Post on 03-Mar-2018
transcript
7/26/2019 1870, Palmer, A Visit to Easter Island
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1870-palmer-a-visit-to-easter-island 1/14
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7/26/2019 1870, Palmer, A Visit to Easter Island
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1870-palmer-a-visit-to-easter-island 2/14
10808
LETTER
FROM
MR.
HAYWARD.
ETTER
FROM
MR.
HAYWARD.
[JAN
24,
1870.
JAN
24,
1870.
a
comparatively
asy
task,
and
that
here
physical
difficulties
and
privations
ill
alone
have
to
be
surmounted.
Should
all
Co
well,
you
may,
I
think,
ount
on
my
being
near
the
great
object
of
my
research
and
the
termination
f
my
laboursaboutthe time of yourannivelsarymeetingnext
May.
Arrived
at
the
Karakul,
shall
find
myself
placed
n
a
peculiar
position.
lone
in
the
heart
of
Gentral
Asia,
it
will
be
a
subject
of
much
consideratio
hether
an
attempt
should
be
made
to
return
to
India
through
he
frontiel
ribes,
or
the
shorter
and,
perhaps,
afer
way
illtO
Russian
Turkistan
should
e
followed.
lahe
latter
would
be
desirable,
ince
a
connected
eries
of
observa-
ions,
carried
on
from
Booliji,
on
the
Ihdus,
across
the
Pamir
and
into
the
Dasin
f
the
Jaxartes,
hould
securevaluable
cientific
results.
I
will
not
fail
to
report
the
proCress
f
the
expedition
as
far
as
is
practi-
able;
but
postal
communication,
ven
up
to
GilCit,
s,
at
this
time
of
tlle
ear,
very
difficult.
"
May
I
beg
yon
to
be
good
enouoh o rememberme kindly to the Collncilf he GeoCraphicalociety,
whc)se
ood
wishes
for
the
success
of
the
entelprise
feel
sure
that
I
have,
and
"
Believe
me,
my
dear
Sir,
-ollrs
very
truly,
To
Sir
R.
Murchison.
"
GEORGE
.
HAYWARD.
"
The
Rashmir
Government
s
tryinffl
o
dissuade
me
from
going
via
ilait,
not
wishing
an
Enalishman
to
see
the
exact
state
of
that
fiontier.
he
danvers
are,
I
think,
exaCgerated
y
the
Kashmir
officials,
and
I
feel
ertairl
hat
every
obstacle
will
be
thrown
in
the
way
of
proceeding
beyolld
he
Gilgit
frontier.
I
shall
find
it
very
difficult
to
communicate
with
the
assin
r
Hnnza
and
Nagar
people.
The
Maharaja
as himself told rrle hatnlyately the Hunzapeoplehavemadea raid
and
burnt
some
of
his
villaCes,
nd
estelday
the
news
was
received
hele
that
the
Kashmir
cominandant
f
he
Gilvit
district
had
cauCht
half-a-dozeIl
f
the
lIunza
folks,
htld
mutilated
hem
nd
then
killed
them,
so
that
reprisals
seem
certain.
It
is
impossible
o
ay
how
an
EnClishman
may
be
received,
or
if
even
they
would
allow
llinw
o
ome
on.
Even
then
he
might
not
be
allowed
o
proceed
beyond
Yasslll
r
Iunza,
and
thus
the
prospect
f
being
able
to
penetrate
o
the
i'amir
seelles
imited.
However,
shall
nzake
he
attempt
and
if
not
allowed
o
go
on
cxr
ven
o
enter
from
Gilgit,
it
will
be
a
satisfaction
o
have
tried
one's
best.
7lII
he
vent
of
having
to
turn
back,
an
attempt
mtlst
be
made
from
some
other
iontier.
believe
that
I
shall
eventually
succeed
n
the
object
of
my
labours,
ut
t
nlay
takemonths,nay, years,to do so." I find
that
XasAghar
s
the
proper
erldering
f
the
northerll
apital
of
the
ush
egie,
and
not
Kashkar,
as
given
on
my
map.
Tlle
word
was
written
ut
or
me
in
Turkistan,
nd
I
have
mistaken
lle
g
for
:
It
would
be
desirable
f
the
elerations,
a3
given
on
my
Inap,
&c.,
wele
omputed
y
some
one
appointed
by
the
Society?s
ecretary.
I
belielre
hey
re
ll
somewllat
under
the
true
elevation,
and,
the
boiling-point
of
wate
aving
een
recorded,
will
admit
of
correction.
"
By
computation,
ccording
o
the
tables
used
by
the
Survey
Department,
make
he
followinC
o
be
the
trtle
elevations:
Yarkand,
076
feet
Yang-
issal,
632
feet;
Kashghar,
512
feet."
The ollow-ingaperwasthenread:-
A
Visit
to
Easter
sland,
or
Rapa-Xus.
By
J.
L.
PALMER,
sq.,
R.N,
[E2ATRACTS.]
IT
ill
suffice
o
say
that
this
island
is
about
12
miles
lollg,
by
in
ts
greatest
breadth;
n
sllape
ike
a
cocked-hat,
ts
ends
bluff
a
comparatively
asy
task,
and
that
here
physical
difficulties
and
privations
ill
alone
have
to
be
surmounted.
Should
all
Co
well,
you
may,
I
think,
ount
on
my
being
near
the
great
object
of
my
research
and
the
termination
f
my
laboursaboutthe time of yourannivelsarymeetingnext
May.
