jhpd; mUs; ciuahFk;.
5. ‘M’ nja;tj;jd;ik cilaJ vd;gjid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
1. M> m/wpiz caph;jhd;> MapDk; cah;jpiz capuhfpa kdpjid tplTk; nja;tj; jd;ik cilajhf> J}a;ik cilajhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. 2. xU ehl;bYs;s Mepiu fs;tuhNyh> giftuhNyh ftug;gl;lhy; mJ J}a;ikf;NflhfTk; Nghpog;ghfTk; fUjg;gl;lJ. mJNt fLk;NghUf;Ff; fhuzkhdJ.
3. ey;yhl;rp elj;Jk; kd;dd; $l Ntw;W ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w tpUk;gpdhy; me;ehl;L Mepiuiaj; jd; tPuh;fs; %yk; fth;e;J tur;nra;J ghJfhj;jhd;.
4. Md;kb mWj;jy; khngUq;Fw;wkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. Mf; nfhiyNah mijtplg; ngUq;Fw;wk; vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ.
ghlk; :7. kdpjh; tho;f
1. Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ gw;wp K.t. ciug;gd ahit? 1. cyfk; gbg;gbaha; KiwNa Kd;Ndwp tUfpwJ. cyfk; Kd;NdWfpwJ vd;why;
kiyAk;> fhLk; VNjh khWjy; milfpd;wd vd;gjd;W. kf;fspd; tho;tpy; ey;y khWjy;fs; Vw;gl;L tUfpd;wd vd;gjhFk;.
2. ,e;j Kd;Ndw;;wj;jpw;F ,ilapilNa gy epiyfspy; kdpjh; jLkhwpaJz;L. jLkhwpj; jLkhwpg; Gjpa Gjpa mwpTk; Cf;fKk; ngw;W kdpjh; Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;J tUfpd;wdh;. me;j Kd;Ndw;we;jhd; ekf;nfy;yhk; ek;gpf;ifAk;> cWjpAk; mspj;J tUfpwJ.
2. Kjy; jLkhw;wk; vd;W K.t. Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?
1. gs;spf; $lj;Jr; rpWtd;> vOj;Jf; fy;tp ngUik cilaJ vd;W czuhky; gyifAk;> gyg;gKk; cah;e;jit vd;W kaq;ff;$lhJ. mt;thW kaq;fpdhy; mij mtDila tho;tpy; Neh;e;j xU jLkhw;wk; vd;Nw $w Ntz;Lk;. 2. kf;fs; To thHj; bjhl';fpa nghJ tHpfhl;oa jiytd; jiyapy; Ko Nl;odh;
ifapy; nfhYk; bfhLj;jdh;.
3. rpy jiyKiwfs; fle;j gpwF me;j Koa[k; nfhYk; cilatd; kd;dd; vdg;gl;lhd;.
gpd;dh;/ Koa[k; nfhYk; cilatd; vtdhapDk; mtidj; bja;tkha;g; nghw;wp
mogzpa ntz;Lk; vd;w \lek;gpf;if vGe;jJ. ,Jnt Kjy; jLkhw;wk; vd;W K.t.
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
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3. njh;jYk; xU jLkhw;wnk vd;W K.t. czug;gdtw;iw tpsf;Ff.
1. ehl;il Ms;tjw;Fj; jFjp cilaiuj; njh;e;bjLf;f njh;jy; Kiw njhd;wpaJ.
ifia cah;j;Jtjd; \ykhft[k;/ Flnthiy KiwapYk; eilbgw;w Njh;jy; Kiw
ek;ehl;oYk; ,Ue;jJ.
2. me;jj; njh;jy;fspy; Koa[k; nfhYk; bgw;wpUe;j rpwg;igr; bry;tKk; bry;thf;Fk;
bgw;W tpl;ld. bry;te;jh;fSk;/ bry;thf;Fg; gilj;jth;fSk; btw;wp bgw;Wj; jiyth;
Mapdh;.
3 gpwF bry;tKk; bry;thf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fg; gad;gLtJ khwp/ ehl;L kf;fs; vy;yhUk;
rpyUila bry;tj;ija[k; bry;thf;ifa[k; fhg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gl;ldh;. vdnt njh;jYk;
xU jLkhw;wnk vd;W K.t. ciuf;fpwhh;.
4. xUgb Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;W K.t. ciug;gJ ahJ? 1. KbAk;> NfhYk; rpwg;gha; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; mtw;iwf; fhg;gjw;fhfg; gilfSk;> gilf;fUtpfSk; gad;gl;ld. 2. ,d;iwa Ml;rp KiwapYk; gilfSk;> gilf;fUtpfSk; mt;thNw gad;gLfpd;wd. 3. vdpDk; mtw;wpd; kjpg;Gk;> rpwg;Gk; Fiwe;J tUfpd;wd. ,J xU gb Kd;Ndw;wk;. 4. ,d;iwa kf;fs; nra;jp ,jo;fspy; vOjg;gLtdTk;> Nkilfspy; Ngrg;gLtdTk; cz;ikay;y vd;Dk; njspT ngw Ntz;Lk;. 5. me;jj; njsptpdhy; Nghhg;;gilfisf; fz;L kaq;fhjijg; Nghd;Nw fl;rpj; Njh;jy;fisAk; fz;L kaq;fkhl;lhh;fs;. ,JTk; xU gb Kd;Ndw;wNk MFk;.
5. Vw;wj; jho;tpy;yhj rKjhak; mika K.t. fhl;Lk; topfs ; ahit? 1. Kb> Nfhy;> fl;rp> Njh;jy; Kjypad kdpj tho;Tf;F cjt te;j fUtpfs;> me;jf;
fUtpfs; gadw;Wg;NghdhYk;> ,ilA+wha;j; Njhd;WkhdhYk;> mtw;iwg; Gwf;fzpf;f kdpjh;fSf;F chpik cz;L.
2. Nkw;$wpait midj;Jk; rpwpait; kdpj tho;Nt nghpaJ. kdpj tho;Tf;F mbg;gilahdit ,uz;L. mit $l;LwTk;> ciog;GkhFk;. mit cs;stiu kdpj tho;Tf;Ff; FiwT ,y;iy.
3. $l;LwTf;F tUk; ,ilA+w;iw nty;y mwg;gilAk;> ciog;Gf;Fg; gQ;rk; te;jhy; mij nty;y cOepyKk; Ntz;Lk;. Ruz;LNthUk;> Ruz;lg;gLNthUk; ,y;yhj rhjp> rkak;> fl;rp Kjypatw;why; Vw;wj;jho;T ,y;yhj rKjhak; mika ,JNt topahFk;.
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neLtpdhf;fs;
ghlk; :1 cah;jdpr;nrk;nkhop
1. ,ay; ,ir ehlfk; vd;w Kj;jkpo; tifik Fwpj;Jg; ghpjpkhw; fiyQh; ciug;gdtw;iwj; njhFj;J tiuf.
jkpo;nkhop ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd %tifg;gLk;. mk;%tifg;ghFghL gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;. ,aw;wkpo; 1. ciueil> nra;As;> ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fSk; mlq;Fk;. 2. nre;jkpo;> nfhLe;jkpo;r; nra;As; E}y;fs;. nre;jkpo; nfhLe;jkpo; ciueil E}y;fs; Kjypad ,aw;wkpopy; mlq;Fk;. ,irj;jkpo; : ciu eil ghlk; xd;wpy; ngUtpdh 2 f;Fhpa tpil ehlfj; jkpo; : ciu eil ghlk; xd;wpy; ngUtpdh 3 f;Fhpa tpil 2. jkpo; - cah;jdpr; nrk;nkhop - ,j;jiyg;gpd; fPo; ghpjpkhw; fiyQh; ciug;gdtw;iwj; njhFj;J vOJf. jkpo; cah; nkhop> jdpnkhop : ciueilg; ghlk; xd;wpy; ngUtpdh 4 f;Fhpa tpil jkpo; nrk;nkhop : ciueilg; ghlk; xd;wpy; ngUtpdh 5 f;Fhpa tpil
ghlk; : 2 rkurk;
1. ehL> rkak;> rhjp ,tw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rkur czh;tpdpd;W khWgLjy; jtwhk; vd;W jpU.tp.f. thjpLtjid tpsf;Ff? ehL : ciueilg; ghlk; ,uz;by; ngUtpdh 2 f;Fhpa tpil rkak;> rhjp: ciueilg; ghlk; ,uz;by; ngUtpdh 3 f;Fhpa tpil
ghlk; :7 kdpjh; tho;f
1. kdpj tho;Nt nghpaJ vd;Dk; mbg;gilapy; K.t. ciuf;Fk; vjph;fhyf;
fdT ahJ? 1. gilfSf;Fk;> gilf;fUtpfSf;Fk; cs;s kjpg;Gk;> rpwg;Gk;> gbg;gbaha;f; Fiwe;J
tUfpd;wd. 2. gj;jphpif>Nkilg;Ngr;Rfs; Fwpj;j kaf;fk; njspa Ntz;Lk;. 3. gj;jphpifapy; vOjg;gLtd Nkilapy; Ngrg;gLtd vy;yhk; cz;ik vd;W ek;gf;
$lhJ. 4. fw;wit> Nfl;lit Fwpj;j cz;ikfis Muha;e;J gpd;dNu Vw;gh;. 5. Nghh;g;gilfisg; Nghyj; Njh;jy;fis mQ;rhJ vjph;nfhs;th;. 6. Nghh; Ntz;bajpy;iy vd;W kWg;gJ Nghy;> Vkhw;Wj; Njh;jy;fisf; fz;L kf;fs;
kaq;fkhl;lhh;fs;. 7. Kb> Nfhy;> gzk;> gjtp> fl;rp> Njh;jy; vd;W vijr;nrhy;ypAk; Va;f;f KbahJ.
vy;yhk; kdpj tho;Tf;F cjt te;j fUtpfs;. mit gadw;Nwh> ,ilA+whfNth> Njhd;wpdhy; mtw;iw chpikAld; Gwf;fzpg;gh;.
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8. fUtpfs; ahTk; rpwpad> kdpj tho;Nt nghpaJ vd;w KbTf;F tUth;. 9. Ruz;LNthUk;> Ruz;lg;gLNthUk; ,y;yhj Vw;wj;jho;tw;w rKjhak; kyUk;. 10. kdpj tho;tpy; cz;ikahf cs;sit ,uz;L. xd;W $l;LwT> kw;nwhd;W
ciog;G. 11. $l;LwTf;F ,ilA+W te;jhy;> mij nty;y mwg;gil Ntz;Lk;. ciog;gpw;Fg;
gQ;rk; te;jhy; mij nty;y cOepyk; Ntz;Lk;.
2. Njh;jy; Kiwfs; gw;wp lhf;lh; K.t. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; fUj;Jfs; ahit? ciueilg; ghlk; 7 ,y; ngUtpdh 3> 4 f;Fhpa tpil
nkhopg;gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
ty;ypd nka;fis ,l;L vOJjy;
Fwpg;G : tUk; nrhy;ypy; f> r> j> g vd;w vOj;Jfis cila nrhw;fs; tUk;
NghJ f;> r;> j;> g; Mfpa ty;ypd nka;fs; kpFe;J tUk;.
1. ney;ypfha;> jhd;wpfha;> fLfha; Mfpa %d;W ruf;Ffisf; nfhz;lJ jphpgiy vdg;gLk;.
ney;ypf;fha;> jhd;wpf;fha;> fLf;fha; Mfpa %d;W ruf;Ffisf; nfhz;lJ jphpgiy vdg;gLk;.
2. nfhr;ir nrhw;fSk;> t*c nrhw;fSk; kpFjpahf Goq;Ftjhy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa eilia Gwf;fzpf;f $LNkh?
nfhr;irr; nrhw;fSk;> t*cr; nrhw;fSk; kpFjpahfg; Goq;Ftjhy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa eiliag; Gwf;fzpf;ff; $LNkh?
3. fiyJiw nkhopj;Jiw> kUj;JtJiw> ,irJiw> rkaJiw Mfpatw;wpw;F Mgpufhk; gz;bjh; Mw;wpa gzp nghpJ md;Nwh? fiyj;Jiw> nkhopj;Jiw> kUj;Jtj; Jiw> ,irj;Jiw> rkaj;Jiw Mfpatw;wpw;F Mgpufhk; gz;bjh; Mw;wpa gzp nghpJ md;Nwh?
4. jkpopirapy; Ma ghiy> tl;l ghiy> jphpNfhz ghiy> rJu ghiy vd;w ehd;F ,ir Kiwfs; ,Ue;jd.
jkpopirapy; Mag;ghiy> tl;lg;ghiy> jphpNfhzg;ghiy> rJug;ghiy vd;w ehd;F ,ir Kiwfs; ,Ue;jd.
5. Vl;L Rtbfspy; rpj;j kUj;Jt nra;jpfs; nghjpe;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Vl;Lr; Rtbfspy; rpj;j kUj;Jtr; nra;jpfs; nghjpe;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
6. gl;l gfypNy ghtyh;f;F Njhd;Wfpw nel;il fdT gl;lg; gfypNy ghtyh;f;Fj; Njhd;Wfpw nel;ilf; fdT
7. gjpf fpstp gy;tif nghUis njhFjpahf nrhy;Yjy; Mk;. gjpff; fpstp gy;tifg; nghUisj; njhFjpahfr; nrhy;Yjy; Mk;.
8. fs;thh;f;F js;Sk; caph;epiy fs;shh;f;F js;shJ Gj;Njs; cyF fs;thh;f;Fj; js;Sk; caph;epiy fs;shh;f;Fj; js;shJ Gj;Njs; cyF.
9. NjUis Gutp thuz njhFjp jpiwfs; nfhz;L tUk; kd;d. NjUisg;Gutp thuzj; njhFjp jpiwfs; nfhz;L tUk; kd;d.
10. njhd; %jhyj;J nghjpapy; Njhd;wpa ehY}h; Nfhrh; njhd; %jhyj;Jg;nghjpapy; Njhd;wpa ehY}h;f; Nfhrh;.
