Post on 25-Dec-2015
transcript
1850s: A Decade of Crisis
Chapter 18-19
Objective #1
• Assess the extent to which the idea of Manifest Destiny affected politics within the United States as illustrated by the Compromise of 1850
Objective #2
• Trace the increasing sectional hostility of the 1850s as a result of– Slavery– The Fugitive Slave Act– Kansas-Nebraska Act– “Bleeding Kansas”– Dred Scott v. Sanford– John Brown’s Raid
Objective #3
• Trace the increasing sectional hostility of the 1850s, as a result of slavery, and the rise of the Republican Party and the election of 1860.
North-South Avoids/Compromises Showdown on Slavery
• 1787: 3/5 and slave trade compromises
• 1820: Missouri Compromise
• 1833: Nullification
• After war with Mexico: what do we do with the new territory?
The Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession
Wilmot Proviso
• “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist” in the new territories.– Attached to an
appropriations bill for funding the war with Mexico
• Passed House, Failed in Senate
• Debate by section, not party line
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Did Congress Have the Right to Dictate Slavery in States?
• Precedent said yes– Northwest Ordinance– Missouri Compromise
John C. Calhoun’s Argument
• Unconstitutional to prohibit slavery
• Act of Congress cannot keep slaveholders from taking their property into territories (5th Amendment)
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Election of 1848• Dems: Lewis Cass
– Dems official stance on slavery: silence
– Cass: Popular Sovereignty
• Whigs: Zachary Taylor– Taylor had never voted in
an election– But was popular war
hero– Silent on slavery (owned
slaves)
• Free-Soil: Martin Van Buren
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Who were the Free-Soilers?
• Northerners• Did not trust Cass or Taylor• Supported Wilmot Proviso• Abolitionists
– Keep western land free of blacks (slave and free) so that whites would not have to compete with them
– “Free soil, free labor, and free men”
• Nationalists who wanted federal money for internal improvements
• Advocated free homesteads for farmers• Industrialists against Polk’s reduced tariff • A few Northern Whigs and Antislavery Democrats
Results of Election of 1848
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Issues Taylor has to Solve
• 1. California: Free or slave?• 2. Land from Mexico: Free or slave?• 3. Existence of slave trade in
Washington D.C.• 4. Lack of enforcement of Fugitive Slave
Act of 1793– Southern states meet in Oct., 1849 to
discuss secession.
Compromise of 1850
• Written by Henry Clay• 1. California admitted as free state.• 2. New Mexico and Utah territories: popular
sovereignty• 3. Texas given $10 million to pay off debts to
Mexico.• 4. Fugitive Slave Law of 1850• 5. Slave trade ended in D.C. (but not slavery)
Taylor Threatens Veto
• But, Taylor dies unexpectedly in 1850.
• VP Millard Fillmore becomes President
• Signed into law• Political parties
continue to split sectionally
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Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
• Required federal marshals to help slaveholders seize runaway slaves
• Abolitionists: it encouraged kidnapping
• Blacks could not testify on own behalf
• Federal commissioners in charge of cases were paid more if they ruled person was a slave.
• Many Northern states passed laws forbidding local officials from aiding
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Compromise of 1850
Compromise of 1850
HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896)
HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896)
So this is the lady who started the Civil War.
-- Abraham Lincoln
So this is the lady who started the Civil War.
-- Abraham Lincoln
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1852
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1852 Sold 300,000
copies inthe first year.
2 million in a decade!
Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year.
2 million in a decade!
1852 Presidential Election
1852 Presidential Election
Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil
Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil
Major Party Candidates
• Democrats (Pierce):– Pro-slavery Northerner (accepted by South)– Pro-territorial expansion (like Polk)– Endorsed the Compromise of 1850
• Whigs (Scott):– War hero (of course)– Pro-Compromise of 1850
• Problem for Whigs: More disorganized– Northerners did not like him for endorsing Fugitive
Slave Act– Southerners did not like the Northerner.