Arrived
at
the
Karakul,
shall
find
myself
placed
n
a
peculiar
position.
lone
in
the
heart
of
Gentral
Asia,
it
will
be
a
subject
of
much
consideratio
hether
an
attempt
should
be
made
to
return
to
India
through
he
frontiel
ribes,
or
the
shorter
and,
perhaps,
afer
way
illtO
Russian
Turkistan
should
e
followed.
lahe
latter
would
be
desirable,
ince
a
connected
eries
of
observa-
ions,
carried
on
from
Booliji,
on
the
Ihdus,
across
the
Pamir
and
into
the
Dasin
f
the
Jaxartes,
hould
securevaluable
cientific
results.
I
will
not
fail
to
report
the
proCress
f
the
expedition
as
far
as
is
practi-
able;
but
postal
communication,
ven
up
to
GilCit,
s,
at
this
time
of
tlle
ear,
very
difficult.
"
May
I
beg
yon
to
be
good
enouoh o rememberme kindly to the Collncilf he GeoCraphicalociety,
whc)se
ood
wishes
for
the
success
of
the
entelprise
feel
sure
that
I
have,
and
"
Believe
me,
my
dear
Sir,
-ollrs
very
truly,
To
Sir
R.
Murchison.
"
GEORGE
.
HAYWARD.
"
The
Rashmir
Government
s
tryinffl
o
dissuade
me
from
going
via
ilait,
not
wishing
an
Enalishman
to
see
the
exact
state
of
that
fiontier.
he
danvers
are,
I
think,
exaCgerated
y
the
Kashmir
officials,
and
I
feel
ertairl
hat
every
obstacle
will
be
thrown
in
the
way
of
proceeding
beyolld
he
Gilgit
frontier.
I
shall
find
it
very
difficult
to
communicate
with
the
assin
r
Hnnza
and
Nagar
people.
The
Maharaja
as himself told rrle hatnlyately the Hunzapeoplehavemadea raid
and
burnt
some
of
his
villaCes,
nd
estelday
the
news
was
received
hele
that
the
Kashmir
cominandant
f
he
Gilvit
district
had
cauCht
half-a-dozeIl
f
the
lIunza
folks,
htld
mutilated
hem
nd
then
killed
them,
so
that
reprisals
seem
certain.
It
is
impossible
o
ay
how
an
EnClishman
may
be
received,
or
if
even
they
would
allow
llinw
o
ome
on.
Even
then
he
might
not
be
allowed
o
proceed
beyond
Yasslll
r
Iunza,
and
thus
the
prospect
f
being
able
to
penetrate
o
the
i'amir
seelles
imited.
However,
shall
nzake
he
attempt
and
if
not
allowed
o
go
on
cxr
ven
o
enter
from
Gilgit,
it
will
be
a
satisfaction
o
have
tried
one's
best.
7lII
he
vent
of
having
to
turn
back,
an
attempt
mtlst
be
made
from
some
other
iontier.
believe
that
I
shall
eventually
succeed
n
the
object
of
my
labours,
ut
t
nlay
takemonths,nay, years,to do so." I find
that
XasAghar
s
the
proper
erldering
f
the
northerll
apital
of
the
ush
egie,
and
not
Kashkar,
as
given
on
my
map.
Tlle
word
was
written
ut
or
me
in
Turkistan,
nd
I
have
mistaken
lle
g
for
:
It
would
be
desirable
f
the
elerations,
a3
given
on
my
Inap,
&c.,
wele
omputed
y
some
one
appointed
by
the
Society?s
ecretary.
I
belielre
hey
re
ll
somewllat
under
the
true
elevation,
and,
the
boiling-point
of
wate
aving
een
recorded,
will
admit
of
correction.
"
By
computation,
ccording
o
the
tables
used
by
the
Survey
Department,
make
he
followinC
o
be
the
trtle
elevations:
Yarkand,
076
feet
Yang-
issal,
632
feet;
Kashghar,
512
feet."
The ollow-ingaperwasthenread:-
A
Visit
to
Easter
sland,
or
Rapa-Xus.
By
J.
L.
PALMER,
sq.,
R.N,
[E2ATRACTS.]
IT
ill
suffice
o
say
that
this
island
is
about
12
miles
lollg,
by
in
ts
greatest
breadth;
n
sllape
ike
a
cocked-hat,
ts
ends
bluff
7/26/2019 1870, Palmer, A Visit to Easter Island
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1870-palmer-a-visit-to-easter-island 3/14
JAN. 24,18,0.]
VISIT TO EASTER
SLAND, OR RAPA-NUI.
109
and high,
and there is a tall hill
(1100 feet) in its centre. There
are no trees.
In rnany parts of the
island, which is entirely of
volcanic origin, are craters of large size; but they have been long
since extinct, and no tradition of
their activity remains. I
may
mention one or two of them.
Terano
Rau. This is at the south
end, is akollt a lnile in
dialneter
at its brim,
and about 700 feet deep.
The bottom
i6
of bog
and
sedgy grass;
pools of water are
scattered about it.
Terano
Hau, much smaller, and
quite dry. Here is the quarry
of red tuS,
from whence the crowns of
the images were dug.
Otuiti, the Little (iti) Hill (otu), at the north-east end of the
island.
This is very similar to 'reranoKau, but smaller. It
stands
isolated in a
large plain, and from
the grey lava of which its sides
are composed all the images are
made. Near the Terano Hau
is a
large hill of obsidian, which is
capped with some kind of
white
earth. -I
was not at its summit. All the hills are rounded,
and
the soil on their slopes, which
consists of decomposed ava, is
very
fertile.
The appearanceof the natives has
been comrnented n by
neally
all visitors, especially the early ones. Mendana says many were
almost
white, and had red hair;
they were well-shaped, and of
such stature
that they had much the advantage of the
Spaniards.
Roggewin
(1722) says the same, and so does Cook. The
last
account, sent
by a Jesuit missionary(1864) to the Superior of
his
Order,agrees thoroughly; that
alnong Pc)lfirnesianshey most
re-
semble the
Marquesan slanders; the features more
European in
type; as a rule, they were slightly
copper-coloured, ut many
quite
white.