11. gilg;G gy gilj;J gyNuhLz;Zk; nry;tk; gilg;Gg; gy gilj;Jg; gyNuhLz;Zk; nry;tk;.
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12. mwpT FiwT> ftd FiwT> jpwik FiwT> Mfpatw;why; tpgj;Jf;fs; cz;lhfpd;wd. mwpTf;FiwT> ftdf;FiwT> jpwikf; FiwT Mfpatw;why; tpgj;Jf;fs; cz;lhfpd;wd.
13. Cl;l rj;J Fiwthy; fU nfhz;ljha; FiwNgw;Wf;F Mshfyhk;. Cl;lr; rj;Jf; Fiwthy; fUf;nfhz;l jha; Fiwg;Ngw;Wf;F Mshfyhk;.
14. ghljpl;lj;jpy; FkugUt rpf;fy;fis jPh;f;Fk; cstpaw; fl;Liufis Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Fkug;gUtr;rpf;fy;fisj; jPh;f;Fk; cstpaw; fl;Liufisr; Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
15. Nghij gof;fj;jhy; Crpfis gfph;e;J nfhs;SjYk; va;l;]; Neha;f;F fhuzk; MFk;.
Nghijg;gof;fj;jhy; Crpfisg; gfph;e;J nfhs;SjYk; va;l;]; Neha;f;Ff; fhuzk; MFk;.
16. czT nghUs; ju Fiwthf tpw;fg;gLtjhy; er;R fhshd; cz;lhfp nrhpkhdk; FiwfpwJ.
czTg; nghUs; juf;Fiwthf tpw;fg;gLtjhy; er;Rf; fhshd; cz;lhfpr; nrhpkhdk; FiwfpwJ.
17. “nry;t rpWkPh;fhs;! ePuhl NghJtPh”;! vd;whs;. Nfhij “nry;tr; rpWkPh;fhs;! ePuhlg;NghJtPh;”;! vd;whs;> Nfhij.
18. nte;ja nrbfspd; Nky; kpd;dpLk; jq;f G+f;fs; nte;jar; nrbfspd; Nky; kpd;dpLk; jq;fg;G+f;fs;.
19. nfhj;jp jphpAk; me;j Nfhop. nfhj;jpj;jphpAk; me;jf;Nfhop.
20. fpl;l Nghdhy; Kl;l gif fpl;lg;Nghdhy; Kl;lg;gif
21. rhiug;ghk;G FUtp $l;by; Eioe;jJ rhiug;ghk;G FUtpf; $l;by; Eioe;jJ.
22. Mrphpah; elj;jh ghlj;jpypUe;J ve;j Nfs;tpAk; tutpy;iy. Mrphpah; elj;jhg; ghlj;jpypUe;J ve;jf; Nfs;tpAk; tutpy;iy
23. Nfs;tpfs; khzth; gapyhgFjpapy; ,Ue;J te;jjhy; vOj njhpatpy;iy. Nfs;tpfs; khzth; gapyhg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J te;jjhy; vOjj; njhpatpy;iy.
24. vijAk; vOjp gof Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mrphpah; vdf;F nrhd;dhh;. vijAk; vOjpg; gof Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mrphpah; vdf;Fr; nrhd;dhh;.
25. me;j rpWtd; ve;j gs;spapy; gbj;J rpwe;jhd;? me;jr; rpWtd; ve;jg; gs;spapy; gbj;Jr; rpwe;jhd;.
26. Xl fhz;gJ nts;sk;> xLq;f fhz;gJ Nahfpah; cs;sk;. Xlf; fhz;gJ nts;sk;> xLq;ff; fhz;gJ Nahfpah; cs;sk;.
27. thiog; goj;ij jpd;wgpd; Njhiy rhiyapy; NghlhJ Fg;ig $ilapy; NghL. thiog;goj;ijj; jpd;w gpd; Njhiyr; rhiyapy; NghlhJ Fg;igf; $ilapy; NghL.
28. tpiuthf nry;> tz;b tu NghfpwJ. tpiuthfr; nry;>tz;b tug;NghfpwJ.
29. ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; mike;j tz;z nrwpTk; Xtpa nghypTk; ek;ik fth;fpd;wd. ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; mike;j tz;zr; nrwpTk; Xtpag; nghypTk; ek;ikf; fth;fpd;wd.
30. ,g;gb nrhd;dhy; vg;gb GhpAnkd njhpatpy;iy. ,g;gbr; nrhd;dhy; vg;gbg; GhpAnkdj; njhpatpy;iy.
44
ty;ypd nka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpAk; vOJjy;
1. nrk;gpad; khNjtpg; Nghd;w Nrho Nguurpah; nrg;G jpUNkdpfs; nra;jspg;gij jk; flik vd fUjpdh; NghYk;.
nrk;gpad; khNjtp - Nghd;w Nrhog; Nguurpah; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; nra;jspg;gijj; jk; flik vdf; fUjpdh; NghYk;.
2. rPj;jiy rhj;jd; vd;wg; Gyth;g; ngUkhd; jdJ fhg;gpaj;jpw;F kzpNkfiyj; JwT vd;Nwg; ngahpl;lhh;.
rPj;jiyr; rhj;jd; vd;w - Gyth; - ngUkhd; jdJ fhg;gpaj;jpw;F kzpNkfiy- JwT vd;Nw - ngahpl;lhh;.
3. “gpj;jh; nrhd;dTk; Ngijah;r; nrhd;dTk; gj;jh;r; nrhd;dTk; gd;dngWgNth” vd;whh;f; fk;gh;.
gpj;jh; nrhd;dTk; Ngijah; - nrhd;dTk; gj;jh;- nrhd;dTk; gd;dg; ngWgNth” vd;whh;- fk;gh;.
4. Ntl;Lt ngz;fs; tpisahl NghtJz;L vd;Wr; rQ;rPtp gh;tjr;rhuy; ghLfpwJ. Ntl;Ltg; ngz;fs; tpisahlg; NghtJz;L vd;W - rQ;rPtp gh;tjr; rhuy; ghLfpwJ.
5. ghQ;rhypf; fz;zidg; ghh;j;Jf; fz;zhf; fhg;gha; vd;W $wpdhs;. ghQ;rhyp - fz;zidg; ghh;j;Jf; fz;zh - fhg;gha; vd;W $wpdhs;.
6. tho;fj; jkpo; vd;W mtdhr; nrhd;dhd; mwpe;Jr; nrhy; vdf;F. tho;f - jkpo; vd;W mtdh -nrhd;dhd; mwpe;J - nrhy; vdf;F.
7. ePNuhr; NrhNwh vJf;fpilj;jhYk; cz;Lr;nry;Ntd;. ePNuh - NrhNwh vJ - fpilj;jhYk; cz;L- nry;Ntd;.
8. fgpy guzh; tsh;gpiw xspapy; RLr;NrhWk; fha;f;fwpAk; cz;ldh;. fgpy guzh; tsh;gpiw xspapy; RL- NrhWk; fha; - fwpAk; cz;ldh;.
9. NrhWf; nfhjpf;fpwJ Nghj;jk;gp mLg;igf; Fiw vd;wTld; nrd;Wg; ghh;j;jhd;. NrhW - nfhjpf;fpwJ Ngh- jk;gp mLg;igf; Fiw vd;wTld; nrd;W - ghh;j;jhd;.
10. vd;NdhLg; Nghe;j ,sq;nfhb eq;if vd;NdhL - Nghe;j ,sq;nfhb eq;if.
11. tpbf;fhiy Ntis RLr;NrhW Mf;fpg; ghpkhwf; $Lkh? tpb - fhiy Ntis RL - NrhW Mf;fpg; ghpkhwf; $Lkh?
12. ntz;zpyhf; fyf;fyntd;Wr;rphpj;;jhs; ntz;zpyh - fy - fy ntd;W rphpj;jhs;
13. FGf;FGntd;Wg;; Gif kz;byk; #o;e;jJ. FG- FG ntd;W - Gif kz;byk; #o;e;jJ.
14. Jwtpf; FbYf;Fs; te;jr; rpwth; ,uz;Lg; Ngh;. Jwtp - FbYf;Fs; te;j - rpWth; ,uz;L -Ngh;.
15. itf;Nfhiyj; Njb te;jf; fhis XbaJ. itf;Nfhiyj;Njb te;j - fhis XbaJ.
gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePf;fp vOJjy ;
1. ‘= khd; t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;isapd; ehk fuzj;ij ,e;jf;fg;gYf;Fr;
#l;Ltjpy; ]e;Njh~kilfpNwd;’. vd;whh; %jwpQh; ,uh[h[p.
‘jpUthsh; t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;isapd; ngaiu ,e;jf; fg;gYf;Fr; #l;Ltjpy;
kfpo;r;rp milfpNwd;’ vd;whh; %jwpQh; ,uhrhrp.
2. ‘b.tp.apy; rPhpay; ghh;f;fhtpl;lhy; iy/Ng Nghh; mbj;JtpLk;;’ vd;fpwhs; ghl;b.
‘njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; njhlh;fisg; ghh;f;fhtpl;lhy; tho;f;ifNa ntWj;JtpLk;’ vd;fpwhs; ghl;b.
45
3. ,e;j nrQ;Rhp ‘nld;~d;’ epiwe;jJ. ,e;j Áw;whz;L kdmOj;jk; epiwe;jJ. 4. ];ypk;khf ,Ug;gNj gpA+l;b vd;w vz;zk; gutp tUfpwJ. cly; nkypthf ,Ug;gNj moF vd;w vz;zk; gutp tUfpwJ. 5. ek];fhuk; vd;W rh];lhq;fkhf tpOe;jtid Mrph;tjpj;Njd;. tzf;fk; vd;W neLQ;rhz; fpilahf tpOe;jtid tho;j;jpNdd;. 6. gpuahzp gpuahzj;ij uj;J nra;jTld; &gha; gl;L thlh nra;ag;gl;lJ. gazp gazj;ij tpyf;fpaTld; gzk; jpUk;gf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. 7. nry;tDf;Fk; fps;isf;Fk; jyh Ie;J G];jfk; nfhL. nry;td;> fps;is Mfpa xt;nthUtUf;Fk; Ie;J Gj;jfq;fs; nfhL. 8. FwpQ;rp jhf;fy; nra;j tof;F R%fkhfg; igry; nra;ag;gl;lJ. FwpQ;rp njhLj;j tof;F ey;y Kiwapy; Kbf;fg; ngw;wJ. 9. re;epjpapy; rfy [dq;fSk; cge;epahrk; Nfl;fj; jpuz;bUe;jdh;. Nfhtpypy; kf;fs; midtUk; Md;kPf ciu Nfl;fj; jpuz;bUe;jdh;. 10. ge;J kpj;jpuh; rfpjk; te;J MrPh;tjpf;ff; NfhUfpNwd;. cwtpdh;> ez;gh;fSld; te;J tho;j;jpl Ntz;LfpNwd;. 11. vd; Vf Gjy;tdpd; [hdthrj;jpw;Fr; rfyUk; tuZk;. vd; xNu kfdpd; khg;gps;is miog;gpw;F midtUk; tuNtz;Lk;. 12. = uq;fj;jpy; ];thkp = uq;fehjh;Nfhtpy; nfhz;Ls;shh;. jpUtuq;fj;jpy; ,iwtd; jpUtuq;f ehjh; Nfhtpy; nfhz;Ls;shh;. 13. = uq;fj;jpy; = uq;fehjUf;Ff; Fk;ghgpN~fk; eilngw cs;sJ. jpUtuq;fj;jpy; jpUtuq;f ehjUf;Ff; FlKOf;F eilngw cs;sJ. 14. ehd; nra;j jtWf;F rfy [dq;fSk; vd;id ~kpj;jUs Ntz;Lk;. ehd; nra;j jtWf;F kf;fs; midtUk; vd;id kd;dpj;jUs Ntz;Lk;.
15. “tPf;fhd vd; Md;l;b nu];l; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;W `hh;l; ];ng~yp];l; ml;it]; $wpdhh;.
“clyeyk; Fiwe;j vd; mj;ij Xa;T vLf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;W ,jatpay; ty;Yeh; mwpTiu $wpdhh.; 16. lahngl;bf; Ng~z;l; ];tPl; rhg;gpLtij ];lhg; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ePhpopT Nehahsp ,dpg;G rhg;gpLtij epWj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;;;;.
nfhr;irr; nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jp vOJjy; 1. mg;gprp khrk; mlks ,k;ghq;f
Ig;grp khjk; milkio vd;ghh;fs;. 2. Nfhsp Kl;il jhthuj;jpy; cUz;lJ.
Nfhop Kl;il jho;thuj;jpy; cUz;lJ. 3. ntbaq;fhl;bAk; ntj;jpiy NghlwJ xU gsf;fkh?
tpbtjw;Fs; ntw;wpiy NghLtJ xU gof;fkh? 4. xUj;jd; xz;baha;g; Nghdhy; mJ Ch;Nfhykh?
xUtd; xd;wpaha;g; Nghdhy; mJ Ch;tyk; MFkh? 5. nfhLj;j Nrjpiaf; Nfhh;itaha;g; NgR
nfhLj;j nra;jpiaf; Nfhitaha;g; NgR. 6. NrhW jpd;W> gok; cz;L> ghy; rhg;gpl;Lg; gLj;jhd;.
NrhW cz;L> gok; jpd;W> ghy; gUfpg; gLj;jhd;. 7. Mj;jq;fiuapy; mQ;R fhzp eQ;ir epyk; ,Uf;F.
Mw;wq;fiuapy; Ie;J fhzp ed;nra; epyk; cs;sJ. 8. tyJ gf;fr; Rtw;wpy; vOjhNj
tyg;gf;fr; Rthpy; vOjhNj 9. eQ;irAk; GQ;irAk; fhQ;rp Nghapd.
ed;nra;Ak; Gd;nra;Ak; fha;e;J Nghapd. 10. mz;zhf; fapW mWe;jJ.
miuQhz; fapW mWe;jJ.
