17.1: STRUCTURE OF THE ATOMPS- 2.1 COMPARE THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES OF AN ATOM WITH REGARD TO MASS, LOCATION, AND CHARGE, AND EXPLAIN HOW THESE PARTICLES AFFECT THE PROPERTIES OF ATOMS (IDENTITY, MASS, VOLUME, AND REACTIVITY)

SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND

Names of elements can be long and complicated, so scientists developed a “shorthand” method.

Chemical symbols have either one capital letter or a capital letter plus one or two smaller letters.

SCIENTIFIC SHORTHANDFor some elements, the symbol is the first letter of the element’s name.

For others, the symbol is the first letter of the name plus another letter from it’s name.

This system is used worldwide so everyone understands what the symbols mean.

ATOMIC COMPONENTS

An element is matter that is composed of only one type of atom, which is the smallest piece of matter that still retains the property of the element.

Atoms are composed of particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons.

ATOMIC COMPONENTS

Protons and neutrons are found in a small, positively charged center of the atom called the nucleus.

The nucleus is surrounded by a cloud containing electrons.

ATOMIC COMPONENTSProtons are particles with an electrical charge of +1

Electrons are particles with an electrical charge of -1

Neutrons are neutral particles that do not have any electrical charge.

ATOMIC COMPONENTS

The nucleus is located in the center of an electron cloud.

The electron cloud is the space where electrons are moving erratically in areas of space called energy levels.

Energy levels are regions of space at increasing distances from the nucleus.

ATOMIC COMPONENTS

Electrons with more energy occupy energy levels further from the nucleus.

There are a maximum number of electrons that can occupy each energy level and that number increases the further the energy level is from the nucleus

ATOMIC COMPONENTS

The net charge of the nucleus is positive and equal to the number of protons.

Protons and neutrons have about the same mass.

The mass of an electron is much less than the mass of protons and neutrons

PARTICLE CHARGE

• There is an attractive force between electrons and protons.

• There is a repulsive force between electrons and electrons, and between protons and protons.

• Understand that atoms are neutrally charged because the number of electrons is the same as the number of protons.

QUARKS- EVEN SMALLER PARTICLES…

Protons and Neutrons are made up of even smaller particles called quarks.

Scientists have confirmed the existence of 6 different quarks.

QUARKSOne configuration of quarks makes a proton.

A different configuration of quarks makes a neutron.

MODELS

Scientists use models to represent things that are difficult to visualize in your mind.

EARLY ATOMIC MODEL1800s, John Dalton constructed the first model of the atom, which depicts the atom as a solid sphere.

Changed since then.

1926 the Electron Cloud Model was adopted.

An electron cloud is the area around the nucleus of an atom where its electrons are most likely found.

ELECTRON CLOUD MODEL

ELECTRON CLOUD MODEL

Electron cloud is 100,000 times larger than the diameter of the nucleus.

Every electron in the cloud is much smaller than a single proton.

Since the electron’s mass is so small and it is moving so quickly around the nucleus, it is impossible to tell its exact location in an atom.

REVIEW

What is the smallest piece of matter that

still retains the property of the

element?

REVIEW

Atoms

REVIEW

What particles are found in the

nucleus of an atom?

REVIEW

Protons and neutrons

REVIEW

What is the name of the small

particles that make up protons and

neutrons?

REVIEW

Quarks

REVIEW

Where are the electrons of an atom found?

In the electron cloud orbiting the nucleus. (protons

and neutrons)

QUICK RESEARCH

Who is credited with discovering quarks?

What is the name of the book that inspired him/her to name

the discovery “quark”?