1'hree skulls were broughthome, two of which are in
the
Museumof the Royal College of Surgeons.
" In their
habits they were all
thier7es, and distrusted one
allother," ays Frere Eug;ene; " and as
the island abounds n
grottoes
and artificial hiding-places, these
were, in consequence of
theil
filchin^,s,
onstantly in request." This disposition has now
(1868)
been
entirely removed by the
teaching of the Fathers, as we can
vouch. They seem a very
good-temperedrace, indolent,
fond of
adornint
themselves after their own
fashion, very dexterous in
plaitin^,
grasses and carving wood,which they do with
splinters of
obsidian.
Their
langllage has so much
altered that it is inlpossible, o
say
what it was
originally. We gleaned a
good many wordsv
generally
Polynesian. In Cook we find that
the Ota.heitan Oedi-di
could
:not make
himself readila
under.stood. The Fathers to]d us the
language was
very poor.
7/26/2019 1870, Palmer, A Visit to Easter Island
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1870-palmer-a-visit-to-easter-island 4/14
110
VISIT
TO
EASTER
SLAND,
OR
RAPA
NUI.
[JAN.
24,
1870-
The
houses
they
now
live
in
are
much
smaller
han
formerln7.
They
are
something
ike
a
canoe
overset:
a
framemrork
f
sticks
made,and on this grassis thatched. A fair-sizedhousenoa7vs
30
feet
long
by
12
or
14
broad,
nd
5-
lligh.
But
they
were
200
feet
long;
and
hose
used
for
their
assemblings,
ancings,
nd
choral
purposes,
were
raised
on
low
stone
walls,
on
which
thatching
xvas
arched.
The
house
is
windowless;
no
hearth
nor
fire;
one
aperture
n
the
side,
of
about
18
to
20
inches
ql1are:
his
is
closed
by
a
net,
to
exclude
he
fowls.
As
the
natives
pack
pretty
closely
in
these,
he
heat
and
smell
are
ndescribable.
Befole
the
missionaries
alue
hese
people
helieved
n
one
God,
spirit,fromwhomand by whomtheywere made roln
the
earth,
not
as
a
pot
or
image,
bllt
as
a
plant;
that
they
vt
re
his
children,
but
that
there
was
no
female
deity.
They
did
not
Brorship
mages,
althollgh
hey
had
plenty
of
little
wooden
ones,
which
they
llunr
up
n
their
dwellings.
Nor
were
the
giant
mages,
oon
o
be
men-
tioned,
bjects
of
worship.
Taboo,
or
persons
as
well
as
ra7aui,
or
ossessions
and
crops,
were
n
full
force,
as
in
the
other
,slands.
In
burJing
their
dead,
all
that
was
done
was
to
swatlae
lae
corpse
n
a
bale
of
grass
and
sedge,
and ay it ontheceinetery lat-form,with its headto tEle
ea,
each
tribe
having
ts
own
platform.
The,y,
or
this
reason,
lislike
Christian
burial;
and
ust
before
tlr.
arisit
1868)
a
woman,
whose
child
had
been
buried,
ose
at
night,
exhllmed
he
body,
and
deposited
t
on
the
plat:>rm
f
the
tlibe,
which
vvtas
(->me
lea^,ues
distant.
All
the
survivors
of
tlqese
people
ow
are
massed
t
Angaroa.
NVe
were
not
able
to
find
out
much
of
their
history
cxr
heir
tradi-
tions,
or
many
reasons.
All
we
learnt
rom
he
Jesuit
Fathers
was
that
t
wasa currentbeliefthatmanycentuliesago
a
larte migra-
tion
ook
place
from
Oparo
Rapa-iti)
hitherwards;
hat
the
chief
or
king
was
called
Tc)o-koo-i-oo;
hat
for
some
time
he
lived
at
Otuiti,
nd
caused
he
iiawages
o
be
made;
that
subsequently
e
went
o
reside
at
the
Hare-maia,
t
the
Teoano
Kau;
tllat
the
i
nat,es
cyllowed
him
of
their
own
accord,
walking
by
night;
that
some
ent
upon
the
platforms
others
were
eft
on
the
road,
uThele
nosar
hey
can
be
seen;
that
at
his
death
he
disappeared
rom
earth
in
he
form
of
a
butterfly
called
purllpuru),
nd
the
small
people
nomrall, on seeing these insects,whichare not >7eryonlmon,
sc
ookooioo
Tookooioo
"
There
s
no
hint
as
to
his
reappearance.
Frola
his
migration
he
island
s
called
Pwapanui.
)paro
s
distant
above
9()0
niles
due
west.
I
Tnust
ow
speak
of
tlle
remains,
which
apparently
ave
been
made
y
a
race
passed
away,
although
tis
possible
hat
these
7/26/2019 1870, Palmer, A Visit to Easter Island
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1870-palmer-a-visit-to-easter-island 5/14
JAN. 94,
1870.] VISIT
TO EASTER1SLAND, OR
RAPA-NUI.
lll
people may have
partially
continued their
constructionand fabri-
cation.
Those of the most
moderndate are
the wooden "
household
idols," hough not idols, really lares or teraphim.
These
are very
various, many peculiarly
gIotesque; some
I saw
of imlnense age,
some made
only a few months. Bith
regard to
those
which are carved in
human shape,
they are generally of 11n-
doubtedmale sex,
and give the
implession of
a
human
body when
fayed. They are a
foot or more
in length, lmadeof a
dark compact
wood(Toromiro, n
Edwardsia);
he profilestrongly
aqlliline,the lips
apart, so as to give
a grin;
obsidianeye-balls; a small
tuft on the
chin;
the ears with long,
dilated lobes; the
figure a little bowed;
arms by
the side, and
the handsflat on the
side of the
thighs. They
are very
well carved. The
female figures
are ruder and flatter, as
well as
larger in
size; a slnall tuft on the
chin also;
the attitude
that of
a pancake
Venus de Medici.