46
thf;fpag;gpiofisj; jpUj;Jjy; gpio jpUj;jk;
1. tz;bfs; XlhJ - tz;bfs; Xlh 2. mit ,q;Nf csJ - mit ,q;Nf cs 3. mJ vy;yhk; - mit vy;yhk; 4. kf;fs; fpilahJ - kf;fs; ,y;iy 5. tUtJk;NghtJk; fpilahJ - tUtJk; NghtJk; fpilah 6. xd;Nwh my;yJ ,uz;Nlh jUf- xd;Nwh ,uz;Nlh jUf 7. nrd;id vd;w efuk; - nrd;id vd;Dk; efuk; 8. vdJ kfd; - vd; kfd; 9. Vw;fj; jf;fJ my;y - Vw;fj; jf;fJ md;W 10. mtsJ je;ij - mts; je;ij 11. Gyp te;jd - Gyp te;jJ 12. vUJfs; XbaJ - vUJfs; Xbd 13. G+f;fs; kyh;e;J kzk; tPrpaJ - G+f;fs; kyh;e;J kzk; tPrpd 14. ,q;Fs;sJ vy;yhk; ey;y goq;fNs- ,q;Fs;sit vy;yhk; ey;y goq;fNs 15. vdf;Fg; gy tPLfs;cs - vdf;F tPLfs; gy cs;sd 16. ,J nghJ top my;y - ,J nghJ top md;W 17. tpohtpy; gy mwpQh; Ngrpdh; - tpohtpy; mwpQh; gyh; Ngrpdh; 18. njd;wy; nky;y tPrpd - njd;wy; nky;y tPrpaJ 19. thfdj;ij ,lJ gf;fk; jpUg;ghNj- thfdj;ij ,lg;gf;fk; jpUg;ghNj 20. gj;J goq;fspy; xU goNk ey;yd- gj;Jg; goq;fspy; xU goNk ey;yJ 21. tyJ gf;fr; Rthpy; vOjhNj - tyg;gf;fr; Rthpy; vOjhNj 22. xt;nthU rpw;W}h;fspYk; Cuhl;rp cs;sJ. xt;nthU rpw;W}hpYk; Cuhl;rp cs;sJ. 23. khzth;fs; fy;tpawpT xOf;fj;jpw; rpwe;J tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;. khzth;fs; fy;tpawptpYk;> xOf;fj;jpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;. 24. mth; jhd; $wpdhh; ,th; jhd; $wpdhh; vd;W ghuhJ vth; jhd; $wpdhYk; nka;g;nghUs; fhz;f-
mth;jhk; $wpdhh; ,th;jhk; $wpdhh; vd;W ghuhJ vth;jhk; $wpdhYk; nka;g;nghUs; fhz;f.
25. ey;yitfSk; nfl;litfSk; gj;jphpf;iffspy; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd. ey;ydTk;> nfl;ldTk; gj;jphpf;iffspy; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd. 26. fz;zd; KUfd; kw;Wk; Ntyd; te;jdh;. fz;zd;> KUfd;> Ntyd; MfpNahh; te;jdh;. 27. nrd;idf;F mUfhikapy; ,Ug;gJ fd;dpahFkhp my;y. nrd;idf;F mUfpy; ,Ug;gJ fd;dpahFkhp md;W. 28. jiytp jiytNdhL nrd;whh;. jiytp jiytNdhL nrd;whs;. 29. ,jidr; nra;jth; ,tuy;yth? ,jidr; nra;jth; ,tuy;yNuh? 30. nghpaJk; rpwpaJkhd rhkhd;fisr; nra;fpwhh;fs;. nghpadTk;> rpwpadTkhd rhkhd;fisr; nra;fpwhh;fs;.
47
kuG t*cr;nrhw;fis ePf;fp vOJjy; 1. fhfk; $Tk;> eha; fj;Jk;
fhfk; fiuAk;> eha; Fiuf;Fk; 2. fhl;y ahid fj;jpaJ> Gyp $tpaJ
fhl;by; ahid gpspwpaJ> Gyp cWkpaJ 3. ePhpd;wp eQ;irAk;> GQ;irAk; tpisatpy;iy
ePhpd;wp ed;nra;Ak;> Gd;nra;Ak; tpisatpy;iy 4. ahid Nka;g;gNdhL Ml;Lg; ghfDk; te;jhd;
ahidg; ghfNdhL Ml;L ,ilaDk; te;jhd; 5. fUk;Gj; Njhg;Gf;F mUfhikapy; eha; fj;jpaJ
fUk;Gf; nfhy;iyf;F mUfpy; eha; Fiuj;jJ. 6. kapy; $t> Fapy; mft> fpsp ghbaJ
kapy; mft> Fapy $t> fpsp NgrpaJ 7. Njapiyj;Njhg;Gf;F mUfpy; gyhj; Njhl;lk; cs;sJ.
Njapiyj; Njhl;lj;jpw;F mUfpy; gyhj; Njhg;G cs;sJ. 8. Nrhsf;fhL - Myq;nfhy;iy
Nrhsf; nfhy;iy - Myq;fhL 9. Fjpiuj; njhOtk; - ahid nfhl;by;
Fjpiuf;nfhl;by; - ahidf; $lk; 10. Njhl;lj;jpy; thior;nrbAk; khQ;nrbAk; el;ldh;.
Njhl;lj;jpy; thiof; fd;Wk;> khq;fd;Wk; el;ldh;.
jkpohf;fk; jUf 1. A Friend in need is friend in deed Mgj;jpy; cjTgtNd cz;ikahd ez;gd;
2. A Little Knowledge is dangerous miuFiw mwpT Mgj;jhdJ.
3. A penny saved is a penny gained rpWJsp ngUnts;sk;
4. A young calf knows not fear ,sq;fd;W gakwpahJ
5. A man of courage never want weapons ty;ytDf;Fg; Gy;Yk; MAjk;
6. Do not add fuel to the flame vhpfpw neUg;gpy; vz;nza; Cw;whNj
7. All covet all loss (or) Covet all lose all Nguhir ngUel;lk;
8. All that glitters is not gold kpd;Dtnjy;yhk; nghd;dy;y
9. Art is long and the life is short fy;tp fiuapy fw;gth; ehs; rpy
10. As is the king so are his subjects murd; vt;topNah kf;fs; mt;top
11. A young thing is easier twisted that an old tree. Ie;jpy; tisahjJ Ik;gjpy; tisAkh?
12. A calm before a storm Gyp gJq;FtJ gha;tjw;fhfj; jhd; (m) GaYf;F Kd; mikjp.
13. A crying child will get milk
48
mOfpw gps;is ghy; Fbf;Fk;
14. Barking dogs seldom bite Fiuf;fpw eha; fbf;fhJ 15. Birds of the same feather flock together ,dk; ,dj;NjhL NrUk; 16. Blood is thikcker than water. jhdhlh tpl;lhYk; jd; jir MLk; 17. Child is the father of the man tpisAk; gaph; KisapNy njhpAk; 18. Cast no pearls before swine fOijf;Fj; njhpAkh fw;G+u thrid? 19. Delay is dangerous fhy jhkjk; Mgj;jhdJ 20. Dimond cuts dimond Ks;is Ks;shy; vL 21. Distance lends enchantment to the view ,f;fiuf;F mf;fiu gr;ir 22. Diligence is the mother of good luck Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk; 23. Eagles don’t catch flies Gyp grpj;jhYk; Gy;iyj; jpd;dhJ 24. East or west home is best vyp tisahdhYk; jdptis Ntz;Lk; 25. Empty vessels make much noise Fiw Flk; $j;jhLk; 26. Every tide has its ebb. rhz; Vwpdhy; Kok; rWf;Fk;. 27. Every homer some times nods Midf;Fk; mb rWf;Fk;. 28. Face is the index of the mind mfj;jpd; moF Kfj;jpy; njhpAk.; 29. Familiarity breeds contempt gofg;gofg; ghYk; Gspf;Fk.; 30. Failure is the stepping stone to success Njhy;tpNa ntw;wpf;F Kjy;gb. 31. First deserve than desire Kltd; nfhk;Gj; NjDf;F Mirg;glyhkh? 32. God is love md;Ng flTs.; 33. Honesty is the best Policy Neh;ikNa rpwe;j nfhs;if. 34. Haste makes waste gjwpa fhhpak; rpjWk; 35. Knowledge is Power mwpNt Mw;wy; 36. Idleness is the root of all evils Nrhk;gNy vy;yhj; Jd;gq;fSf;Fk; mbg;gil. 37. Look before you leap Mok; mwpahky; fhiy tplhNj
38. Money makes many things gzk; gj;Jk; nra;Ak;
39. Make hay while the sun shines fhw;Ws;s NghNj J}w;wpf;nfhs;
1
BLUE PRINT
SUBJECT : ENGLISH
CLASS : XII
UNIT / PAPER I MAXIMUM MARKS: 100 TIME : 3 HOURS
S.No
OBJECTIVES Form of Questions
Knowledge(Vocabulary Writing, Reading, Study Skills)
Comprehensive (Reading ,Study Skills, Occupational, Competency & Writing)
Expression (Creatives, Strategic Competancy and Writing)
Total
Units/ Sub Units
E/LA SA VSA O E/LA SA VSA O E/LA SA VSA O
1 Section A
10(10) 10(10) 10(10) 30(20)
2 Section B
8(5) 12(15) 20(15)
3 Section C (i) (ii)
2(5)
3(5)
3(5)
4(5)
3(5)
5(5)
10(5)
4 Section D (i) (ii)
2(1)
5(1)
1(1)
2(1)
2(1)
3(1)
5(1)
10(1)
5 Section E (i) (ii) (iii)
3(1)
3(2)
3(9)
1(1)
1(2)
3(9)
1(1)
2(2)
3(9)
9(9)
6(2)
5(1)
TOTAL 10 3 26 10 4 1 10 6 2 28 100(59)
2
BLUE PRINT
SUBJECT : ENGLISH
CLASS : XII
UNIT / PAPER II MAXIMUM MARKS: 80 TIME : 3 HOURS
S.No OBJECTIVES Form of Questions
Knowledge(Vocabulary Writing, Reading, Study Skills)
Comprehensive (Reading, Study Skills, Occupational, Competency & Writing)
Expression (Creatives, Strategic Competancy and Writing)
Total
Units/Sub Units E/LA SA VSA O E/LA SA VSA O E/LA SA VSA O
1 Section A Qn.No. 1-12
7(1)
3(5) 5(1)
2(5)
2(5) 3(1) 3(5) 25
2 Section B Qn.No. 13-22
6(10) 4(10) 5(10) 15
3 Section C Qn.No. 23-24
6(2) 4(2) 5(2) 15
4 Section D Qn.No. 25-26
2(1) 3(1) 5
5 Section E Qn.No. 27-36
4(10) 6(10) 10
6 Section F Qn.No. 37-39
5(1) 2(1) 3(1) 10
TOTAL 18 - 10 3 6 19 2 11 11 80
3
Definite Scoring
Njh;r;rpngWtjw;fhd vspa topKiwfs;
Fwpg;G: fPo;f;fz;l tpdhf;fSf;Fhpa tpilfis gapw;rp fl;lfj;jpypUe;J
ed;F gapw;rp nra;jhy; Njh;r;rp ngWtJ cWjp.
ENGLISH – Paper I ENGLISH – Paper II
01-05 Synonyms 06-10 Antonyms
02/05 03/05
Rearranging Choosing the best options Comprehension
02/05 02/05 02/05
LEXICAL COMPETENCIES 12/ 20 I D (12) Non-Detailed Essay 03/10
11) Plurals
01/02
II A (13 – 17) Questions Error Spotting
04/10 02/05
13) Abbreviation 01/02 III A (23) Summary 03/05
15) Blending 01/02 III B (24) Responding to Advt 06/10
16) Syllabification 02/02 IV A (25) Non – Lexical 02/02
18) Brit. & American English 01/02 IV B Guiding a Person/ Road Map Matching General Essay (Mere Attempt)
01/03 06/10 03/10
20) Prefix & Suffix 01/02 Total 36/80
21) Compound Word (Formation) 01/02
23) Clipping 01/02
II A Modals/ Semi Modals Relative Pronoun
01/02 01/02
Julius Caesar : Essay / Paragraph The Ceaseless Crusader : Essay / Paragraph
05/15
Field Identification (Q No. 39-43) 03/05
31) Sentence Pattern 32) Kind of Passive Voice
01/01 01/01
IV B (61 – 63) Poetic Devices 03/03
IV C (64 - 66) ERC Poem Paragraph (Unit 1 & 2)
02/06 02/05
Total 45/100
I PAPER - 45/100 II PAPER - 36/80 ----------- 81/180 -----------
4
Mq;fpyj;jpy; Njh;r;rp kjpg;ngz;fs; ngWtJ (Fiwe;jgl;rk; 81 kjpg;ngz;fs;) kpf kpf
vspJ. ,jw;F khzth;fs; gpd;gw;wNtz;ba tit fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
English Paper I
1. 1-5 tpdhf;fSf;F (Synonym) xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;F gpd;dhy; cs;s gapw;rp tpdhf;fis
Kiwahf gapw;rp nra;jhNy NghJk;.
2. ,NjNghy 6-10 tpdhf;fSf;F (Antonym) xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;F gpd;dhy; cs;s gapw;rp
tpdhf;fis Kiwahf gapw;rp nra;jhNy NghJk;.
3. 11-23 tpdhf;fs; tiu ,g;gapw;rp fl;lfj;ij ed;F fw;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; Plural ,
Homophones , Syllabification , Blending words , Framing compound words kw;Wk; Clipped
words Mfpa tpdhf;fspy; khzth;fs; vspjhf kjpg;ngz;fis ngwyhk;.
Grammar part
Modal verb tpdhtpw;F 'should' my;yJ 'must' vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.
Semi Modal / Quasi Modal tpdhtpw;F ____w;FgpwF not ,Ue;jhy; need vd;W tpil
vOj Ntz;Lk;.
How w;F gf;fj;jpy; ____ ,Ue;jhy; dare vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.
