Post on 14-Apr-2018
transcript
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
1/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
STRUCTURAL ASPECTS IN
P RT EN INEERINLESSON 1 INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Fabrizio Paolacci
University Roma Tre
Department of Structures
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
2/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
OUTLINE
Content of the course
Objective of structural engineering
Structural typologies
Old and new approaches in structural engineering:
Allowable stress and LRFD methods Limit states and method of partial factors
Introduction to structural safet
Ultimate (ULS) and Serviceability (SLS) limit
states of structures es gn va ues or ac ons
Examples ULS combinations of actions on
t ical structures
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
3/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Content of the Course (1/6)
Limit states and method of partial factors
Introduction on structural safety concepts
Design values for actions and materials
Ultimate (ULS) and Serviceability (SLS)limit states of structures
o e an s an ar s or s ruc ura es gn
(European and American codes)
Example: identification ULS and SLS on a
frame structure
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
4/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Content of the Course (2/6)
Actions and load combinations
Introduction
Verification of limit states
Combination of actions according toEuropean and American codes
Example: ULS and SLS load combinations
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
5/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Content of the Course (3/6)a er a s proper es an ura y
Basic properties of steel
Qualification and acceptance criteria
Degradation and durability requirementsfor R.C and steel structures
or e eva ua on o ma er a
properties
Example: Evaluation of concrete strength
using PV test. In-field tests
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
6/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Content of the Course (4/6)
Design and analysis of R.C. and pre-stressed R.C structures
Ultimate limit states for concrete
s ruc ures ax a exura ac ons,shear and torsion)
structure (cracking limitation and
deformability)
Example: ULS and SLS of a R.C. and a
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
s ruc ure
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
7/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Content of the Course (5/6)
Basis of structural design
es gn an ana ys s o s ee an s ee -
concrete composite structures
concrete-steel composite beam andcolumns
Serviceability limit states of a steel
structure
Example: ULS and SLS of a frame
-
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
8/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Content of the Course (6/6)
seismic-prone areas
Basis of seismic response of structure
Definition of seismic action and
per ormance
Analysis methods (linear and non-linear
Seismic damages suffered by ports and
harbors.Example: application of linear and non-
linear analysis to an industrial steel
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
ac y
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
9/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
REFERENCES
- uroco e : es gn o concre e s ruc ures
EN 1998 - Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake
resistance
- ,
Concrete and Commentary ASCE 7-05 - Minimum Design Loads for buildings and
Robert Park, T. Paulay, Reinforced concrete structures,
John Wiley and Sons, 1975
Anil H. Cho ra D namic of Structures Prentice Hall 2007
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
10/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Objectives of Structural Engineering
Structural engineering is the sciencean art o es gn ng an ma ng, w t
economy, buildings, bridges,
ramewor s, ports an ot er structuresso that they can safely resist the forces
o w c ey may e su ec e .
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
11/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Structural Engineering process
Determine types magnitudes of loads
Determine structural context geometric and geological information
cost / schedule / height/ etc.
Limitations
Generate alternative structural systems
Analyze one or more alternatives
Select and perform detailed design mp ement usua y one y contractor
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
12/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Structural typologies
Arch (masonry/concrete) anar russ stee concrete
Beam/Girder
Braced Frame (steel/concrete)
Ri id Frame (concrete)
Space Truss (steel)
Special Structures (Geotechnical)
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
13/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Structural typologies (Arch)
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
14/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Structural typologies (Planar Truss)
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
15/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Structural typologies (Beam/girder)
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
16/42
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
17/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Structural typologies (3D truss)
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
18/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Structural typologies (3D truss)
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
19/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Structural typologies (Cable suspended)
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
20/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Structural typologies (Cable suspended)
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
21/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Structural typologies (Special structures)
Breakwaters
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
22/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Structural typologies (Special structures)
Gravity Retainingruc ure Walls
Berth Structures
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
eet p e wa pen p e uay
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
23/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Load path
Load Path is the term used toescri e t e pat y w ic oa s are
transmitted to the foundations
Di erent structures ave i erentload paths
ome structures ave on y one pat
Some have several (redundancy good)
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
24/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Load path
The structural scheme
determines the loadpath. The designer has
to select the most
appropr a e sc eme.
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
25/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Outcomes of structural engineering
The structural Engineering :
identifies loads to be resisted
identifies alternatives for providing load
pa s arc , russ, rame, ...
designs structure to provide safe and
, ,
connections)
to be economical and safe, we must beable to predict what forces are in
structure.