Lizards, sharks,
fowls, and
other
things were also carved;
soule are in
the possession c)f the
Rev. WATm.earden.
On
the heads of the male
imap;es re carved,
n very low
relief, the
most peculiarfigures,
evidentlJT
mvthic; sometirnesa
double-headed
bird, or a fish, or a rnonkey, or lizard, or solne figures in which
cannot
bf3recofflnised
likeness to anything.
I saw but
one female
figure
thus adorned.
Although they still
carve them,
I believe
that the present
people ale not
awarf3of the Inyths
they repre-
sent;
we could not
find it out. These lares
were not
worshipped.
The next remains
which are of
the greatest
age arethe sculptured
stones
on the brink
of sea-cliSs a.tthe Terano
liau; they
are at the
part
where the last lava-strenam
ssuecl, and
now overlookthe sea.
The
blocks are of various sizes,
carved qnSittb
with rude tortoise-
form, or have odd faces made on them. The vervain-bushes and
grassmuch obscure
thern; and I
was mucll pressed or
time and my
visit was
at that most
unfavourable iine
midday, or I
should have
lzeenable to trace
and sketch
lnany snore
tllan I have been able to
do.
They are arery
worthy of study.
Closeto the
blocks7 n
irreg,ularrovvs,are a number,
say eighty
or more,
of houses, of great ag;e,
now not used,
and mostly in capital
preservation.
Each house is
oblong oval,
built of irreglllarflat pieces
of stone;
the walls rise to about S feet, the door
being in the
side, as in
the
present grass ones, and of the
same size,
always towardshe sea,
20
inches. The
walls are very thicl<,
5
feet
at least?
which makes
the
entrance quite a
passage; on entering
are found for
the side
walls slabs, say 4 feet
high, and
not so hroad,ranged
vIpright;aboxe
these,
srnall thin slabs were
ranged like
tiles o+rerlapping, nd so
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112
VISIT
TO
EASTER
ISLAND,
OR
RAPA
SUT.
[JAN.
24,
18,Q.
gradually
arching
till
the
roof
was
able
to
be
spanned
over
by
long
hin
slabs
of
5
or
52
feet.
The
roofing
slabs
being
not
more
than
6
nches
thick
and
2
feet
wide. The interior,or Big Hall, would ben dimension,
16
paces
long,
by
5
wide,
and
fully
62
feet
high
under
he
centre
slab.
The
passage
or
door
leading
to
it
was
paved
with
thin
slabs,
and
nder
tllese
was
a
kind
of
blind
drain,
which
extended
to
the
istance
of
about
6
feet
outside,
and
there
also
was
covered
with
lat
slabs,
its
dimensions
being
still
those
of
the
passat,e;
it
was
arefullnr
uilt,
squared,
and
terminated
abruptly
and
squarely.
n
these
drains
I
was
inforined
the
dead
men
(heaka,
ictilns)
ere
kept till requiredfor the feasts.
Outside
this
Big
Eall,
and
at
right
angles
to
it,
were
s1naller
hambers;
hese
did
not
usually
comrnunicate
with
it,
but
had
pecial
doors
from
the
outside.
I
was
told
they
were
general]y
sed
s
wornen's
partments.
The
upritr,llt
labs
which
formed
the
wall
of
the
Hall,
and
th?
oofing
labs,
lvere
painted
in
red,
black,
and
white,
with
all
kinds
f
igures
and
devices;
some
were
like
geometric
figures,
or
rapas,
I'hanus,
ronie,
faces,
birds,
Eiki
Nau,
and
other
figures.
Amonghesenuralpaintingswere rudetracin(rsof
sheep,
horses,
and
ships
vith
atlines
to
the
rigging.
These
were
all
very
new,
and
have
isled
soane
to
the
impression
that
the
struetures
were
equally
ecent.
There
was
no
apparent
pavement
in
the
Big
Hall,
and
in
any
f
them
a
great
qlaantity
of
small
unival>res
ike
periwinlSles
as
ound.
It
was
in
one
of
these,
the
nzost
south-westerlJr,
hat
the
Image
Hoa-haka-nana-Ia
as
found
and
removed.
It
was
but
a
sanall
ouse
bout
2()
feet
across,
and
txvo
chamberscommunicatednsideritht, no painting on
the
slabs
could
I
trace,
the
doors
were
lways
owards
the
sea.
NVe
nquired,
but
were
all
told
that
in
no
ther
ouse
was
there
another
image.
The
Papalvoo,
or
cemetery,
is
a
terrace
or
platform,
generallJr
ear
he
sea,
made
of
the
rolled
sea-stones,
faced
seawards
by
a
trong
all
made
of
large
irreglllarly
square
stones,
fitted
together
vithout
enaent;
the
ends
of
this
terrace
are
whitened.
These
erraces
re
about
100
yards
long;
one
or
two
were
found
without
he
acing
wall,-they
were probablyunfinished.There
were
a
few
inland,
but
I
have
no
notes
of
them,
except
hat
n
the
flank
of
the
Terano
liau,
leading
frola
Winipoo,
there
sas
moated
enclosure,
and
at
one
side
of
it
a
raised
terrace,
over-
rown
ith
turf
and
grass,
yet,
we
svere
told,
a
papakoo,
and
near
it
small
runk
image,
like
Hoa-hava,
llree-fourths
buried
in
the
soil.
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JAN.
24s
1870.]
ATISIT
O
EASTERISLAND, OR
RAPA-NUI. 113
XVhere
here nTas
solitary
small image, we
wele led to
infer a
papakoo
had existed; as
to
Hoa-hava,we
were told, "
Many, many
deadroundabout "
The
square structures
used
for sepulture I
noticed
under the
head of
houses,they were
whitened, and I could
not learn
for what
individuals in
especialthey were
used.