1852Electio
n Results
1852Electio
n Results
Federal Government in 1853
• Executive Branch: • Pro-slavery Northern President (Democrat)• Majority of cabinet was from South (Democrat)• Veto Power
• Legislative Branch:• North controls House (Democratic controlled)• North controls Senate (Democratic controlled)
• Judicial Branch:• Majority of the justices were Southerners
Democrats in Control
• Mandate for Manifest Destiny
• 1853: Gadsden Purchase for southern railroad link to west coast for $10 million
• South also interested in extending further south into Latin American lands
Ostend Manifesto (1854)
• Pierce approved a secret meeting of American diplomats in Ostend, Belgium – Discussed buying Cuba for
$120 million– South could potentially pass
North in size and power
• Northern free-soilers outraged– At same time Uncle Tom’s
Cabin peaking– Pierce was forced to drop
issue
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Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853
Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853
•Followed Cushing’s treaty with China in 1844
• First formal agreement between US and China
•Perry arrives in Japan with warships
• Gives Japanese gifts and asks for free trade
• Returned in 1854 and received positive response
•Followed Cushing’s treaty with China in 1844
• First formal agreement between US and China
•Perry arrives in Japan with warships
• Gives Japanese gifts and asks for free trade
• Returned in 1854 and received positive response
Stephen Douglas
• Congressman from Illinois
• Pro expansion• Pro popular
sovereignty• Invested in railroads• Wanted to capture
leadership of Democratic party
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Nebraska Question
• Had to keep southern Democrats happy over slavery
• Nebraska territory requests statehood• It is totally above 36 30 line• South wants Nebraska to be a slave
state• He risks alienating South and ruining his
chance to one day be President.
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
• Split Nebraska into two territories (Kansas and Nebraska)
• Both could decide by popular sovereignty
• Assumption: One would be free, one would be slave
• Endorsed by President Pierce
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
Results of Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Re-opened question of slavery in territories• Split parties further
– Killed Whig Party (sectional differences within party)
• Split the Union– Most Northerners were against the destruction of
Missouri Compromise– Will resist all future southern demands for slave
territory– Refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law
• Bleeding Kansas (and later contributed to Civil War)
Growing Cities
• Increased nativism: job competition, language differences, religion, lowering wages
• Immigrants usually supported Democratic Party
• Growing belief that immigrants were corrupting politics
• American (Know-Nothing) saw little success as third party.
• Birth of Republican Party
Birth of the Republican Party, 1854
Birth of the Republican Party, 1854
ß Northern Whigs.
ß Northern Democrats.
ß Free-Soilers.
ß Know-Nothings.
ß Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
ß Northern Whigs.
ß Northern Democrats.
ß Free-Soilers.
ß Know-Nothings.
ß Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Republican Platform
• Would not interfere with slavery where it already existed
• Did not support equal rights for blacks• Anti-Catholic• Pro-temperance• Pro-public school• End fugitive slave laws• Support middle class, small business, laborers,
Northern farmers• Anti-Kansas Nebraska Act
Problems with Kansas
• New England Emigrant Aid Society sent free-soilers to Kansas to vote
• Missouri sent citizens to Kansas to vote in the election (more of them)
• Election results: twice as many people voted than number of registered voters
• Pro-slavery government was elected (Shawnee Mission)
• Free-Soilers set up government in Topeka• Federal government did nothing to solve problem.