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
26/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Methods for the safety assessment: Load
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
The evaluation of the structural safety is the first
Step of the design process, which has consequences on
the further choices. In articular the dimensionin of
the structure, the costs,etc..The levels of risk depends on the design method
. ,
design methods
Load and Resistance Factor Design
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
27/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
an owa e ress es gn
ASD
The general form for ASD is:Usually the effects of loads
are represented by the
resistance by the localstrength.
Rn= nominal resistance
represented by the unique
safety factor FS
= nom na ea oa e ect
Qt1, Qt2= nominal transient load effects
= load combination factor
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
= ac or o a e y
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
28/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
an owa e ress es gn
LRFD
The general form for LRFD is:
The uncertaint is
subdivided inuncertainty due to
n nom na res s ance
Qd= nominal dead load effect
Qt1, Qt2 = nominal transient
resistance. The
definition of resistance
1 = load factor associated with the
ithload effect
=
general
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
29/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
an owa e ress es gn
The main drawbacks of the allowable stress desi n are:
1. The analysis is purely deterministic
. ,
a physiologic effect in the designer of having highsafety margins.
.
a not convenient method to dimension a structure
4. It is not possible to verify quantities different from
e ens on e.g. corros on, re e c..
5. It is logic to discard a structure only on the basis of
the stress level.
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
30/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
an owa e ress es gn
On the contrar there are several advantan es
1. There is the possibility of using the superposition
behaviour .
. ,
for static actions
. oo e av our s own y a e s ruc ures
designed using the ASD method
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
31/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
an owa e ress es gn
The advanta es of the LRFD method are
1. Uncertainties of resistance and action are evaluated
2. For the estimation of the resistance it is possible to
-
and structures.
. evera m s a es can e cons ere , w c nvo ve
both ultimate and serviceability conditions
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
32/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Limit states and partial factors
n ro uc on o s ruc ura sa e y
Resistance
WR Resistance
Load effects
Load
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
33/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Limit states and partial factors
n ro uc on o s ruc ura sa e y
It is reco nized that Resistancesafety and integrity of
the structure can be WR
load effect W falls at apoint to the left of point
Load effects
the right on the curve R.
Failure, on the other
an , wou e expec e
if the point falls in the
shaded area
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
34/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Limit states and partial factors
n ro uc on o s ruc ura sa e y
The definition of thesafety margin is done
using structural
.
In particular thereliability index is
WR = mean
22
WR +
Standard dev.
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
35/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Limit states and partial factors
n ro uc on o s ruc ura sa e y
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
36/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Limit states and partial factorsDefinition of limit states
Ultimate Limit States
To satisfy the ultimate limit state, the structure must not collapse whensu jecte to t e pea esign oa or w ic it was esigne . structure is
deemed to satisfy the ultimate limit state criteria if all factored bending,
shear and tensile or compressive stresses are below the factored resistance
ca cu a e or e sec on un er cons era on. ereas agn ca on ac or
is used for the loads, and Reduction Factor for the resistance of members.Serviciability limit states
,
functional for its intended use subject to routine (read: everyday) loading,
and as such the structure must not cause occupant discomfort under routine
.when the constituent elements do not deflect by more than certain limits laid
down in the building codes, the floors fall within predetermined vibration
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
,
applicable building code.
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
37/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Limit states and partial factorsDefinition of limit states
Ultimate Limit States
EQU (Equilibrium)
ruc ura
GEO (Geotechnical)
FAT (Fatigue)
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
38/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Limit states and partial factorsDefinition of limit states
Ultimate Limit States
EQU (Equilibrium)
ruc ura
GEO (Geotechnical)
FAT (Fatigue)
Mu > Md
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
U i i R T
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
39/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Limit states and partial factorsDefinition of limit states
Ultimate Limit States
EQU (Equilibrium)
ruc ura
GEO (Geotechnical)
FAT (Fatigue)
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
U i it R T
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
40/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Limit states and partial factorsDefinition of limit states
Serviciability Limit States
DEF (deformation)
ress eve
CR (craking level, for concrete)
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
U i it R T
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
41/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
Limit states and partial factorsULS Safety factors for actions and combinations
ULS
EC2 p. 2.3.3
n
Unfavorableeffects
Favorableeffects
++= =iikiikqkgd QQGF
1 g 1.4 1.0
q 1.5 0
Varia e actions orcivil structures
0.7
Office, schools 0.7
garages 0.7
Snow, wind 0.7
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1
University Roma Tre
7/30/2019 1329487208 Structural Aspects in Ports Engineering - Lesson 1
42/42
University Roma Tre
Training Course of Ports Engineering for Iraqi experts - 2012
ULS Safety factors for actions and combinationsExample
Structural aspects in Port Engineering Lesson 1