I must DOW
describe
the
images, &c., the
platforms
on which
they
stood, with
the leculiarities
found
in their
neighbourhood, s
no images stood
on the
papakoo
in a like
manner; and
to begin
with the
platforms.
These
structures can be
seen on nearly
every
headland,and, as a
rule, they al^e t
no great
distancefrom
the sea;
being built on the
sloping
land, the
sea-front is
always
taller than that
which looks
landwards.
They are
sariable in size,
sometimes
very
large, and, to
give an idea of
thenl, I
had better pelhaps
describe a very fine one
which is on the
coast,
half-way
between
\Ninipoo and
Otitui: I
have
usllally
called it the
fifteen-image
platform.
Seawards, ust
where
the
groundbecomes
broken as it
nears the
cliis, is
built a
arerJr
tout wall. The
height of
this is now very
much obscured in consequence of rubbish, broken images which
have been
toppled over,
and reDetahle
growth, as
reeds, c.; but
it seems
about 7 or 8
yards.
The
stones, which are
large, are
irregular
both in
size and shape,
though
more or
less four-sided, nd
some
fully 6 feet in
length,
unhewn, and fitted
together
without
cement
or mortar,but
with great
exactness.
This
wall is
built flat and level
at the
top, and is about
30 feet
broad,by 100
paces long,
squaredat each
end;
parallel to the sea-
shore in
its direction.
This
constituted,
in fact, the
platform, on
wllich were thin slabs which served as pedestalsfor the images.
Landwards, t seemed
to be not
muchlnore than
a :,Tard
igh, and
on this
side also was
much
dilapidated,
especially about ths
centre.
Before
it, in this
direction, was a
smooth space
or
terrace, of tlle
samelength as
the
platform, but of four
times its
breadth,at least;
and this
terminated in
front b-
a
low
fagade or
step, built of stone
and about
as high
as that of the
platform
seemed o be from
the same
point of view.
The
tetrace sloped gently
to this
step, and the ends
were
built square and
raised
above the adjoining
ground,
so as to
join the ends c)f the platform. The image platform was strewn
with
bones ill
all
directions. They were
very
old and weather-
worn,but tore
no marks
of fire on them.
The
images had been
thronrndown in
ntarious
irections,and
were all
more or less muti-
lated.
The
debris
preventedmJrbeint
able to
see if there was
anJr rypt
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114
VISIT TO EASTERISLAND, OR RAPA-NUI. [JAN 24, 1870.
under these images, or in the platform, as at Winipoo, and the
operlingsmust have been either at the ends of the platforln or in its
sea-front, think, if any exist.
At a little distance from the low terrace,and somewhat near the
centre line,
M
as a red pillar or cylinder of red tufE, tanding on an
area paved with large smooth sea-wore stones. This pillar stood
Ql1
a low pedestal slab of the same material as itself.
It was about 6 feet high, and as much in diameter; its top was
flat and was cut away a little on each side, so as to make a step or
shelf. On it I found two skulls very much perished,which, from
the dentition, I judged to be of youths l2 or 14 years old. The
faces of these skulls were directed tomrardshe platfolm.
Again, in
a
dilect line landwaIds,and at about 80 or 100 yards
from this, is one of the low, slanting, saddle-topped illars used for
cremation. It is of red tuS also, but only 4i or 5 feet hig;h; as
there is a. vera fine one at Winipoo, I append ts description.
On a paved area, similar to that of the Altar(?), is a pillar of red
tuff, in height 8t to 83 feet and 32 feet square. The top projects
foIwards, and ends in two horns with a saddle-shapednotch cut
deeply betveen thern. Each horn had a face traced on it, in very
low relief; but that to the north-west has crumbled away. The
plojecting part is indicated as low as the breast, lower down a
lound prc)jectin^, avel is rnarked,and just above, shere the pillar
jc)insthe area, the fingers are sculpturedflat and clasping the hips,
as in the images.
WAieere told victims (heaka) were burnt here; at the foot of
one pillar we found many burnt bones.
The images are now all thlown down. In no place, we were
assured, s one on its platform. They are very numerous,even to
hllndreds. In my walk to Otuiti I began to count, but found them
so plentiful as to render it lost time.
They are madeof but one material,a grey compact ava (Trachyte),
folllld in the crater of Otuiti; and there is a distinct slsde ()rthem
to be taken out by, so to say; and imperfect ones are found. Ill
forln they are tlunks, terminating at the hips, the arms close to
the side, the hands sculptured n low relief and clasping the hips.
They are flatter than the natulal body. The longest I measured,
34 feet; the usual size 15 to 18. The srnallest,as Hoa-hava,4t oz
5 feet; and these were more boulder-^shaped.The head is very flat,
tlle top of tlle forehead cut off level, so as to allow
a
crown to be
put on. This was not done till the imate was on its platform.
In the giant ilalages ound outside the crater of Otuiti, the head
seemed to project before the line of the trunkXwhich I did not
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JAN.
24,1870.] +'I>IT TO EASTER
ISLAND, OR
RAPA-SUT.
11o
observe n any
othere. These
were of the largest size;
the head
and
neck lneasured
ull 20 feet. Manyof
themwere
upright, m-
bedcledn the soil,and weretllose n the bestpreservation.Those
insidethe crater
were also of
greatsize, andvery
weather-worn;
they seemed o differ
a little in
profile,andalsoto be the
oldest n
the islandof thoseI
samt.
The
face s square,
massinre,
nd sternlydisdainfuln
e2cpression,
the aspect always
upwards. The
pecllliareature s the
excessi+Te
shortness
f theupper ip orthe
upthrusting f
the lowerone,wllich
would
produce he
sarne Sect.