“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery
Missourians)
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery
Missourians)
Violence in Kansas (1856)
• Pro-slavery supporters march on free-soil supported Lawrence (Sack of Lawrence)
• John Brown and group of abolitionists hack five pro-slavery men in revenge two days later (Massacre of Pottawatomie Creek)
“The Crime Against Kansas”
“The Crime Against Kansas”
Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)
Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)
Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)
Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)
1856 Presidential Election
1856 Presidential Election
√ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Know-Nothing
√ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Know-Nothing
1856Election Results
1856Election Results
1857: Call for New Election in Kansas
• LeCompton Constitution offered by the pro-slavery government as a “compromise”
• Only allowed people to vote on existing constitution with or without slavery
• Constitution protected slavery where it already existed
1857 Election results
• Only 2000 of 24,000 voters participated• Proslavery government elected• Free blacks barred from state• President James Buchanan endorsed it• Stephen Douglas opposed it: not true popular
sovereignty– Persuaded Senate to reject constitution– Hurt his support in the South
• Kept Kansas from becoming a state until 1861– Would become a free state when secessionists left
Congress
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857
Dred Scott Case (1857)
• Slaves are property and cannot be taken without due process (5th Amendment)– Compromise of 1820 had been
unconstitutional all along– Congress did not have power to ban
slavery in the territories
• Could not sue because he is not a citizen
Panic of 1857• Caused by:
– Over-speculation of land– Flood of gold from California caused inflation– Problems in grain market
• North hit worst• North favored higher tariff (industrialists) and cheaper
land (farmers)– Homestead Act (1860): public land given to farmers for $.25
an acre (vetoed by Buchanan)– Republican party planks in 1860
• King Cotton not impacted– South saw this as proof of economic superiority of cotton
production
The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858
The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858
A House divided against itself, cannot stand.
A House divided against itself, cannot stand.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)
• S. Douglas (D)– Dodged slavery
issue– Popular sovereignty
• Believed to be the front-runner for presidential nomination in 1860.
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• Abraham Lincoln (Re)– Anti-slavery but pro-
Union first– Believed in political
equality of blacks
• Challenged Douglas to a series of debates
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Freeport Doctrine
• Douglas stated that people in a territory could vote slavery down despite the Dred Scott decision
• Upset South
• Further splits Democratic party
• Douglas wins election but damages his chances for being President
John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859
John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859
John Brown’s Raid (1859)
• Brown and 22 men raid the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry
• Hoped to provoke slave uprising
• Arrested and executed for treason
• Madman or martyr?
• Gap between North and South grows
1860Presidenti
alElection
1860Presidenti
alElection
√ Abraham Lincoln
Republican
√ Abraham Lincoln
Republican
John BellConstitutional
Union
John BellConstitutional
Union
Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat
Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat
John C. Breckinridge
Southern Democrat
John C. Breckinridge
Southern Democrat
Election of 1860
• Democrats cannot decide on a candidate– North supports S. Douglas– South supports John Breckenridge (upset with
Douglas over Freeport Doctrine)
• Democrats split into Northern and Southern Democrats with two candidates
• Constitutional Union Party: fourth party made up of some Democrats, Know-Northings and former Whigs– John Bell was their nominee
Election of 1860
• Republicans want to take advantage of the split
• Run “moderate” Abraham Lincoln
• Reduced attacks on slavery (except to come out against extension of slavery), avoided expansion and equal rights
Republican Party Platform in 1860
Republican Party Platform in 1860ß Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-
Soilers.
ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].
ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].
ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].
ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.
ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].
ß Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.
ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].
ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].
ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].
ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.
ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].
1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”
1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!
1860
Election
Results
Note: Lincoln did not appear on the ballot in
10 southern states
1860
Election
Results
Note: Lincoln did not appear on the ballot in
10 southern states
Crittenden Compromise
• Amendment to Constitution trying to save Union– Slavery prohibited North
of 36 30 line– Future states could come
into the Union with or without slavery
• Not enough to save the Union
Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860
Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860
Confederate States of America
• Created in February, 1861
• Jefferson Davis was elected President– President Buchanan did nothing
• Needed his military (15,000 troops) to patrol Native Americans out west
• Believed an attack would ruin any chance of reconciliation
• Border states stay in the Union
Ft. Sumter: April, 1861
• Symbol of Union power in CSA• U.S. Major Robert Anderson requested
supplies– Lincoln wants to avoid war--that means no troops
or weapons– Lincoln also afraid borders states would leave
• Lincoln sends supplies• CSA, led by PGT Beauregard attacks• USA surrenders at battle of Ft. Sumter
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861