Correct tense form tpdhtpw;F bracket y; cs;s verb cld; s Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. Burst /
read vd;wpUe;jhy; mij mg;gbNa tpilahf vOj Ntz;Lk;.
If y; Muk;gpj;J bracket y; be vd;W ,Ue;jhy; were vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.
Phrase / Preposition tpdhtpw;F inspite of / despite vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.
Type of Passive voice tpdhtpy; by vd;W ,Ue;jhy; personal passive voice vd;Wk; by
,y;iy vd;why; impersonal passive voice vd;Wk; tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.
35 tJ tpdhtpw;F if I ePf;fptpl;L should / had / were vd;W Muk;gpj;J mLj;J
Subject ( I, She , He,You,We) Mfpatw;wpy; xd;iw vOjp kPjk; cs;s thf;fpaj;ij
mg;gbNa vOj Ntz;Lk;.
Relative Field tpdhtpy; epr;rakhf Computer , Sports , Science , Commerce Mfpa
Jiwfs; Nfl;fg;gLk;. ,jw;F khzth;fs; vspjhf tpilaspf;fyhk;.
Comprehension tpdhtpw;F tpdhtpy; cs;s Keyword I itj;Nj tpilia
fz;Lgpbj;Jtplyhk;.
PROSE Part
Prose paragraph and Essay tpdhtpw;F Kjy; 2 ghlq;fis ed;F gbj;jhNy
Fiwe;jgl;rk; KiwNa 2 kw;Wk; 5 kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf ngw KbAk;.
5
Poetry Part
Figure of Speech y; As / like ,Ue;jhy; Simile vd;Wk; As / like ,y;iy vd;why;
Metaphor vd;Wk; vOj Ntz;Lk;.
Poem paragraph tpdhtpw;F Kjy; 2 Poem fis ed;F gbj;jhNy Fiwe;jgl;rk;
2 Kjy; 3 kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf ngw KbAk;.
English Paper II
Kjy; tpdhtpw;F nkhj;jk; 6 thf;fpaq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jpy; Kjy; kw;Wk;
filrp thf;fpaq;fis mg;gbNa order khw;whky; vOjpdhy; 1 kjpg;ngz; epr;rakhf
ngwyhk;.
2 Kjy; 6 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F ,g;gapw;rp fl;lfj;jpy; cs;s tpdhf;fis gapw;rp
nra;jhNy NghJkhdJ.
Kjy; 3 Jizg;ghl fl;Liufis ed;F gapd;why; 12 tJ tpdhtpw;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; 3
Kjy; 5 kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf ngw KbAk;.
Study skills tpdhf;fSf;F ,g;gapw;rp fl;lfj;jpy; cs;s tpdhf;fis gapw;rp nra;jhNy
NghJkhdJ.
23 tJ tpdhtpw;F Rough Draft I vOjp ,lkpUe;J tykhf FWf;Nf ngd;rpyhy;
mbj;JtplNtz;Lk;. Fair Draft I njspthd ifnaOj;jpy; mofhf vOj Ntz;Lk;.
nghUj;jkhd jiyg;ig vOj Ntz;Lk;.
24 tJ tpdhtpw;F ,g;gapw;rp fl;lfj;jpy; cs;s patternI gapw;rp nra;jhy; 4 Kjy; 5
kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf ngw KbAk;.
25 tJ tpdhtpw;F Er kwWk; mmm vd;w Answer I vOj Ntz;Lk;.
26 Kjy; 38 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F ,g;gapw;rp fl;lfj;jpy; cs;s tpdhf;fis
gapw;rp nra;jhy; ey;y kjpg;ngz;fis ngw KbAk;.
Mq;fpyj;jpy; Njh;r;rp kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw (Fiwe;jgl;rk; 81 kjpg;ngz;fs;) vOjp
ghh;g;gJ kpf kpf mtrpak;. vdNt khzth;fs; ,g;gapw;rp fl;lfj;ij ed;F fw;W vOjp
gapd;why; Njh;r;rp ngWtJ cWjp.
6
mjpfgl;r kjpg;ngz; ngWtjw;fhd topKiwfs;
Areas to be more concentrated to get maximum marks
PAPER- I PAPER- II
Idioms Rearranging the jumbled sentences
Homophones in the form of Paragraph
Parts of speech Global Comprehension
Phrasal Verbs(Optional) Non detailed essay with
Tenses sub-headings and quotations
Relative Pronouns Study Skills Q & A
Linkers Error Spotting
Reporting the dialogue Summarizing the given paragraph
Comprehension meaningfully
Prose : Paragraph and Essay Responding to advertisement with
proper pattern
Poem Appreciation Questions
Poem ERC General Essay with sub-headings
Poem Paragraph and quotations
7
Mq;fpyj;jpy; mjpf kjpg;ngz;fs; ngWtJ (Fiwe;jgl;rk; 190 kjpg;ngz;fs;) kpf kpf
vspJ. ,jw;F khzth;fs; gpd;gw;wNtz;bait fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
English Paper I
1-5 tpdhf;fSf;F (Synonym) xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s gapw;rp tpdhf;fSk;
Glossary Sectiony; nfhLf;fg;gl;l thh;j;ijfisAk; Kiwahf gapw;rp nra;jhNy NghJk;.
,NjNghy 6-10 tpdhf;fSf;F (Antonym) xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s gapw;rp
tpdhf;fisAk; ,Jtiu nghJj;Njh;tpy; (khh;r; 2006 Kjy; mf;Nlhgh; 2015 tiu)
Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fis Kiwahf gapw;rp nra;jhNy NghJk;.
11-23 tpdhf;fs; tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;Fg; Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s midj;J gapw;rpfisAk;
,Jtiu nghJj;Njh;tpy; (khh;r; 2006 Kjy; mf;Nlhgh; 2015 tiu) Nfl;fg;gl;l
tpdhf;fisAk; Kiwahfg; gapw;rp nra;jhNy NghJk;.
Grammar Part
Modal verb tpdhtpw;Ff; fl;lhak; kw;Wk; flikiaf; Fwpf;Fk; thf;fpaq;fSf;F
'should' my;yJ 'must' vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;. KbAk; vd;w mh;j;jj;ij cila
thf;fpaq;fSf;F 'can' vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; like , rather , mind Nghd;w
thh;j;ijfs; tpdhtpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; would vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;. mDkjp
kw;Wk; Ntz;LNfhs; njhlh;ghd tpdhf;fSf;F may vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.
Semi Modal / Quasi Modal tpdhtpy; ____w;FgpwF not ,Ue;jhy; need vd;W tpil
vOj Ntz;Lk;.
fl;lhak; kw;Wk; flikia Fwpf;Fk; thf;fpaq;fSf;F ought to vd;W tpil vOj
Ntz;Lk;.
When kw;Wk; While Nghd;w thh;j;ijfs; tpdhtpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; Used to
vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.
How w;F gf;fj;jpy; ____ ,Ue;jhy; dare vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.
Correct tense form tpdhtpw;F bracket y; cs;s verb cld; 's' Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. Burst /
read vd;wpUe;jhy; mij mg;gbNa tpilahf vOj Ntz;Lk;.
Since / For vd;wpUe;jhy; have been my;yJ has been + verb + ing vOj Ntz;Lk;.
If y; Muk;gpj;J bracket y; be vd;W ,Ue;jhy; were vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.
8
Phrase / Preposition tpdhtpw;F inspite of / despite vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.
Type of Passive Voice tpdhtpy; by vd;W ,Ue;jhy; personal passive voice vd;Wk; by
,y;iy vd;why; impersonal passive voice vd;Wk; tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.
34 tJ tpdhtpw;F ,Jtiu nghJj;Njh;tpy; (khh;r; 2006 Kjy; mf;Nlhgh; 2015 tiu)
Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fismbf;fb gapw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
35 tJ tpdhtpw;F if I ePf;fptpl;L should / had / were vd;W vOjp me;j thf;fpaj;ij
khw;whky; mg;gbNa vOj Ntz;Lk;.
o Example: If it were not for the expenses involved I would go by air.
Were it not for the …………………………………….by air.
36 Kjy; 38 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F ghlg;Gj;jfj;jpy; 294 Kjy; 297 tiuapyhd
gapw;rpfis Kiwahf nra;jhy; 6 kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf ngwyhk;.
Relative Field tpdhtpy; epr;rakhf Computer , Sports , Science , Commerce Mfpa
Jiwfs; Nfl;fg;gLk;. ,jw;F khzth;fs; vspjhf tpilaspf;fyhk;. ,Jtiu
nghJj;Njh;tpy; (khh;r; 2006 Kjy; mf;Nlhgh; 2015 tiu) Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fismbf;fb
gapw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Comprehension tpdhtpw;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l gj;jpia ed;F gbj;J nghUis czh;e;jhy;
tpdhtpy; cs;s Keyword I itj;Nj tpilia fz;Lgpbj;Jtplyhk;.
Prose paragraph and Essay tpdhtpw;F ghlj;jpd; KO gFjpiaAk; jFe;j Quotationfis
Nrh;j;J vOjpdhy; 8 Kjy; 9 kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf ngw KbAk;.
Figure of Speechy; As / like ,Ue;jhy; Simile vd;Wk; As / like ,y;iy vd;why;
Metaphor vd;Wk; vOj Ntz;Lk;.
Poetry Part
Poem paragraph tpdhtpw;F jFe;j Poetic lines fis Nrh;j;J vOjpdhy; 4 Kjy; 5
kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf ngw KbAk;.
9
English Paper II
Kjy; tpdhtpw;F nkhj;jk; 6 thf;fpaq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jpy; Kjy; kw;Wk;
filrp thf;fpaq;fis mg;gbNa order khw;whky; vOjpdhy; 1 kjpg;ngz; epr;rakhf
ngwyhk;. Jizg;ghlg; gFjpapy; cs;s fijfis ed;F Ghpe;Jnfhz;lhNy
,t;tpdhtpw;F tpilaspf;fyhk;.
2 Kjy; 6 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F xt;nthU Jizg;ghlj;jpw;F gpd;dhy; cs;s gapw;rp
tpdhf;fisAk; ,Jtiu nghJj;Njh;tpy; (khh;r; 2006 Kjy; mf;Nlhgh; 2015 tiu)
Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fis Kiwahf gapw;rp nra;jhNy NghJk;.
12 tJ tpdhtpw;F Jizg;ghl fl;Liufis ed;F gapd;W jFe;j Quotation fis
Nrh;j;J vOjpdhy; 8 Kjy; 9 kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf ngw KbAk;. fl;Liuapd; Kbtpy;
Moral vOJtJ rhyr;rpwe;jJ.
Study Skills tpdhf;fSf;F ,Jtiu nghJj;Njh;tpy; (khh;r; 2006 Kjy; mf;Nlhgh; 2015
tiu) Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fis Kiwahf gapw;rp nra;jhNy NghJk;.
23 tJ tpdhtpw;F Rough Draft I vOjp ,lkpUe;J tykhf FWf;Nf ngd;rpyhy;
mbj;JtplNtz;Lk;. Fair Draft I njspthd ifnaOj;jpy; mofhf vOj Ntz;Lk;.
nghUj;jkhd jiyg;ig vOj Ntz;Lk;.
24 tJ tpdhtpw;F Kiwahd pattern I gapw;rp nra;jhy; KO kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf
ngw KbAk;.
25 tJ tpdhtpw;F Er kwWk; mmm vd;w Answer I vOj Ntz;Lk;.
26 Kjy; 36 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F ,Jtiu nghJj;Njh;tpy; (khh;r; 2006 Kjy;
mf;Nlhgh; 2015 tiu) Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fis Kiwahf gapw;rp nra;jhNy NghJk;.
37 Kjy; 39 tiuapyhd nghJf;fl;Liu tpdhf;fSf;F gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfis Rakhf
jahh; nra;J jFe;j Quotationfis Nrh;j;J vOjpdhy; 8 Kjy; 9 kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf
ngw KbAk;.
My Ambition in Life, Computer, Pollution, Rain Water Harvesting,
Media – Advantages and Disadvantages, AIDS Awareness, Role of Women in Modern
India Mfpa fl;Liufs; nghJj;Njh;tpy; mbf;fb Nfl;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mq;fpyj;jpy; mjpf kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw (Fiwe;jgl;rk; 190 kjpg;ngz;fs;) vOjpg; ghh;g;gJ
kpf kpf mtrpak;. ifnaOj;J kpf kpf njspthfTk; mofhfTk; gpioapd;wp ,Uj;jy;
mtrpak;.