(This gestures now and
then seen
in thepresentrace.)
The
eye-sockets
are deep,close under the
brow;and,
as far as
we
could malseOtlt,
eyeballs of
obsidianwere inserted,
but we
werenot
fortunate
nough to Snd any. The
nose broad,
nostlils
expanded. The
profile, I have
said, varieda little in
various
images.
The ears
were
sculptuled lwayswith very long
pendant
lobes.
The
heautifully
perfect one,
Hoa-haka-nanaa (each
has its
name),
which s now
in the
BritishMusellm,was bund in
the stone
house calledTau-ra-re-gna,t the l'eranoWau. It is elaborately
traced
overthe back
and headwith rapasand
bird.s,wo
of whicl
muchreseluble he
apteryx. It
was also
coloured ed andvhite,
but this
colour was
washed off in its
trarlsit o the
Topaz. Its
height is
about8 feet, and
weight 4 tons.
It was found buried
waist-deep n the ground, ad
no crown, ts
face turned
rorn he
sea, as
thoseof all theothers
were.
It was
the onlyimage under
cover, hough
some idea has been
that
therewere somesubmerged
n a cave.
Mtebelievethat thiss
was entertained y misconceptionf somemuralpaintings otlnd
in one.
The
crowns(Eau)
whichwere put on
these images
are lnade
of red
tuS found in the
Terano Hau
crater, down t]le outer
slope of
whichwere
as manyas
thirtywaiting or
reinoval o tlle
various platforuls.
The largest
I measuredwas 102
feet in
diameter.
In. shape
they are short
truncatedcones, or
nearly
cylindricalF
In
the coast
track both to Otniti from
Winipoo
and fl om
Anakena,manyof these imageswerefoundon either side of tile
svay;
but on the mid-island
rack I passed
but two
or three.
These
wereall sery large, 24 to
33 feet.
They all lie facedown-
ward:3.
The numberon
each platform
s veryvariable,nor are
they of
uniform ize on the
salne
platforre; at one (the north
east) end
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116
DISCUSSION
N
HIR.
PALMER'S
PAPEP
[JAN.
24,
1870.
of
the
fifteen-iz:nage
latfornl,
ome
ire
are
quite
dwarfs
ll
compa-
rison
o
the
rest.
They
all
faced
andwards,
hen
n
position
Theimpleluent sed in carving hesennas longboulder-pebble,
in
shape
onuewhat
ike
a
large
rolling-pin
r
irlcis;or-tooth,
ith
an
edge
produced
y
chipping
and
t]len
rubbing
down
with
obsidian-
dust.
There
was
but
one
seen;
it
is
nonv,
believe,
n
the
British
Aluseum.
It
was
given
by
the
Fathers
o
Commodore
owell.
Its
Lame
was
Tingi-tingi.
Our
argument
n
favollr
of
the
images
being
the
work
of
a
former
race
s
this
salne
ack
of
chisels.
Thepaperwill bepublishedntire
n
the
'
Journal,'
Vol.
s1.
The
PRESIDENT
aid
that
Mr.
Palmer
described
he
island
in
so
graphic
a
manner
that
all
who
had
listened
to
the
paper
must
be
willinC
to
return
their
best
thanks
to
hile.
The
gigantic
monuments,
specimens
of
which
have
been
placed
in
the
British
Museum,
open
out
a
larCe
ield
of
inquiry.
How
is
it
that
this
little
island,
only
12
miles
bv
4,
contains
these
immense
statues?
They
seemed
to
point
to
former
times,
and
to
a
powerful
people.
Mr.
C.
MAR1ZHAM
aid,
n
reflectin
upon
the
origin
of
the
civilization
of
Peru,
one
naturally
urIls
first
to
the
east,
for
it
is
almost
certain
that
the
Peruvians
had
no
commt1nication
ith
any
civilization
on
the
American
onti-
nent to the north,eitherwith the Muyscasor+ith Mexico. He hadalways
looked
to
find
some
stepping-stone
y
which
the
Peruvians
might
have
reached
tlae
west
coast
of
America
rom
Asia,
and
it
now
struck
him
that
it
was
possible
Easter
Island
was
such
a
stepping-stone.
Captain
Cook
n
his
account
merely
conveyed
the
idea
that
there
were
six
or
seven
imaaes
on
one
plat-
form,
but
now
Mr.
Palmer
had
informed
them
that
there
are
many
hundreds
scattered
over
the
island.
He
thouaht
it
szas
impossible
to
suppose
that
any
people
permanently
stablished
here
wouid
have
been
in
the
habit
of
con-
structing
these
gigantic
works.
It
migllt
have
been
that,
ages
aCo,
when
the
route
was
first
found
ollt,
migrations
continued
year
after
year,
and
people
arriving
on
this
island,
and
fillding
he
monllments
of
their
comrades'
resence,
continuedthe works. Of coursethis
was
but
speculation,
ut
it
is
strength-
ened
by
what
is
known
of
Peru.
In
that countrytherewere two distinct
civilizations,
of
diSerent
origin;
one
the
Quichua,
he
other
the
Aymara,
near
the
lake
of
Witicaca.
The
Qllichua
works
onsist
of
walls
and
slabs
of
masonrJr
but
with
no
carvint,
of
any
description,
beyond
a few
representations
f
ser-
pents
in
relief.
The
Aymara
works,
on
the
contrary,
are
covered
with
images
and
sculpttlres
f
various
kinds.
1'hese
are
found
especialla
on
the
islands
of
the
Lake
Titicaca,
nd
n
the
ruins
of the
city
of
Tiahuanoca,
t
its
sollthern
nd.
When
the
Spaniards
onquered
he
country
here
were
at
TiaLtlanoca
uins
of
platforms
similar
to
those
on
Easter
Island,
upon
which
were
statues
a]so
resembling,
o
a
celtain
extent,
those
of
Easter
Island.
