18.4 Two Nations live on the EdgeThe fear of nuclear attack was a direct result of the Cold War. After the

development of the atomic bomb, two superpower countries, the U.S. and Soviet Union, were on an arms race that enormously increased both the

number and destructive power of weapons.

Grant, Eric, Robert, and Cody

Section 18.4 Vocab• H-bomb, the hydrogen bomb- a thermonuclear weapon much more powerful

than the atomic bomb• Dwight D. Eisenhower - president during the period that the H-bomb was

developed • John Foster Dulles - secretary of state for Dwight D. Eisenhower• Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to the edge of all-out war• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)- a U.S. agency created to gather secret

information about foreign governments• Warsaw Pact - a military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its

Eastern European satellites• Eisenhower Doctrine - A U.S. commitment to defend the Middle East

against attack by any communist country, announced by president Dwight D. Eisenhower

• Nikita Khrushchev - the first lone leader to succeed Stalin. Like Stalin, he believed communism would take over the world, but thought it could triumph peacefully

• U-2 incident - the downing of a U.S. spy plane and capture of its pilot by the Soviet Union

Brinkmanship Rules US Policy• Nuclear arms race began

during Truman Presidency• H-Bomb (Hydrogen Bomb)

– More destructive than Atomic bomb

– Estimated force of 1 million tons of TNT

• US entered deadly race with Soviets, determining who could make H-Bomb faster

• US won race, exploded first H-Bomb on November 1, 1952

• Dwight D. Eisenhower- president during creation and time of H-Bomb

• John Foster Dulles- Secretary of State, was anti-communist

– Proposed that US could prevent spread of Communism by using its powerful force

• The willingness of the US to go to the edge of all out war became known as Brinkmanship

Cold War Spreads Around the World

• Eisenhower administration started to rely heavily on the C.I.A.- (Central Intelligence Agency)- used spies to gather information abroad

• Also, C.I.A. began to carry out covert, or secret operations– Goal was to weaken or

overthrow governments unfriendly to US

• Covert Actions conducted by C.I.A.– Iran

• Iran’s prime minister nationalized all oil fields, he placed them under privately owned industries (owned mostly by Great Britain)

• C.I.A. gave several millions to anti-prime minister supporters

• US wanted Shah of Iran back in control, money given from US helped. Shah was back in control in coming months

Cold War continues to spread• After concluding peace

treaties with Austria, west Germany was allowed to rearm and join NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

• Soviet Union became fearful

• Formed owned military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact- this linked the Soviet Union with seven eastern European Countries

• Summit in Geneva– “Open Skies” Proposal– Would allow US and Soviet

Union to allow flights over each others territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks

– Soviet Union rejected policy

– The world hailed the “Spirit of Geneva” as a step towards peace

Suez War and Eisenhower Doctrine• Suez War

– Great Britain and US agreed to help Egypt with construction on a damn in the Nile river

– Egypt's head of government, Gamal Abdel-Nasser, was trying to play the Soviets and the US against each other

– Dulles withdrew his offer, Egypt nationalized Suez canal, French and British were outraged

– Israel, Britain, and France seized end of Mediterranean

– UN had to step in and stop the fighting

– Canal still belong to Egypt

• President Eisenhower issued a warning known as the Eisenhower Doctrine stated that the US would defend the Middle east against any attack by any communist country

• Congressed approved Doctrine in March of 1957

• A revolt in Hungary started in 1956, Imre Nagy formed new government with free elections, and denounce Warsaw Pact.

• Soviets response was brutal, they killed over 30,000 Hungarians

• US did nothing to help Hungary, The Doctrine didn’t lead up to what it promised

The Cold War Takes to the Skies• Nikita Khrushchev- believed that

communism would take over the world, he favored a policy of peaceful coexistence in which two powers would compete economically and scientifically

• Space race– US vs. Soviet Union– Soviet Union was first to launch

satellite, the Sputnik,– Sputnik traveled 18,000 miles per hour

and revolved around the globe in 96 minutes

– US successfully launched their own on January 31, 1958

• U-2 Shot Down– CIA began making secret high altitude

flights over Soviet territory– The U-2 planes infrared camera took

detailed photographs of troop movements and missile sites

• US officials worried about U-2 program– Secret was out in public– Soviets had radar and SAMs (surface

to air missiles)– Main Concern- the soviets knew that

the U-2 was flying over Soviet airspace– Francis Gary Powers a U-2 pilot was

shot down on May 1, 1960• After this incident Eisenhower stopped

all U-2 flights, but he wouldn’t apologize to Khrushchev

• U-2 incident opened tension between the two superpowers as great as ever.

Review

1. The H – Bomb has an estimated force of ____ million tons of TNT.

2. He proposed that the U.S. could prevent communism by promising to use all of its force.

3. The _______ linked the Soviet Union with seven Eastern European Countries.

4. What was the Eisenhower Doctrine?

5. This incident lead to the tension between the Soviet Union and the U.S. to grow.

The End

Hosted

By:

Robert, Grant, Cody, and Eric

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Races

Row 1, Col 1

What was the name of the first satellite to orbit the earth?

Sputnik

1,2

What does C.I.A. stand for?

Central Intelligence Agency

1,3

Who was the U.S. pilot that was shot down in the

U-2 incident?

Francis Gary Powers

1,4

Who was president when the Atomic Bomb was made?

Harry Truman

2,1

What Country first developed the H-Bomb?

United States

2,2

Where did one of the first CIA operations take place?

Iran

2,3

How many years in prison did Francis Gary Powers

receive after he was caught?

10 years

2,4

What was the “Open Skies” proposal?

The U.S. and Soviet Union would allow flights over

each others countries to guardagainst surprise nuclear attacks

3,1

How many tons of force does a H-Bomb produce?

1 million tons

3,2

When was the H-Bomb first exploded? Month/Day/Year

November 1, 1952

3,3

The cameras took detailed photographs utilizing what

type of light spectrum?

Infrared

3,4

What was the Eisenhower Doctrine?

The U.S. would defend the middleeast against an attack by any

communist country

4,1

True or False. The first American attempt to launch a

Satellite was successful

False

4,2

The CIA’s goal after giving money to

anti-prime minister supporters was?

Having the Shah of Iran return to power

4,3

What are SAMs?

Surface to Air Missiles

4,4

What nation state was created sixty years ago this

Wednesday?

Israel

5,1

The sputnik traveled at a speed of ______ mph and could

revolve around the globe in _______ minutes.

18,000 mph96 minutes

5,2

Where was the first H-Bomb dropped?

The small island Eniwetok in the Marshall Islands

5,3

What was the main concern from U.S. officials about the

U-2 program?

The Soviets knew that the U-2 spy mission was flying

over Soviet airspace

5,4

True or False. Mr. Schumacher attend school at the University of Santa Barbra

False University of California Santa Barbra