10
+2 ENGLISH – STUDY MATERIAL
ENGLISH PAPER I
SECTION-A [Vocabulary-Lexical Competencies]
I. A. SYNONYMS (Q.No.1-5)
The asterisked words are Textual exercises. Learn them thoroughly]
Lesson : 1 JULIUS CAESAR Other Important Synonyms
1. valiant - brave * 1. valour - courage
2. Captives - prisoners * 2 ruffle up - disturb/ upset
3. Mourned - grieved * 3 wit - intelligence
4. assembly - crowd/gathering * 4 vanquished - defeated
5. grievous - serious * 5. mutiny - revolt
6. Sacred - holy *
7. Entreat - request *
8. Vile - evil/base/bad *
9. Interred - Buried
10. slew - Killed
Lesson : 2 THE CEASELESS CRUSADER
1. Ceaseless - untiring * 1. libel - false statement 2. Construed - interpreted * 2. pertinent - relevant 3. intuition - insight * 3. patronizing - supporting 4. emerged - arose * 4. subjugation - suppression 5. cultivate - develop *
6. Crusader - fighter/fought
7. dormant - latent/inactive
8. advent - arrival
9. complement - complete
10. frailty - weakness
Lesson : 3 TO THE LAND OF SNOW
1. awakened - roused * 1. pursuit - chasing 2. delicately - carefully * 2. deterred - discouraged 3. consummate - complete * 3. fascinated - attracted 4. stranded - marooned/unable to move* 4. Visage - face 5. retained - continued to possess *
6. bizarre - strange
7. Recce - survey
8. Menacing - threatening
9. Shrouded - covered
10. Sturdy - Strong
Lesson : 4 A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
11
1 animated - encouraged / excited * 1. perusal - read carefully 2 censure - criticism * 2. copious - abundant /plenty 3 seduce - tempt * 3. inadvertency - unintentional 4 Repress - restrain /control* 4. Reproach - disgrace 5 perplexity - complication * 5. Risible - ridiculous/laughable 6 tranquility - calm /undisturbed
7 Exuberance - uncontrolled excitement
Lesson : 5 THE MARK OF VISHNU 1 battered - thrashed *
2 vile - evil *
3 petrified - immobile *
4 sullen - silent
5 squashed - subdued
6 yelled - shouted
7 contempt - disrespect
8 hysterically - screamed
9 instantly - Immediately
Lesson : 6 HIROSHIMA 1 accelerated - increased *
2 unheralded - unannounced *
3 stench - stink *
4 industrious - hard working *
5 harness - control *
6 serenely - calmly
7 enigma - mystery
8 unleash - let loose / release
9 assail - attack
10 proliferate - multiply/grow rapidly
11 catastrophic - disastrous
B. ANTONYMS (Q.No.6-10)
Lesson : 1 JULIUS CAESAR
1 broad x narrow *
2 tyrant x democrat *
3 empty x full *
4 fleeting x lasting/permanent *
5 sublime x mean/low *
6 methodical x random / confused*
7 slow x Fast / quick *
8 noble x ignoble / mean*
9 agitated x calm *
10 selfish x selfless/generous*
11 faithful x disloyal
12 honourable x dishonourable
12
13 blunt x sharp
14 praise x criticise
15 traitors x patriots
16 valour x cowardice
17 valiant x coward
Lesson : 2 THE CEASELESS CRUSADER
1 marvellous x ordinary *
2 radically x moderately *
3 frailty x strength *
4 domineering x submissive *
5 bestowed x denied *
6 dormant x active
7 subservient x dominant
8 inferiority x superiority
9 creation x destruction
10 descent x ascent
11 pertinent x irrelevant/impertinent
12 unique x common
13 ancient x modern
Lesson : 3 TO THE LAND OF SNOW
1 sturdy x weak *
2 abandoned x inhabited *
3 shrouded x uncovered *
4 continuously x intermittently *
5 eventually x initially *
6 vanish x appear
7 deterred x encouraged
8 bustling x inactive
9 forbidden x allowed
10 majestic x humble
Lesson : 4 A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
1 exuberance x apathy *
2 risible x serious *
3 copious x meagre *
4 tranquility x agitation *
5 obscure x clear *
6 vigorous x spiritless
7 perfect x imperfect
8 omitted x included
9 brief x detailed
10 folly x wisdom
11 contented x dissatisfied
13
12 ignorance x knowledge
Lesson : 5 THE MARK OF VISHNU
1 despise x love/appreciate *
2 creator x destroyer *
3 trusted x doubted/suspicious *
4 indifferent x interested/disinterested *
5 humble x arrogant
6 undamaged x damaged
7 literate x illiterate
8 sacred x Unholy / impure
9 instantly x gradually
Lesson : 6 HIROSHIMA
1 ultimate x initial *
2 extinguished x lit *
3 trivial x significant *
4 cursed x blessed *
5 liberal x conservative *
6 destruction x construction
7 serenely x violently/noisily
8 defeat x success
14
Memory Tips
Q.No.11. PLURALS
(C) Answer any ten. [10x2=20]
Singular ending Plural ending
1. Datum - I saw the data -um a
2. Alumnus - We are alumni of this school. -us i
3. Index - I saw the indices -ex ices
4. Matrix - I do the matrices -ix ices
5. Analysis - I do the analyses of the test -is es
6. Formula - Write the formulae -a ae
7. Criterion - Fix the criteria -ion a
8. Tooth - Brush your teeth -oo ee
9. Child - Children like animals ld en
Q.No.12. Using the idioms in sentence of your own.
1. honour bound.
I am honour bound to help you.
2. in the pink of health.
The old man is in the pink of health.
3. to be on cloud nine.
I am on cloud nine to hear the news.
4. a yellow streak.
He is a man of yellow streak.
5. to be at loggers heads.
We are always at logger heads.
6. once in a blue moon.
He visits here once in a blue moon.
7. a bolt from the blue.
His death came as a bolt from the blue.
8. put on airs.
He puts on airs after becoming rich.
9. to be at the end of one’s tether.
The girls are shouting so the teacher is at the end of her tether.
10. a shadow of one’s self.
The player is now a shadow of himself.
15
Q.No.13. Write a sentence using expanded form of
Abbreviation/Acronym:
1. UGC University Grants Commission
He works in University Grants Commission
2. NLC Neyveli Lignite Corporation
He works in Neyveli Lignite Corporation
3. BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
He works in the British Broadcasting Corporation
4. WHO World Health Organisation
He works in World Health Organisation
5. PSU Public Sector Unit
He works in Public Sector Unit
6. ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation
He works in Indian Space Research Organisation
7. CAD Computer Aided Designing
I use Computer Aided Designing
8. VCR Video Cassette Recorder
I use Video Cassette Recorder
9. LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas
I use Liquified Petroleum Gas
10. CPU Central Processing Unit
I use Central Processing Unit
11. RADAR Radio Detection and Ranging
I use Radio Detection and Ranging device
12. ATM Automated Teller Machine
Automated Teller Machine is very useful
13. AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficency Syndrome
Acquired Immuno Deficency Syndrome is a killer
disease.
14. LAN Local Area Network
The Local Area Network is busy
15. UNO United Nations Organisation
India is a member of United Nations Organisation
16. NASA National Aeronautical and Space Administration.
He works in National Aeronautical and Space
Administration.
Q.No.14. Homophones :
16
1. I had no peace till he gave me a piece of advice.
2. The story told by the credulous old man is not credible.
3. They had dates for dessert in the desert.
4. The police tried to elicit information from the bootlegger who sells illicit liquor.
5. The most eminent scientist in the world has been warning about the
imminent danger of nuclear war.
6. The book which has been prescribed for the B.A. class has been
proscribed for containing some remarks on religion.
Other Important Homophones :
7. The adopted boy has now adapted to the new environment.
8. The stationary lorry is loaded with stationery goods.
9. M.S. Dhoni is a popular player who lives in a populous city.
10. His handwriting is illegible so he is not eligible for the competition.
11. Our principal is a man of principle.
12. The industrial workers are very industrious.
13. The luxurious hotel has a luxuriant lawn.
14. An official should not be officious always.
15. The army personnel loses their personal interest in life.
16. Those who are conscious of their conscience dare not do mistakes.
Q.No.15. Form a word by blending the words and use the blended
word in your own sentence :
1. documentary + drama docudrama
I saw the docudrama
2. education + entertainment edutainment
I use the edutainment
3. motorway + hotel motel
I saw the motel
4. smoke + fog smog
I saw the smog
5. helicopter + airport heliport
I saw the heliport
6. motor + bike mobike
I use the mobike
17
7. breakfast + lunch brunch
I had my brunch
8. news + broadcast newscast
I watch newscast
9. vegetable + burger vegeburger
I ate vegeburger
10. international + police Interpol
I am an Interpol officer
11. lecture + demonstration lecdem
The lecdem is very useful
12. electro + execute electrocute
He was electrocuted
13. travel + catalogue travelogue
I read a travelogue
14. information + commercial informercial
It is the informercial centre
15. technology + wizard technowizard
He is a technowizard
Q.No. 16 Syllabify any two words :
Two syllable Three syllable Four syllable daugh-ter, pre-si-dent, par-ti-cu-lar don-key, ex-pres-sion, com-pre-hen-sive stu-pid. ba-na-na, in-spi-ra-tion de-tect, con-fi-dence, ap-pa-ra-tus en-ter-tain, in-sti-tu-tion ad-van-tage, fa-ci-li-tate fan-tas-tic, in-tel-li-gent ac-ci-dent, si-mul-ta-neous de-mon-strate, mag-ni-fi-cient do-mes-tic, as-tro-lo-gy dra-ma-tic, sta-tis-tics, ec-cen-tric, cu-cum-ber, for-mi-da-ble,
18
Q.No.17. Write a sentence using the word in Grammatical Function :
1. address
This is my address. (Noun)
I addressed yesterday. (Verb)
2.
Hope
Hope is life. (Noun)
I hope to get pass. (Verb)
3. Old
Old is gold. (Noun)
He is an old man. (Adj)
4.
equal
He is not my equal. (Noun)
All have equal rights. (Adj)
5. fine
I pay the fine. (Noun)
I fine you. (Verb)
6.
well
I saw the well (Noun)
Tears welled her eyes. (Verb)
7. like
The film has many likes. (Noun)
I like you. (Verb)
Like poles repel. (Adj)
8.
Love
Love is God. (Noun)
I love India. (Verb)
God is love (Adj)
Q.No.18. Write a sentence using the American English word:
1. tin
can
I saw the can 10. crisps
potatochips
I like potatochips
2.
lorry truck
I saw the truck 11. biscuits cookies
I like cookies
3. film
movie
I saw the movie 12. sweet
candy
I like candy
4.
taxi cab
I saw the cab 13. Ground
floor
first floor
I live in the first floor
5. lift
elevator
I use the elevator 14. flat
apartment
I live in the apartment
6. Mobile phone
cellphone
I use cellphone 15. autumn
fall
It is a fall season
7. petrol
gasoline
I use the gasoline 16. post
I saw the mail
8 holiday
vacation
I like the vacation 17. aerial
Antenna
I saw the Antenna
9. luggage
baggage
Bring the baggage
18. railway
rail road
Don’t cross the rail road
19
Q.No.19. Use the Compound word in your own sentence :
1. He is a well-to-do person. 8. I saw the duty-free shop.
2. He is a taxi-driver. 9. I saw the dancing-bird.
3. He is a shop-owner. 10. I saw the sun-rise.
4. He is my son-in-law. 11. I like wood-work
5. He is good-for-nothing . 12. It is a kitchen-garden
6. He is a sports-man. 13. It is a day-to-day problem.
7. He is an out-patient. 14. It is a down-to-earth plan.
Q.No.20. Write a sentence using a word with ‘Prefix’ or ‘Suffix’ :
PREFIX
Prefix Word Sentence 1. un - unhappy I am unhappy.
2. in - inactive I am inactive
3. ir - irregular He is irregular to class.
4. non - non-vegetarian I am a non-vegetarian.
5. dis - disagree I disagree with you.
6. il - illegal It is an illegal offence.
7. fore - foretell I foretell the future.
8. im - impossible It is impossible.
9. pre - prepaid I use prepaid card.
10. post - postpaid I use postpaid card.
11. dia - diagram I like the diagram.
SUFFIX
Suffix Word Sentence 1. less - careless I am careless.
2. hood - childhood I like my childhood.
3. ly - slowly I write slowly. 4. able - curable Fever is curable.
5. tion - examination I wrote my examination.
6. ful - careful I am careful.
7. ment - government I like our government.
8. ence - difference There is no difference.
9. ness - kindness I like your kindness.
10. ity - ability His ability is well-known.
11. ise - criticise Don’t criticise others.
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Q.No.21. Form Compound Words :
1. Noun + Noun School girl 2. Noun + Verb Sun rise 3. Verb + Noun Call taxi 4. Noun + Adjective Duty free 5. Adjective + Noun Old man 6. Adjective + Verb White wash 7. Noun + Gerund Hand writing 8. Gerund + Nouns Walking stick 9. Prep + Nouns After noon
Q.No.22. Write sentences using the Phrasal Verbs :
1. pick up : Pick up your speed.
2. pick on : Pick on the bad boy.
3. look after : Please, look after my son.
4. look into : Please, look into the matter.
5. call on : Please, call on him.
6. call off : Please, call off your strike.
7. call upon : Please, call upon him to speak.
8. keep up : Keep up your rank.
9. keep on : Keep on your speed.
10. give away : Please, give away the prizes.
11. give up : Please, give up your smoking.
12. give off : Please, give off the bad smell.
13. put on : Put on the new dress.
14. put off : Please, put off the lights.
15. take off : The plane took off .
Q.No.23. Write sentence using the Clipped Words :
1. laboratory lab I go to the lab.
2. gymnasium gym I go to the gym.
3. advertisement ad I like the ad.
4. discotheque disco I like the disco.
5. handkerchief kerchief I use kerchief.
6. telephone phone I use the phone.
7. microphone mike I use the mike.
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8. taxicab taxi I saw the taxi.
9. perambulator pram I saw the pram.
10. helicopter copter I saw the copter.
11. aeroplane plane I saw the plane.
12. demarcate mark I mark the line.
13. demonstrate demo I attend the demo.
14. kilogram kilo I bought a kilo of rice.
15. influenza flu I am suffering from flu
16. fountain pen pen This is my pen.
17. spectacles specs This is my specs.
18. photograph photo This is my photo.
19. paragraph para Write a para.
20. examination exam I write my exam.
21. refrigerator fridge The fridge is very useful.
22. signature Sign Sign here.
SECTION B (Grammatical Competencies) [10x1=10]
II. (A) Q.No.24 Use a Modal Verb : (Must/Should)
1. Eve-teasers must be punished severely.
2. In the army, soldiers must obey their officers.
3. The world must avoid war in the larger interest of the human race as a whole.
4. One must always keep his promises.
5. Caesar’s wife must be above suspicion.
6. All citizens should obey the laws of the land.
7. People who live in glass house should not throw stones.
8. Law makers should not be law breakers.
Q.No.25. Use the given verb in suitable form (Tenses) :
[Proverbs, scientific, universal facts are to be in simple present tense)
1. Water boils (boil) at 100 centigrade.
2. The children burst (burst) in the peals of laughter.
3. The milk man knocks (knock) the door at 6’O clock every morning.
4. She goes (go) to church every Sunday.
5. Rahim read (read) a poem last night.
6. I shall go (go) to Chennai tomorrow.
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7. I am preparing (prepare) for the examination at present.
