Post on 25-Dec-2015
transcript
Vocabulary I
Geocentric Theory: Earth centered view of solar system (Aristotle)
Scientific Revolution: New was of thinking about the natural world. Use science to answer questions (lightening)
Scientific Method: Logical, step-by-step method of science. Foundation for all of modern research.
Heliocentric Theory: Sun centered view of solar system (Copernicus)
Galileo Galilei: Italian Astronomer. Findings went against the church.
Isaac Newton: English, Law of Gravity, Laws of Motion
Vocabulary II
Enlightenment: New intelligence movement that stressed reasons and thought to solve problems (figure it out)
Social Contract: Thomas Hobbes’ agreement with people and government. Consent to rule, rule for the people.
John Locke: Natural Rights; Everyone is born Free and Equal. (life, liberty and property). Overthrow gov. if these are not provided.
Voltaire: French, tolerance, reasons, religious freedom, speech, “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”
Vocabulary III
Montesquieu: French, separation of powers, “Power.. Should check power.”
Rousseau: French, Individual freedom, “Man is born free….and everywhere he is in chains.”
Mary Wollstonecraft: Women’s Rights, educated and useful (medicine/politics)
Salon: Social gatherings for “thinkers”Enlightened Despot: Absolute ruler who accepted
the Enlightenment ideasCatherine The Great: Russia, reformed Russia
using the ideas from the Enlightenment era.
The Scientific Revolution
The Roots of Modern Science New Way of Thinking
Scientific Revolution Careful observation and questioning of accepted beliefs
Discovery of new lands during exploration and printing press helped to spread new ideas
The use of “science” to explain the unknown or the supernatural Scientifically explanation for everything in the Universe
The Heliocentric Theory
Nicolaus Copernicus – First to propose idea that sun was the center of the universe (1543)
Johannes Kepler - Demonstrated using math that planets revolve elliptically around the sun
A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
Galileo's Discoveries
Discovered the law of universal acceleration
Starry Messenger The Dialogue Concerning the
Two Chief World Systems Built Europe’s first telescope,
advocated that the sun was the center of the universe
Conflict With the Church Church leaders were afraid new
theories might cause others to question church
Forced Galileo to confess he thought Copernicus’ theory was wrong!
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method Using logic, reason,
and experiments to reach conclusions
Rene Descartes Everything should be
doubted until proven by reason
Sir Isaac Newton Explained the laws of
gravity
Rene Descartes“I think…therefore I am” Sir Isaac Newton
The First True Research Scientists
Newton Explains the Law of Gravity
All physical objects were affected equally by the same forces
“For every action… there is an equal or greater reaction”
The Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy
Universe was a giant “clock” and was expressed mathematically
The Scientific Revolution Spreads: Medicine and The Human Body
New technology such as the microscope allowed humans to see bacteria for the first time
Zacharias Janssen and Anton van Leeuwenhoek Discover bacteria
Evangelista Torricelli (Italian) Invented the Barometer
Gabriel Fahrenheit (German) Thermometer “32”
Anders Celsius (Swede) Celsius based on “0”
The Scientific Revolution Spreads: Medicine and The Human Body
Andreas Vesalius (Dutch) On the Structure of the Human Body Detailed map of the body (organs/functions)
Edward Jenner (English) Created world’s first vaccine Helped to eliminate smallpox
Robert Boyle (English) The Skeptical Chemist Boyle’s Law: Matter was made up of smaller primary
particles that joined together in different ways Volume, Temperature and Pressure of gas
Main Ideas
1. Before the 1500’s who was the “final” authority with most unexplained events?
2. Why did this institution resist change?
Thomas Hobbes John Locke
The Enlightenment In Europe: England
Two Views On Government: Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Book: The Leviathan
Humans are natural selfish and wickedGovernments needed to maintain order…
The Social Contract Escape bleak life by having a strong ruler In exchange for Law/Order
Absolute Rulers, Absolute Monarchy
John Locke
People could learn from experience/improve Self-Government All people are born free and equalNatural Rights
Life, Liberty and Property Government must protect these rights Overthrow it!! Power of government comes from the CONSENT of
peopleBook: Two Treatises of Government
Enlightenment Thinkers
Voltaire 70 Books
Attacked abuses of the government and church
Advocated tolerance, reason, religious freedom and freedom of speech
“The pen is mightier than the sword”
Baron de Montesquieu Jean Jacques Rousseau
Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers Believed that “power
must check power” to prevent tyranny
Thought up the theory of Checks and Balances
Book: On the Spirit of Laws
Rousseau: Champion of Freedom “Man is born free… but
everywhere he is in chains” Book: The Social Contract “The only legitimate
government was one freely formed by the people
Thought Direct Democracy the best form of government
Enlightenment Thinkers
Cesare Bonesanna Beccaria
Mary Wollstonecraft
ItalianLaws existed to
preserve social order, not to avenge crimes
Abuses torturing of
witnesses/suspects Speedy trial Punishments fits the crime
Limited rights for women
A Vindication of the Rights of Women Education to become
useful Women were important
to society
Enlightenment Thinkers'
Major Ideas of the EnlightenmentIdeas Thinker Impact
Natural Rights(Life, Liberty,
Property)
John Locke Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Independence
Separation of Powers
Montesquieu France, U.S., Latin America nations use in new governments
Freedom of thought and expression
Voltaire U.S. Bill of Rights, French Dec. of Rights and Citizen, European monarchs reduce censorship
Abolishment of Torture
Beccaria U.S. Bill of Rights, torture outlawed/reduced in Europe/Americas
Religious Freedom
Voltaire Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights, French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, European Monarchs reduce persecution
Women’s Equality Wollstonecraft Women’s rights groups from in Europe and North America
The Legacy of the Enlightenment
1. Belief in Progress1. Human reason could solve social and medical problems2. Perfect society was possible
2. A More Secular Outlook1. People began to question the beliefs and teachings of
the church2. Promoted religious tolerance
3. Importance of the Individual1. People began to look inward for guidance instead of to
the Church or monarchs
4. Causes Revolutions1. American, French, South American, Etc.
The Enlightenment Spreads
1700s Paris, France is the cultural/intellectual capital Enlightenment Ideas
are discussedSalons
Social gatherings/spreading of Enlightenment ideals
First Encyclopedias are developed Thirst for knowledge
The Enlightenment Spreads
Changes in MusicLighter more elegant
musicBirth of “Classical”
Music Vienna, Austria
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Ludwig van Beethoven
Enlightened Monarchs
Enlighten Despots
Supported “new” enlightenment ideas
Didn’t want to loose any power!!
Stronger Countries/Rule More Effectively
Fredrick The Great of Prussia
Catherine The Great of Russia
Enlightened Despots
Fredrick The Great of Prussia
Catherine The Great of Russia
Promoted religious tolerance and abolished torture
The job of a ruler was to serve the state and the people “The First Servant of
The State…”
Limited the rights of Serfs to maintain power
Put in limited reforms for religious toleration
Expanded Russia west into Poland and south to the Black Sea
Enlightened Despots