They
rey)resented
giants
with
enormous
ears,
and
with
crowns
on
their
heads,
or
conical
caps.
There,however, he resemblanceppearedo end,fortheAymara maCeswere
very
ornate.
Curves
or
circles
ran
around
the
upper
parts
of
the
caps,
aLId
circles
of
human
heads
were
placed
just
above
the
foreheads.
The
ears
had
long
pendants
ending
in
human
heads,
and
theze
were
also
curves
runninC
from
the
corner
of
the
eye
and
terminating
n
serpents
crawling
all
rollnd
he
neck.
Some
had
necklaces
of
human
heads.
One
of
the
old
Spaniards
who
visited
the
ruins
says
that
the
images
were
not
confined
o
the
platforms,
but
were
"
marchinO
ll
about
the
countly,"
and
through
he
rivers,
n
vast
quan-
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JAN. 24,1870.] DISCUSSIONON MR. PALMER'S
PAPER.
117
tities. It was impossible ot to be struolzwith he
resemblance etween llese
renzainsand those on
Easter Island. Acosta informs
us that the Peruvians
rvere n the habit of sending boats to certain islands,but that is all that is
known of their navivation.
hIr. Palmer had told
him, that further to the
eastward, on Malderl
Island, betsveenTahiti and
the Sandwich Islands, a
masonryplatformhas
been foundunder the gtlanosomewhat
resemblinffl
hose
of Easter Island. This was another ndication f the
direction thich he Peru-
vians might have talSen.
He lookedut)on t as ljerfectly
lear that the present
inhabitants of Easter Island
are simply Polynesians,
lthouh the vocabulary
of the island has not yet
been collected o any crreat
xtent, and that they can-
not belongto the race that erected hese enolmous
wolks. As it was difficult
to say what numberof
years t had taken to accunlulatehe t,uano oundabove
these masonry platforms,
he thought CaptainPeacock
miaht lDe ble to give
some information n this point.
CaptainPEACOCKaid,in some parts of the ChinchaIslands he had follnd
the guano120 feet deep. He had examined omeof
it, cut into inch eubes rom
the lower portions,with
a microscope, ml {ound the
layers very distinct, one
above the other, ike the
leaves of a book, and he had calculated, rom what
he consideredwenty-four
houls' deposit, hat fotlrthousand
years must have
been ocollpied n accun1ulatinC
he auano o a depthof 120 feet, but of course
this was to a certainextent
a speclllative heory.
Mr. P. P. BLYTHaid,
he visited EasterIsland n 1826. The peoplewele a
very Sne race,and he
was delighted o hear that missionaries
ave been thele
and have succeeded n somewhatamelioratint, heir
condition. They did not
lesemble the people of
Tahiti, beinC perfectlywhite.
The island is fal too
small for them, affordinfflo room foz an increaseof population.
Admiral BELCHER
aid, in 1825 he visited the
island in the Blossom.
Thirty-sis persons landed,
and, at first, it appearedas though they would be
received n a most frien(lly
way- but, when the first lieutenantbe.gan o dis-
tribute his presents, he natives were dissatisfied,
nd be(Yano throw stones.
The landinCparty were.driven
ofF,many of them
beinz severelywounded.
rl'hewomen of the Marquesas
slancls are leputed
to be the finest in the
Pacific, bllt those of
Easter Island surpass them. The men are of much
greater stature than tlle Peruvians. rl'erraces,imilar
to those on 13aster
Island, are found in
Tahiti and sevelal of the low islands of the Pacific.
Cl'her re cut with remarkabie
accuracy, ome of tlie stonesbeinC from4 feet
to 5 feet lono, 16 inches n depth, and 18 inches wide.* The oloamentsworn
by the natives of Easter
Island a.reprecisely similar to those worn by the
natives of New Guinea.
He met with some nati+Tesn one island who had
been driventhere Otltof
their course. 'ilhey had intended
o go west, but had
beell driven to the south-east.
It was not, therefore,mprobable hat some
might have been driven
to Easter Island from1'ahiti,
n their double canoes
which are about80 feet lon. The languaCe f the isTand
s also totally different
from that of Peru. It is the languaaeof the whole
of the SandwichIslandsg
or South Sea group,andis also the languaCe f :New
Zealand. It was, therefore
perfectlyuseless to look
to Peru as their oriCin. Fifflures
omewhat imilar o
thosewhichhadbeendescribed
ontinue romPeruup
to Behlin?'sStraits. Some
*
Extract from journal-:-
" Eleven steps of 5 feet
4 inches by 3 feet 9 inches,
each stone squared,making
the perpendicular height to be 44 feet; lower stones,
3 feet; length at base, 240
feet (external measurement);
width, 78 feet- height, 44 feet. This immense
structure is raised on a rocky, paved, basaltic base-blocks
of first course 4 feet 6
inches by 2 in height.
Two inches within this course,
3 tons of stone rounded bg
attrition (beach or torrent), but squared on the longest
sides, leaving the projecting
ends convex. All the angular
outlitles were of worked
coral slabs, and exhibited
a white glarillg mass, 'rhe
summit had images, but of small size."
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118
in
British
Columbia
re
most
beautifully
cut
and
engraved,
havinC
rather
an
gyptiarl
han
any
other
forn.
Mr.
A.
W.
FRANKS
aid
the
tradition
of
the
Easter
Islandersseemedtooint to one of the islands of I'olynesiaas
their
oriU,in.
1'his
question
ust,
to
a
great
extent,
be
settled
by
nautical
observatiotls
s
to
direc-
ions
of
currentx,
Ac.
rl'he
natives
themselves
say
they
came
irom
Oparo
ne
of
the
Avlstral
Islands.