8. He is reading (read) his lessons now.
9. When I saw him, he was playing (play) Cricket.
10. I have been studying (study) in the school since 2010.
Q.No.26. Use a Semi-Modal Verb : (need, dare, used to, ought to)
Sentence-y; dash w;Fg;gpd; not ,Ug;gpd; ‘need’ vOjTk;.
Ans : You need not read every chapter. You need not feel sorry for what you have done.
Sentence-y; ‘when’ or ‘during’ ,Ug;gpd; used to vOjTk;.
Ans : He used to play foot ball in his college days. He used to wake up at 5 O’ clock in the morning when he was young.
Sentence-y; ‘How’ ,Ug;gpd; ‘dare’ vOjTk;.
Ans : How dare you ask me such a question?
ought to – (moral obligation - flikiaf; Fwpf;Fk;)
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l %d;W (dare, need, used to) vDk; thh;j;ijfs; cs;s clue
,y;iynadpy; 'ought to' vOjTk;.
Ans : He ought to submit his work on time.
Q.No. 27-28. Use a Relative Pronoun :
Sentence-y; dash-f;F Kd; Noun (person-I Fwpg;gpd;) gpd; Verb ,Ug;gpd;
‘who’ vOjTk;.
1. This is the boy who won the race.
(Noun) (Verb)
2. Shakespeare who lived in the 16th Century is considered to be the
greatest dramatist.
3. The movie is about a leader who led the freedom struggle of his nation.
Sentence-y; dash-f;F Kd; Noun (person-I Fwpg;gpd;) gpd; Noun ,Ug;gpd;
‘whose’ vOjTk;.
1. My friend whose father works in Agra, has made a clay model of the Taj.
(Noun) (Noun)
2. Kumaraswamy whose house I live in, owns most of the mills in this town.
Sentence-y; dash-f;F Kd; Noun (person-I Fwpg;gpd;) gpd; pronoun ,Ug;gpd;
‘whom’ vd vOjTk;.
1. Most of the friends whom she had invited came for her wedding.
(Noun) (Pronoun)
Sentence- y; dash-f;F Kd; (things) nghUl;fisf; Fwpg;gpd; that vOjTk;.
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1. Show me the book that you bought yesterday. (thing)
2. The wrong deeds that we do are more often remembered than our
good ones.
Sentence- y; dash-f;F Kd; (Place) ,lj;ijf; Fwpg;gpd; where vd vOjTk;.
1. This is the house where I was born. (Place)
2. This is the school where I studied. (Place)
Q.No. 29. Use a phrase/preposition :
(Use a phrase vd te;jhy; ngUk;ghYk; ‘inspite of’ vd vOjyhk; )
We enjoyed our outing, even though the weather was terrible.
They continued with the match in spite of the rain.
His lecture was very boring even though his English was good.
He continued to bowl despite his shoulder injury.
Although we started early, we reached late.
You must not go against the advice of your parents.
Q.No.30. Use the given verb in suitable form :
If clause Main Clause
‘If’ Clause-y; work(V1) ,Ug;gpd; will pass tUk;. Ans: If you work hard, you will pass (pass) in the exam.
‘If’ Clause-y; worked(V2) ,Ug;gpd; would pass tUk;. Ans: If you worked hard, you would pass (pass)in the exam.
‘If’ Clause-y; were ,Ug;gpd; wouldfly (V1) Ans: If I were a bird, I would fly.
‘If’ Clause-y; ____(be) te;jhy; ‘were’ vd vOjTk;. Ans: If I were (be) a bird, I would fly.
‘If’ Clause-y; had worked (past perfect) would have passed (would have + V3)
Ans: If you had worked hard, you would have passed (pass)in the exam.
Q.No.31. Write a sentence of the pattern :
1. Ram gave a pen S V O
2. Ram gave me a pen S V I O D O
3. Ram was ill S V C
4. Ram made him chairman SVOC Adjunct – KjypYk; tuyhk;> filrpapYk; tuyhk;. Adjunct tUk; ,lj;jpy;
(Kjypy; my;yJ filrpapy; Yesterday-it Nrh;j;J vOjTk;)
A-adjunct
Yesterday
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Q.No. 32. Write the kind of Passive Voice :
1. Sentence-y; by (doer) ,Ug;gpd; personal passive voice vd vOJf.
Ex: The novel is written by Premchand. This is an example of Personal
passive voice.
2. Sentence-y; by (doer) ,y;iynadpy; Impersonal passive voice vd vOJf.
Ex: One Hundred neem trees are planted. This is an example of
Impersonal passive voice.
Q.No. 33. Use a Suitable link word :
Time (Neuj;ij) Fwpg;gpd; When.
Eg : When the cat is away, the mice are at play.
Reason (fhuzk;) Fwpg;gpd; As.
Eg : As it rains they will not continue the match.
Contrast (khWghL) Fwpg;gpd; Though/but.
Eg : Though we started early, we reached late.
Man proposes but God disposes.
She is rich yet/but she is humble.
(B) Q.No.34. Transform the following sentence as instructed.
Report the dialogue.
Points to remember Report the dialogue
1. Statement - Add ‘that’ – a conjunction used in statements.
2. Question - ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ – add ‘whether’ or ‘If’ ‘Wh’ word – add the same ‘wh’ word.
3. Command/Request (positive)
- Add ‘to’ before the imperative sentence.
(Negative) - Remove ‘don’t and add ‘not to’.
4. Exclamations - Add ‘that’. Remove exclamation mark (!) and add full stop.
Reporting verbs:-
1. Statement - told / replied.
2. Question - asked, enquired.
3. Commands - advised, ordered.
4. Request - Requested.
5. Exclamations - Exclaimed happily / sadly.
Example :
Tourist :- How can I reach Mahabalipuram?
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Tourist guide :- You can drive along the east coast road. The road is smooth and free from the traffic and in about 90 minutes, you will reach Mahabalipuram.
Tourist : Oh! That’s fine. Thank you.
Ans :- The tourist asked the tourist guide how he could reach Mahabalipuram. The tourist guide replied that he could drive along the east coast road. He added that the road was smooth and free from traffic and in about 90 minutes he would reach Mahabalipuram. The tourist thanked the guide.
Q.No. 35 Rewrite as given in the brackets starters
" WERE, SHOULD, HAD " :
Step 1 Remove ‘if’ Step 2 You should - Should you He had - Had he Ex:
It were - Were it vd;W ,lk; khw;wp vOjNtz;Lk;
1. Begin with ‘Were’ If the management were to go back on its promise, there would be strike. (were)
Were the management to go back on its promise, there would be strike.
If an angel were to tell me such a thing of her, I would not believe it.
Ans: Were an angel to tell me such a thing of her, I would not believe it.
2. Begin with ‘Should’
If you should need to meet me, you can call this number. (should)
Should you need to meet me, you can call this number.
If you should be late once again, you will lose your job.
Should you be late once again, you will lose your job.
3. Begin with ‘Had’
If he had explained the problem, I would have helped him. (Begin with ‘Had’)
Had he explained the problem, I would have helped him.
Q.No.36 COMPOUND SENTENCE :
1. As the transport workers were on strike, I had to walk back home.
(Rewrite as a compound sentence)
Ans: The transport workers were on strike and so I had to walk back home.
2. The villagers moved out of their Village as they had no rains that year.
(Rewrite as a compound sentence)
Ans: They had no rains that year and so the villagers moved out of their
village. 3. We must eat to live (Change into compound).
Ans: We must eat then only we can live.
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4. Priya has recovered after the accident. Her fractured arm is still in a cast. (Combined the sentence as a compound sentence)
Ans: Priya has recovered after the accident but her fractured arm is still in a
cast. 5. Unless you work hard, you will not clear the semester. (Rewrite as a
compound sentence)
Ans: Work hard or else you will not clear the semester.
6. Though he is poor he is happy. (Rewrite as a compound sentence)
Ans: He is poor but he is happy.
Q.No. 37 SIMPLE SENTENCE :
1. This is mango from my garden. It is sweet.
Ans: This sweet mango is from my garden.
(combine the sentences)
2. Thara types quickly. Thara types correctly.
Ans: Thara types quickly and correctly.
(combine the sentences)
3. Ram lost the match. He decided to resign as captain.
Ans: Having lost the match, Ram decided to resign as captain.(combine the sentences)
4. Bharath is very arrogant, Bharath will not apologise.
Ans: Being very arrogant, Bharath will not
apologise. (or) Bharath is too arrogant to
apologise.
(combine the sentences)
5. We must eat. We cannot live.
Ans: We must eat to live.
(combine the sentences)
6. I had completed my work, I set out to play.
Ans: Having completed my work I set out to play.
(combine the sentences)
Q.No. 38 COMPLEX SENTENCE :
1. In spite of his illness at the time of the exam, he obtained a high score in the
subject. (use ‘though’).
Ans: Though he was ill at the time of the exam, he obtained a high score in the
subject.
2. On seeing the dog the thief ran away. (Use ‘when’)
Ans: When the thief saw the dog, he ran away.
3. We must eat to live. (Change into complex)
Ans: We must eat so that we can live.
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4. I like tea, I prefer coffee. (Change into a complex sentence)
Ans: Though I like tea, I prefer coffee.
5. I stand for justice and fair play. The whole world knows about it. (Combine the sentence using ‘That’)
Ans: The whole world knows that I stand for justice and fair play.
6. I studied very hard but I failed. (Rewrite as a complex sentence)
Ans: Though I studied very hard, I failed.
7. He tried his best. He could not open the box. (Combine the sentences using ‘though’)
Ans: Though he tried his best, he could not open the box.
Combine the sentences into a Simple sentence
1. Anne Mansfield Sullivan was poor and ill yet she taught Keller with a passion
(Rewrite as a simple sentence)
Ans: In spite of being poor and ill, Anne Mansfield Sullivan taught Keller
with a passion.
2. The coffee is very hot. I can’t drink it. (Change into simple sentence)
Ans: The coffee is too hot for me to drink.
3. She told me a story. It was about a giant. (Change into simple sentence)
Ans: She told me a story about a giant.
4. She was poor. She was always happy. (Use ‘inspite of’)
Ans: In spite of her poverty, she was always happy.
5. Ram lost the match. He decided to resign as captain.
Ans: Having lost the match, Ram decided to resign as captain.
SECTION – C (READING COMPETENCIES)
Q.No. 39-43 Identify the field-Clue words : [5x1=5]
Some keywords would help you to identify the field in the list given below:
Agriculture :- tilling, pesticide, yield, manure, crops, harvest, fertilizer.
Travel :- Jet, visa, embassy, ferry, luxury, motel, yacht, skipper. Space :- Satellite, orbit, the milky way, galaxy, comet, shuttle, landing. Nutrition & Dietetics :- Dieting, vitamins, in take, calorie, stodgy, spicy, bland. Education :- dropout, competency, curriculum, three Rs, pedagogy, enrolment. Sports:- match ,refree, semifinal , final , century, boundary Computer:- menu, browse, surfing, key board , mouse , bit Commerce:- profit, gain, loss, returns, invest, margin, dividend
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Weather :- Fog,cloudy,drizzling,raining,windy,cyclone,storm
Q.No. 44-48 Comprehension passage with five questions : [5x2=10]
Note: Question-y; cs;s words-f;Fk; passage-y; cs;s words-f;Fk;
nghUj;jkhd thf;fpaq;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJ.
IV.(A) Q.No.49-51 Prose Paragraph/(B) Q.No.52-54 Prose Essay : [10]
1. Julius Caesar
Introduction : ‘Julius Caesar’ is a play written by William Shakespeare.
The Oration of Brutus : The Oration of Brutus is simple. He tried to justify the murder of Caesar. He assured that he loved Rome more than Caesar. He rejoiced at Caesar’s valour, love and fortune. But he killed Caesar because he was ambitious. He told that if Caesar were alive all Romans would be slaves. Thus he successfully convinced the angry mob.
The Oration of Mark Antony : Mark Antony was a talented orator. He touched the heart of the people. He tried to prove that Caesar was not ambitious. He explained how Caesar filled the state treasury, how he refused the kingly crown thrice. He spoke about the will of Caesar but refused to read it. He showed the wounds on Caesar’s body. He wept and said it was “the unkindest cut of all”.
Conclusion : The two speeches are typical of the two great leaders.
2. The Ceaseless Crusader
Introduction : Gandhiji was a Ceaseless Crusader of Women’s equality.
Experiments with Truth :
Gandhi was a lover of truth. He did experiments with truth. He was a domineering husband. But Kasturba was a spirited wife. He expected implicit obedience from her. Later he realized it to be brutal.
Tradition and Superstition :
Gandhi was no advocate of blind adherence to tradition. He disregarded the tradition, which has no morality. He was strictly against the untouchability, child widowhood and child marriage.
Faith in Women :
According to Gandhi, women are the embodiment of sacrifice, humility, faith, non violence and knowledge. Women are the nobler of the two sexes.
Messengers of the Gospel :
Ahimsa means infinite capacity for suffering. Satyagraha means soul force. Women have great moral strength. Women are the messengers of the Gospel of non violence. Gandhiji hopes that women with all the divine qualities will dazzle the world if they wake up.
Conclusion : Gandhiji concludes that if all the women of the world gather together,
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they will kick the atom bomb without fear.
