Post on 02-Jan-2016
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Four Classes of Organic CompoundsFour Classes of Organic Compounds
The 4 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS that make up most of living organisms are:
CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsNucleic Acids
How do organisms get the organic How do organisms get the organic compounds that they need?compounds that they need?
They can make some of them. Plants make all the organic compounds
they need. They must take in inorganic
compounds that they use to make organic compounds.
They must eat some of them. Animals must consume most of the
organic compounds they use. Many are digested (broken down) into
their components and then assembled into new compounds.
Our FocusOur Focus
We will focus our studies on: What humans obtain from the food they eat What different nutrients are needed for in
our bodies
Later we will investigate the food pyramid, the digestion and absorption of food and maintaining a healthy weight.
The Six Basic Nutrients in FoodThe Six Basic Nutrients in Food
1. Proteins2. Carbohydrates3. Fats and Oils4. Vitamins5. Minerals6. Water
ProteinsProteins
Used for growth and repair of body tissues
Used as enzymes to regulate chemical processes in your cells
Used as antibodies to fight off infection
Used for the production of hormones that regulate the physiology of your body
ProteinsProteins
Found in many foods. Protein-rich foods include:
EggsMeatsFishMilk and cheese Dry Beans, including soybeansPeasSome Nuts
From Animals
From Plants
ProteinsProteins
Proteins from animal sources are the most complete – complete proteins contain all the amino acids your body needs to build the proteins it needs.
The egg is considered the most complete protein for us to eat.
ProteinsProteins
Foods from plant sources contain less complete proteins
Most people can still get all the protein they need from plant sources if they choose from the legume group (beans, peas, peanuts, etc.)
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Usually the major source of energy in our diet
Also provides fiber or bulk Includes:
SugarStarchFiber
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Found in Grains and Grain ProductsCerealsBreadsPastaRice, Barley, Etc.
Also in Fruits and Vegetables
How do we measure energy in How do we measure energy in food?food?
The amount of energy that food provides is measured in Calories.
A food Calorie is defined as the amount of energy needed to raise 1 kg of water by 1°C. (equal to 1,000 calories in physical science)
How do we measure energy in How do we measure energy in food?food?
Sugar and starch provide 4 Calories of energy per gram.
Fiber, which is not digested, does not provide any calories.
Although protein is not primarily eaten to provide energy, if the body does use it for energy it also provides 4 Calories per gram.
Fats and Oils (Lipids)Fats and Oils (Lipids)
Provide the body with energyFats are a necessary component of all
cellsFat in our bodies cushions and
supports vital organsFat provides our bodies with insulation
Fats and Oils (Lipids)Fats and Oils (Lipids)
Lipids supply over twice as much energy per gram than either protein or carbohydrates do (9 Calories per gram)
Mono- and Poly- unsaturated fats are believed to be more healthy for us to consume
Fats and Oils (Lipids)Fats and Oils (Lipids)
Sources of lipids in our diets include:MeatsCheesesNutsVegetable Oils, Margarines and ButterMany prepared foods including baked
goods and fried foods
VitaminsVitamins
A vitamin is any of the organic compounds required by the body in small amounts for metabolism, to protect health and for proper growth in children.
There are 13 well-identified vitamins; they are not chemically related.
They generally act as catalysts in combination with proteins/enzymes.
VitaminsVitamins
Classified into two typesFat Soluble that can be stored in the
body’s fat – A, D, E and KWater Soluble that cannot be stored and
need to be eaten frequently (daily if possible)– the 8 B vitamins and Vit. C
The only one that can be made by our bodies is Vitamin D
VitaminsVitamins
Each vitamin performs one or more specific functions in our bodies. Some things they are important for include: Red blood cell formation Vision Blood Clotting Amino Acid, energy, and carbohydrate
metabolism Formation of bones, teeth and connective tissue
VitaminsVitamins
Vitamins come from a variety of food sources, for example:Vit. A (β carotene) – Yellow and green
vegetable, egg yolks, etc.Vit. C – citrus fruits, tomatoes, etc.
Many foods are good sources of one or more vitamins, especially vegetables, whole grains and meats
Vitamin DeficienciesVitamin Deficiencies
Diseases can result from a lack of specific vitamins:Scurvy – lack of Vit. C, used to be a
problem for sailors who did not get fresh fruits for long periods of time
Rickets – lack of Vit. D causing deformed bones and bowlegs (Not usually a problem in the tropics; why not?)
Vitamin DeficienciesVitamin Deficiencies
Diseases can result from a lack of specific vitamins:Blindness – Lack of Vitamin A is still a
major cause of blindness of children in poor countries
Pellagra – Niacin (B3) deficiency
Beriberi – Thiamine (B1) deficiency
B VitaminsB Vitamins
There are 8 known B vitaminsB1- Thiamine
B2- Riboflavin
B3 - Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)
B6 – Pyridoxine
B12 – CobalaminFolic AcidPantothenic AcidBiotin
MineralsMinerals
Minute amounts of metallic elements that are vital for the healthy growth of teeth and bones
Also function in enzyme action, muscle contraction, nerve reaction, oxygen transport, and blood clotting
MineralsMinerals
Iron – needed for oxygen transport (part of the hemoglobin molecule)
Not enough causes anemiaCalcium – vital for normal cell function
and a major component of bones and teeth
Not enough can lead to osteoporosisPhosphorus – an important part of
DNA, RNA and ATP (an energy transferring molecule); part of bones
MineralsMinerals
Potassium, magnesium and sodium– needed for muscle and nerve function
Iodine – needed by thyroid Not enough results in goiter formation
Sodium and chloride – water balanceToo much can contribute to high blood
pressure
Fluorine – part of bones and teethHelps prevent cavities
MineralsMinerals
Other essential minerals include:ZincSelenium (poisonous if too much)CopperManganeseChromiumMolybdenumSulfur
WaterWater
Needed because:Our bodies are 65% waterAll the chemical reactions in our
bodies occur in waterWater carries nutrients throughout
our bodies (blood is 90% water)Water helps maintain correct body
temperature