SECTION – E (LITERARY COMPETENCIES)
V. Q.No. 55-60 POETRY - Appreciation Questions : [6x1=6]
1. What are mournful numbers? Ans: sad songs
2. What is bivouac of life? Ans: temporary army camp
3. What does grave refer to? Ans: death
4. What is meant by strife? Ans: struggle
5. What does forlorn refer to? Ans: lonely
6. What are beating like muffled drums? Ans: our heart beats.
7. What is the meaning of muffled drums? Ans: covered drums.
8. What is the meaning of jarring? Ans: unpleasant sound
9. What is inane abstraction? Ans: stupidity/absent-minded.
10. Explain ‘To Sleep our life’. Ans: wasting time
11. What is meant by cherished circle? Ans: family circle
12. What is the meaning of unobstrusive? Ans: not easily seen
13. What is a promontory? Ans: high point of land
14. What is gossamer thread? Ans: fine cobweb
15. What is the meaning of marked? Ans: noticed/seen
16. What do owls symbolise? Ans: ignorance
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17. What is the meaning of ‘aeons bright’? Ans: bright future
18. What is meant by gospel? Ans: goodnews
19. What is meant by ‘Indo-Aryan blood’? Ans: Branch of the Aryans who came to india
20. What is meant by chant? Ans : song
21. What is the meaning of cosmic riddle? Ans: universal puzzle
22. What is the meaning global merchandise? Ans: World trade
23. Whom does someone refer to? Ans: snake
24. Who is the first comer? Ans : snake (He)
25. Who is the second comer? Ans : The poet (I)
26. What is meant by Etna? Ans: Volcanic mountain
27. What does the voice of education refer to? Ans: Knowledge about snakes/Rational thinking
28. What is meant by pettiness? Ans: act of trying to kill the snake/ mean act.
29. What is an albatross? Ans: Sea bird
30. What is a nipper kin? Ans: A glass of beer / wine
31. What is meant by infantry? Ans: foot soldier
32. What is a trap? Ans: two wheeled carriage
33. What is the meaning of ‘out of work’? Ans: without work/unemployment
34. What does half -a - crown refer to? Ans: British coin
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35. What is meant by ‘foe’? Ans: enemy
POETIC DEVICES
B) Q.No.61-63 [3x1=3]
Q.No. 61 Figure of Speech
Simile
Poem Line-y; as my;yJ like ,Ue;jhy; figure of speech - simile vd
vOjTk;.
Eg. 1. Still like muffled drums simile.
As humble plants by country hedgerows growing simile
Metaphor
Poem line-y; as my;yJ like ,y;iynad;why; figure of speech Metaphor
vd;W vOjTk;.
Eg. 1. Life is but an empty dream Metaphor
2. To sleep our life away Metaphor
Q.No. 62 Alliteration
Poem line-y; repetition of consonant sound cs;s word-I jdpNa
vLj;J vOjp Kjy; vOj;ij underline nra;J fhl;lTk;.
And the grave is not its goal
Alliterative words : grave, goal
Q.No.63 Allusion
1. Dust that art, to dust returnest was not spoken.
Allusion : “The Bible”
2. “Let the dead past bury its dead”
Allusion : The Bible
3. In the beginning was the Word and the Word was God.
Allusion : The Bible
4. And I thought of the albatross.
Allusion : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by S.T. Coleridge.
C) Q.No.64-66 E.R.C. (Any two) [2x3=6]
Poem-1 : A Psalm of life - H.W. Longfellow. ERC Clue words
mournful, empty, dream, grave, dust, muffled drums, driven cattle, great
men, foot prints, forlorn, any fate, tomorrow, art, life, battle field.
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1) Context : Poem : A Psalm of life.
Poet : H.W. Longfellow.
Explanation : Life is not an empty dream. Life’s goal is not end up with grave.
Our heart beats like muffled drums. The world is like a battlefield Act in the
living present. We follow the foot prints of the great men. We must learn to
work hard.
Poem-2 : Women’s Rights – A.L.Walker
E.R.C. Clue words
rob, cherish, bright picture, quiet, seclusion, harsh strife, jarring, dreamy,
sleep, sunshine, hedgerows, unobtrusive, privilege, cherished.
2) Context : Poem : Women’s Rights
Poet : A.L. Walker
Explanation : Men cannot rob the rights of women. They claim to live within
four walls. They do not waste their time in laziness. They are like humble
plants. They aren’t known beyond the family circle. They make people happy
but they are uncared by others.
Poem-3 : A Noiseless Patient Spider – Walt Whitman
E.R.C. Clue words
promontory, vacant, filament, unreeling, soul, measureless, musing,
throwing, ductile, gossamer, anchor, bridge.
3) Context : Poem : A Noiseless, patient spider
Poet : Walt Whitman
Explanation : The poet saw a spider on an elevated place. It tried to build a
web. It sent out filament endlessly. The spider was noiseless and patient. Like
the spider the soul tries to connect with God. The soul is musing endlessly.
Poem-6 : The Man He killed - Thomas Hardy
E.R.C. Clue words
inn, wet, nipperkin, infantry, face, shot, killed, foe, off-hand, traps, curious,
half-a-crown.
3) Context : Poem : The Man He killed
Poet : Thomas Hardy
Explanation : The poet was in the battle field. He stood face to face with his
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enemy. The poet shot the enemy when he tried to kill him. Both of them were
unemployed , sold their traps and joined the army. War is strange and curious
because it is fought between innocent soldiers.
POETRY - PARAGRAPH [5]
D) Q.No.67-69
1. A Psalm of Life – H.W. Long fellow
The poem ‘A psalm of life’ gives us a great deal of good advice. The poet
says that life is not an empty dream. It is real and earnest. ‘Man comes from
dust and he returns to dust.’ The life does not end up with grave. Only the
human body dies and not the soul. ‘Art is long but life is short.’ The world is
like the battle field. We should act like heroes and not to be mute cattle. Man
should neither think of his future nor past. We must work hard in the present
to make every tomorrow a better one. We must follow the foot prints of great
men. They give us hope and courage. One must learn to labor and to wait.
2. Women’s Rights – Annie Louisa Walker
The poem humbly supports the women’s rights. Men cannot rob their
rights. Their mission is to make home bright. Women claim to live a lonely life.
They live under the roof. They do not waste their time. Like humble plants,
women also fill their homes with light and love. They are uncared. Women are
not known beyond their family circle. They live in seclusion spread happiness
and die unknown. They endure everything passively for the sake of society.
3. A Noiseless, Patient Spider – Walt Whitman
The poet sees a spider standing alone on an elevated place. It tries to
build a web. The spider stands for patience and perseverance. The spider
wants to make connections in the vast vacant surrounding. The spider is
never tired of making its home. But human being doesn’t take effort. The poet
compares the spider to the human soul. Human soul should make a home in
heaven as the spider.
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ENGLISH PAPER II
Section - A : Supplementary Reader
A) Q.No.1 Write a paragraph by rearranging the following
sentences in correct sequence. The first and last
sentences are already in order.
(5 marks) ,t;tpdhtpy; nkhj;jk; 6 thf;fpaq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jpy; Kjy; kw;Wk;;
filrp thf;fpaj;ij khw;wNtz;bajpy;iy. Jizg;ghlg; gFjpapy; cs;s
fijfis ed;F Ghpe;Jnfhz;lhNy ,t;tpdhtpw;F tpilaspf;fyhk;.
Example :
Once there lived a Selfish Giant.
The Giant became angry and built a high wall around the garden. The children used to play in the garden. He had a beautiful garden. The children had now nowhere to play.
They became very unhappy.
Answer : Once there lived a selfish Giant. He had a beautiful garden. The children used to play in the garden. The Giant became angry and built a high wall around the garden. The children had now nowhere to play. They become very
unhappy.
B) Q.No.2-6 Choose the best answer. (5)
[The asterisked words are Textual exercises. Learn them thoroughly]
1. THE SELFISH GIANT – OSCAR WILDE.
1. The children visited the giant’s garden everyday.* 2. The giant stayed with his friend for Seven years. * 3. The poor children had no place to play. * 4. The children entered the giant’s garden through a little hole in the wall . * 5. The giant died when he became old and feeble. * 6. The selfish giant longed for the little child. * 7. The giant’s journey was to paradise. * 8. The only people who were pleased to stay in the giant’s garden were the snow
and the frost. * 9. The giant heard a linnet singing outside the window. 10. The giant lay dead covered with white blossoms. 11. There were 12 peach trees on the giant’s garden. 12. The giant’s friend was Cornish ogre. 13. The little boy kissed the giant. 14. The little boy was Jesus Christ.
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1. 2. THE LOTTERY TICKET – ANTON CHEKHOV
The possibility of winning the prize in the lottery ticket bewildered them. * 2. The first twenty five thousand of the prize money was never received. * 3. Ivan went to none of these places. * 4. Masha was interrupted in the middle of Ivan’s dream. * 5. Disappointment in not winning the prize made Ivan and Masha hate each other.
* 6. The prize amount of the lottery ticket was 75,000/-. 7. Ivan’s income was 1200 roubles a year. 8. The series of the lottery ticket was 9499 number 26. 9. Ivan had no faith on lottery luck. 10. One of the countries Ivan wished to visit was India / Italy/ south of France 11. The winning number of the lottery ticket was 9499 number46 12. Ivan considered his relatives reptiles.
3. THE LAST LEAF – O’HENRY
1. Sue and Johnsy were painters by profession. * 2. Mr. Pneumonia was a deadly person. * 3. Johnsy started counting backward from number twelve. * 4. Mr. Behrman was a friend to sue. * 5. The wollen shoulder scarf that sue was knitting was blue in colour. * 6. Sue found Behrman smelling strongly of juniper berries. * 7. Mr. Behrman died of pneumonia. * 8. Behrman’s master piece was the last leaf. * 9. Behrman earned his living by serving as a model. 10. Johnsy wanted to paint the Bay of Naples. 11. Sue came from Maine. Johnsy came from California. 12. Mr.Behrman was a failure as an Artist 4. HOW THE CAMEL GOT ITS HUMP - RUDYARD KIPLING
1. The camel lived in the middle of a howling desert. 2. The camel refused to work because he was lazy. * 3. The three animals patiently made a complaint to the Djinn. * 4. Djinn punished the camel using his magic. * 5. The camel did not work for three days. * 6. All the animals were unhappy with the camel’s attitude. * 7. Djinn was incharge of all deserts. 8. The man asked the three to work double time. 9. The horse came to meet camel on Monday. 10. The camel said hump to all the questions. 11. The camel was a howler himself. 12. The three referred to in the story are the ox , the horse and the dog.
5. TWO FRIENDS – GUY DE MAUPASSANT
1. Morrisot and Sauvage had a common interest on fishing.
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2. The people of Paris were angry with Prussians. * 3. The two friends drank absinthe when they met after a long time. 4. They encountered the Prussians while fishing in the river. * 5. The friends were taken prisoners. 6. The Prussians offered to release the friends in exchange for the password. * 7. The friends were finally shot dead. * 8. After shooting the two friends dead the Prussians threw them into the river. 9. Finally the Prussian officer fried the fish alive to eat. * 10. The value highlighted in the story ‘Two friends’ is patriotism. * 11. The two friends were anglers. 12. Morrisot was a Watch-maker and Sauvage was a draper.
6. THE REFUGEE – PEARL S.BUCK 1. The refugees were in uniform. 2. The uncommon men and women who entered the city were from one region. 3. The noodle vendor stopped near the old man because he was keen on selling. 4. The vendor made the old man to buy noodles. * 5. The old man decided not to spend money on food because he decided to spend
the money on buying seeds to sow. 6. The man offered the old refugee a silver coin and a copper penny. 7. The child was old man’s grandson. 8. They became refugees due to flood. 9. The last one of the large procession of refugee was a little wizened old man. 10. The city dwellers hated the refugees. 7. OPEN WINDOW - SAKI 1. The girl Vera talked to him about the tragic death of Mrs. Sappleton’s
husband and her brothers. * 2. Vera, on seeing the men-folk approaching the window looked with dazed
horror. * 3. The three figures came in carried a white coat and guns. * 4. While visiting Mrs. Sappleton, Mr. Nuttel carried a letter of introduction. * 5. The hunting party went through a French Window. * 6. Romance at short notice was Vera’s speciality. * 7. Mrs. Sappleton told the visitor that the men folk had gone out for snipe
shooting. * 8. Spaniel is a kind of hunting dog.*
9. Vera was Mrs. Sappleton’s niece. 10. The party was engulfed in a bog. 11. The hunting party was accompanied by a spaniel. 12. Vera said that the tragedy happened just three years ago.
C) Q.No. 7 to 11 Comprehension from non-detailed stories
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow. (5)
nfhLf;fg;gl;l fijg;gFjpia ed;F gbj;J Ghpe;Jnfhz;L nghUj;jkhd
thh;j;ijfisnfhz;L tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(To answer this Question students have to use the apt words)
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D) Q.No.12 Supplementary Reader – Essay (10)
khzth;fs; Kjy; %d;W fijf;fhd fl;Liufis gbj;jhy; NghJk;.
1. THE SELFISH GIANT – OSCAR WILDE The Giant’s Garden:
Once there was a Giant. He had a beautiful garden. Children played in the garden happily every day. The Giant returned after seven years. He saw the children playing in the garden. Then he built a high wall around the garden. The children had no place to play. So they were unhappy. The selfish Giant:
As the giant was selfish, the spring did not come. There was only winter in his garden. One day children entered the garden through a little hole in the wall. They climbed up and started playing. Beautiful flowers and birds had come to the garden again. Heart melted:
The Giant saw a little boy unable to climb the tree. He helped the little boy to climb. The little boy kissed him. His heart melted. The giant broke down the wall. After some years , the Giant saw the little boy again. He was shocked to see wounds of nails on the boy’s palm and feet. The boy told him that they were the wounds of love. In the afternoon, the children found the Giant dead. His body was covered with white blossoms.
2. THE LOTTERY TICKET - ANTONCHECKOV
Ivan and Masha:
AntonCheckov’s “The Lottery Ticket” brings out the nature of people at different moods. Ivan Dimitrich and Masha belonged to middle class. Ivan’s income was 1200 roubles a year. Masha asked him to see the results of the lottery ticket. Ivan had no faith in lottery luck. Masha’s ticket serial was 9499 and number was 26. Ivan saw only the series.
Ivan’s dreaming:
They were very happy and started dreaming to spend the amount of 75000 roubles. Ivan thought of buying an estate, new furniture and deposit in the bank and would get interest from it. Ivan feared that his relatives would ask for financial help. He had a fear of his wife’s behavior.
Merry became worry:
Masha thought that it was her ticket. So she had her own dreams and plans. Ivan wanted to verify the number again. The winning number was 46 not 26. Both their hope and dreams were shattered at once. They became disappointed. They hated each other. The merry dreams end in worry.
3. THE LAST LEAF – O.HENRY Budding Artists:
The author says that hope is essential for life. Sue and Johnsy were painters by profession. They were from Maine and California. Jonhsy was attacked by pneumonia, a deadly disease. The doctor told Sue that she could recover only if she had will to live. Johnsy was in bed.
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False notion of Johnsy:
She was looking outside the window. She saw the leaves falling one by one from the vine. She started counting down from twelve. She thought that she would die when the last leaf fell. Master piece of Behrman:
Behrman was an old artist. He earned by serving as a model. Johnsy found only one leaf at last. Johnsy found the last leaf still clinging to the vine. She regained hope and cured. But the old painter died of pneumonia. Behrman’s last leaf saved the life of Johnsy. Life is to live.
SECTION – B (LEARNING COMPETENCY – STUDY SKILLS)
II.(A) (Q.No.13-17) Answer the following. [5x2=10]
1. What are the sections in a library? Reference, The Stacks, Journal, Electronic and Reprography.
2. What does the reference section contain? Atlases, Dictionary, Indexes and Year Books.
3. What does the stacks section contain? Except the books in the reference section, all books are stored.
4. What does the journal section contain? Journals and periodicals. The back numbers are kept for research.
5. What does the electronic section contain? Audio/Video Cassettes, CD ROMS and microforms.
6. What is a reprography section? This section is used for photo copying. (Xeroxing)
7. What are the three ways of searching a book in the library? The author index, title index and computer search.
8. Arrange the authors in the library catalogue. John Keats and Jonathan Swift. (Alphabetical thpirapy; vOjTk;.)
Keats, John
Swift, Jonathan 9. What are the two most widely used system of classification of books in a library?
Dewey Decimal System
American Library of Congress System. 10. Expand and explain OPAC.
Online Public Access catalogue.
It is an interactive search module of an automated library management
system. 11. Mention e-mail ID of any two service organization.
helpage@gmail.com
redcross@gmail.com 12. What is Euphemism? Give an example.
Euphemism is the use of an inoffensive word in place of an offensive one.
Eg : Homemaker is the euphemism for housewife. 13. What is cliché? Give an example.
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Cliché is a phrase which is used too often to the point of monotony.
(Eg) He came out with flying colours in the exam.
14. What are instructions to be followed while using in the library? Observe silence Do not write anything in the book
Do not fold the corner of a page
Don’t tear off the pages 15. When and why do you consult a dictionary?
To know,
the spelling,
the pronunciation,
the meaning and
the usage.
16. What are Eponymous words? Words derived from individual names are called Eponymous words.
Eg. Boycott is derived from the name Charles Boycott. 17. What is a thesaurus?
It is a book that lists words in group of synonyms and related concepts.
(B) Q.No. 18-22 Spot the errors. [5x1=5]
1. Prefer, prior, senior, junior, inferior, superior gpd; ‘than’-f;F gjpyhf ‘to’ vOjTk;. Older vd;W te;jhy; elder vd;W khw;wp vOjTk;.
Ex : Ram is junior than me - Ram is junior to me. He is older than me - He is elder to me.
2. One of the f;Fg;gpwF ‘Noun’ plural y; tUk;. Ex : One of the boys vd;W tUk;.
Ram is one of the best students in the class. NkYk; one of the boys te;jhy; singular ‘verb’ (looks, is) tUk;. Eg : One of the boys look happy - One of the boys looks happy. One of the boys are happy - One of the boys is happy.
3. One rupee - university, universal, useful, European, union Kd; cs;s ‘an’ I
vLj;Jtpl;L ‘a’ vOjTk;.
Eg : Ram is an university scholar - Ram is a university scholar.
4. NkYk; Abbreviation Kd; cs;s M, H,F vOj;JfSf;F Kd; ‘a’ tuhJ ‘an’ tUk;.
‘h’ silentMf tUk; thh;j;ijfSf;F Kd;dhy; an tUk;.
Eg : Ram is a M.Sc. Student - Ram is an M.Sc. Student. Ram is a honest man - Ram is an honest man. I bought a HMT watch - I bought an HMT watch.
5. thf;fpaj;jpy; Though-Tk; but-k; te;jhy; but I kl;Lk; ePf;fp vOJ.
Though he is poor but he is happy – Though he is poor he is happy.
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6. thf;fpak; ‘ing’ (working, writing) njhlq;fpdhy; gpd;dh; tUk; and I ePf;fp
vOjTk;.
Working hard and he passed – Working hard he passed.
7. Some verbs cld; Fwpg;gpl;l preposition kl;Lk; tUk;. (confident of , hope for, met with, by foot, congratulate on) Eg : He is confident on his success He is confident of his success Let us hope through the best Let us hope for the best. I met in an accident I met with an accident. He goes to school by foot He goes to school on foot. He congratulated of his success He congratulated on his success.
8. NkYk; discuss, enter, told, despite Nghd;w thh;j;ijAld; cld; preposition Nrh;e;J tuhJ. They discuss about politics - They discuss politics (about tuhJ) I enter in to the room – I enter the room. (into tuhJ) They told to me – They told me. (to tuhJ) Despite of his working hard , he passed the exam - Despite his working hard , he passed the exam. (of tuhJ)
9. Neither. . nor, either . . or cld; singular verb (looks, is) tUk;.
Neither you nor he are active Neither you nor he is active.
10. Physics, Economics, Politics, Mathematics, Civics, News mLj;J singular verb jhd; tUk;. (Eg) The news is very good.
11. Some words are used only in Singular form. Eg: advice, furniture, meal. He gave a lot of advices He gave a lot of advice. I bought new furnitures I bought new furniture. He has finished his meals He has finished his meal.
12. (Language) nkhopf;F Kd; ‘the’ tuhJ.
We speak the English We speak English.
13. cyfj;jpy; cs;s xNu xU nghUis kl;Lk; Fwpf;f ‘the’ article gad;gLj;jTk;.
Sun rises in the east The sun rises in the east.
14. Other Models Two and two make four Two and two makes four. He is my cousin brother He is my cousin. No one know the answer No one knows the answer. He plays piano very well He plays the piano very well.
15. thf;fpaj;jpy; as (my;yJ) since (my;yJ) because -Tk; so-Tk; te;jhy; so I kl;Lk;
ePf;fp vOJ.
As he is poor so he is proud – As he is poor he is proud.
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Q.No.23 Summarising [5]
(nfhLj;Js;s Paragraphs-I %d;wpy; xU gq;fhf RUf;fp Kjypy; Rough
draft gpwF fair draft vOjTk;. gpd;G Kjy; thf;fpaj;jpy; ‘Title’-f;Fhpa
Word or Phrase ,Uf;Fk;. mij ‘title’-f;F vOJf)
Rough Draft – 1 Mark
Fair Draft – 3 marks
Title – 1 mark
SECTION-D
STRATEGIC COMPETENCY (LIFE-SKILLS)
IV.(A) Q.No.25 Fill in the blanks with non-lexical fillers in the following
conversation. [2]
Customer : Do you have any books by African authors? Salesman : Er. . . . . We have books by international publishers. Customer : What is the price of this book? Salesman : Mmm or Hmm I’ll check the catalogue.
Er , Mmm kl;Lk; gjpyhf vOjpdhy; 2 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk;.
(B) Q.No.26 Giving three instructions based on a road-map. [3]
Key Points 1. Go straight 2. Turn right my;yJ left 3. You will find _________________ opposite to ______________
III.(B) Q.No.24 Respond to the following advertisement [10]
Wanted Wanted Salesman. Graduate with fluency in English and Computer knowledge. Apply with Bio-data to Box No.4231 C/o. The Hindu, Chennai -21.
From Date : 29/09/2015 Xxxx yyyy, zzzz. To Post Box No. 4231, C/o. The Hindu, Chennai-21. Dear Sir, Sub : Application for the post of Salesman – Reg. Ref : Your advt. in ‘The Hindu’ dt. September 28, 2015. I saw your advertisement.I wish to apply for the post. I have enclosed my bio-data.
Thanking you. Yours faithfully,
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xxxx
Bio-Data 1. Name : x x x x x 2. Father’s Name : y y y y y 3. Date of Birth & Age : 14.06.1990, 24 4. Address : 1, South Street, Tiruchirappalli 5. Nationality : Indian 6. Sex : Female 7. Qualification : B.Sc. (Phy) I Class 8. Experience : 5 years 9. Languages known : Tamil and English
If I am appointed, I will do my duties sincerely. Place : Tiruchirappalli x x x x x Date : 29/09/2015 Signature Address on the envelope: To
Post Box No. 4231, C/o. The Hindu, Chennai-21.
SECTION – E
(Creative Competencies)
V.A) Match the proverbs with the meanings. [5 marks]
QUESTION No. 27 - 31
PROVERBS MEANINGS
1. One flower makes no garland - A single person cannot be powerful. 2. Waste not want not - Do not waste, be frugal. 3. Pen is mightier than the sword - Words can be more powerful than the
wars. 4. To err in human - No one is perfect. 5. Haste makes waste - Hurry makes worry. 6. United we stand, divided we fall - Union is strength. 7. Work is worship - Be conscious of your duty. 8. Truth alone triumphs - Always speak the truth. 9. Blood is thicker than water Your relatives are more interested in
you. 10. Covet all, lose all - Do not be over ambitious. 11. All that glitters is not gold - Do not be misguided by appearances. 12. As you sow as you reap - Accept the result of your actions.
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13. Look before you leap - Think well before taking any action. 14. Make hay while the sun shines - Act in the right time. 15. Too many cooks spoil the broth - A work should not be entrusted to
many people. 16. Birds of the same feather flock
together - Like minded persons always help one
another. 17. Better late than never - Even if delayed attend the meeting. 18. No pain, no gain - One cannot succeed without hard
work. 19. Seeing is believing - Do not believe in rumours. 20. Strike while the iron is hot - Make use of every opportunity. 21. Honesty is the best policy - Always speak the truth. 22. Empty vessels make much noise - People who talk more will achieve
nothing. 23. Many a drop makes an ocean - Small saving makes one rich. 24. Manners maketh a man - You should learn good manners. 25. Even Homer sometimes nods - Even perfect people fail some time. 26. Reading makes a perfect man - Try to read as much as possible. 27. Borrowed garments never fit well - Don’t imitate others. 28. Rome was not built in a day - Nothing can be achieved at once. 29. Brevity is the soul of wit - Be short while speaking and writing. 30. Where there is a will, there is a way - Strong will power is needed to achieve
anything. 31. Health is wealth - Take care of your health.
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B) Match the slogans with their relevant products.
QUESTION No. 32 - 36
SLOGANS PRODUCTS
1. Box of matches - Make fire in a rare way. 2. Glass - Handle with care. 3. Ointments - For external use. 4. Eraser - Erases everything but the past. 5. Music system - Hear more, enjoy more. 6. Micro tip pen - Flawless writing flows from this pen. 7. Cell phone - Talk more pay less. 8. Ice cream - Children’s delight. 9. Credit card - Buy now, pay later. 10. Boost - Secret of my energy. 11. Detergent - Cleans well and fine. 12. Air Conditioner - Bring Switzerland into your room. 13. Mobile phones - Immediate contact. 14. Camera - Fine snaps. 15. Motor bike - For extra mile and smile. 16. Watch - Sharp time for sharp people. 17. Mineral water - Quench your thirst without bacteria. 18. Radio - Enjoy the news and songs. 19. Shaving cream - A neat face in two seconds. 20. Digital Camera - Say cheese and freeze. 21. Tooth paste - Use for a while and get a sparkling
smile. 22. Lens - Gives clear vision. 23. Newspaper - World news for a rupee. 24. Dictionary - Increase your word power. 25. Lipstick - Paint the town red. 26. Dress - Modest and a smart look. 27. Ball point pen - Flawless writing flows from this pen. 28. Tea - The cup that cheers most Indians. 29. Gum - Fixes everything except broken heart. 30. All out - Have a peaceful sleep. 31. Scooter - For smooth driving. 32. Calendar - Printout the passing of days. 33. Shoes - A comfortable some in a cosy hole. 34. Shampoo - Leaves your hair smooth and silky. 35. Computer - Doorstep to knowledge. 36. Mixi - Grinder - Kitchen mate. 37. Car - Make the travel easier.
SECTION – F (Extensive Reading)
VI. Write a general essay on any one of the following topics. [10]
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1. RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Introduction : Rain is an important source of water. If it is preserved properly we can reduce the water problem. Benefits of harvesting : It increases the ground water level. When rain water is not stored, it results in flood and soil erosion. Rain water reduces the demand for drinking water and used for agriculture. It is a clean and salt-free. It reduces salt-accumulation in the soil which is harmful to plants and crops. Means of storing : Everyone is to take pledge to construct rain water harvesting system in all buildings. In turn, the underground water level is increased. The benefit is immense. Conclusion : Rain water harvesting is the need of the hour. It saves our money and electricity. Hence we must use available water wisely.
2. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Introduction : Pollution means making things dirty. It causes various problems. Air Pollution : Air pollution means release of carbon-di-oxide in air. Vehicles, Cement factories, tanneries and thermal stations cause air pollution. It causes lung disease. It also affects the ozone layer. Water Pollution : Industrial waste and domestic sewage mix with drinking water. Industries use a lot of water which is discharged along with chemicals. Impure water causes many water-borne diseases. Noise Pollution : Cities are noisy. Loud speakers, automobiles distract our attention. Factories, trains and vehicles make a lot of noise. It causes deafness, ulcer and skin diseases. Conclusion : Lead simple life. Have a peace of mind.
3. MY AMBITION IN LIFE
Introduction : Everyone should have an aim in life. One should develop an ambition early in life. Various goals : The ambition may vary from person to person. I want to become a teacher. To achieve my goal I must work hard to serve the society. Ideal Teacher : The teachers are the real builders of the nation. The world of tomorrow will be born from the school today. India’s destiny is determined in the classrooms. Noble Profession : Teaching profession is a noble one. The teacher always moves with children. The teacher is responsible for moulding the behavior of the children. Conclusion : Now-a-days, teachers are respected. Hence I like this profession.
WISH YOU ALL SUCCESS