With
reCard
o
the
oriain
of
the
stone
nlacres,
t
seemed
to
him
that
the
small
wooden
igures,
which
are
still
naade
nd
sold
to
visitors,
bear
a
certaill
imilality
to
the
stone
maoes,
which
would
carcely
xist
if
the
present
nhabitalsts
were
not
intimatelv
onnected
with
the
ace
that
formed
the
eallier
statues.
The
modern
images
ShOW
he
same
peculiarities
n
the
ears,
as
well
as
in
the
projecting
bones
of
the
ankles
nd
wrists.
In
all
alike
certain
parts
are
left
in
high
relief,
while
ther
equally
pronlinent
parts
of
the
structule
are
not
exhibited.
'l'here
s
a
similarity, too, in the pecllliarway of drawing the back-bone. One
f
the
larae
imat,es
has
on
its
back
representations
f
three
of
the
little
dancing-paddles
r
clubs
which
are
still
used
by
the
natives
in
their
ances.
l'he
inlaying
of
the
eye-balls
with
obsidian,
too,
is
charac-
eristic
both
of
the
wooden
and
the
stone
fi^,ures.
AllC
hese
little
pOiIlts
f
resemblance
ed
him
to
the
conclusion
hat
all
the
figures
were
the
work-
anship
f
the
sa1ne
ace,
holltrh,
o
doubt,
here
was
a
considelable
iSrence
f
time
between
hem.
rl'here
has
been
a
coilsiderable
hange
n
the
style
of
rt
n
the
island
since
the
dass
of
Captain
Cool.
l'he
attenuated
wooden
ivures
lluded
to
by
Mr.
Palmer
are
of
recent
date;
those
of
the
tiNleS
of
aptain
Cook
are
plumper,
without
stlch
excessively
projectillg
noses.
As
hen,
cllarlae
has
takell
place
in
moderntimesXt is not iruprobablehatpreviouslychan^,e afloccurred
llfficient
o
account
or
the
difference
etween
he
wooden
fi<ftlres
nd
tlle
stolle
ones.
rl'he
slanders
themselves
say
that
he
statues
were
those
of
chieS,
if
so,
this
would
resemble
he
practice
ir
Sandwich
nd
other
islands
of
the
Pacific,
tone
being
substituted
fil
wood.
'he
diSerencf3
f
material
mivht
be
accoullted
or
by
the
scarcity
of
wood
in
aster
sland,
her
being
no
[orest
rees
here
of
sufficient
ize
for
the
purpose.
Admiral
BELCHER
aid,
tbe
fiures
and
ornaments
brouCht
ff
to
the
boats
n
1825
were
entirely
of
stolle.
MThen
he
landing-party
would
not
purchase
hem
hey
were
thrown
nto
the
boats,
and
on
the
seamen
castinC
hem
over-
oard
he
women
dived
instantly
and
recovered
hem
beire
they
reached
he
bottom.
Sir GEORGEREYaidhis viesvscoincidedwith thoseof Mr.
Franks.
The
ew
ealanders,
ike
all
the
Polynesian
races,
have
a
peculiar
facility
in
the
rt
f
carving,
and
they
delivht
to
)ractise
t.
Tlley
are
rather
an
idle
peolJle,
nd
ike
to
occupy
themselves
n
carving
or
malKing
ets,
or
other
employ-
ents
f
that
kind,
durill(r
which
they
can
talk
and
feast.
l'he
New
Zea-
anders
arve
maaes
n
wood,
extremely
ike
those
on
Easter
Island,
tor
the
urpose
f
commernoratinsW
heir
acestors,
and
they
give
to
them
tne
names
f
heir
foretathers.
l'he
Polynesi:+ns
re
also
an
e2zeeedingly
nlitative
and
ealous
eople:
anythint,
that
one?
hief
possesses
others
must
possess
alsv
f
hey
can
possibly
obtain
them.
'l'here
s
in
Ness
Zealand
a
tradition
monffl
he
atives
that
in
the
countly
from
which
they
came
originally
he
people
alved
n
stone,
and
he
(Sir (Teor(rerey)had in his possessiona smallstonemaCef a kindof red
basalt,
a
sort
of
stone
which
is
not
known
to
exist
on
he
sland,
and
it
was
su>posed
o
have
been
brouCht
ere
flom
the
original
ollutry.
e
had
also
seen
a
stolle
image
there,
which
was
considered
s-
remely
acred,
bout
4
feet
high.
He
tnouCrht
t
was
extremely
asy
to
account
or
he
imaaes
on
FXaster
sland,
if
the
inhabitants
had
for
cel1turies
beell
Polynesians.
f
only
eiaht
or
ten
imatres
were
mavle
n
that
number
of
years,
very
ew
Centtlries
oukl
stlffice
to
cover
the
island
with
them.
lf
the
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JAN.
12,
1870.]
DISCUSSION
ON
MR.
PALMER'S
PAPER.
119
wooden
images
of
New
Zealand
had
not
decayed
there
would
be
hun-
dreds
of
thousands
f
them
by
this
time.
Most
probably
here
are
at
present
as
many
as a
hundred
housand
therse
of
wood.
The
language,
oo,
of
Easter
Island s distinctlya Polynesianlanguage. Buton this pointa difficultyarises
about
Peru,
for
"
Titicaca,"
he
name
of
the
lake
which
Mr.
Markham
lluded
to,
is
a
Polynesian
word.*
BIr.
MARKHAM.
t
means
the
rock
of
lead.
Sir
GEORGE
REY
aid
it
wollld
not
mean
that
in a
Polynesian
lanauage.
Hovever,
he
felt
convinced
that
the
imaves
were
the
work
of
a
Polynesian
race,
an(l
what
he
had
heard
rom
Admiral
Belcher
confirmed
hat
view.
The
PRESIDENT
aid
he
was
to
a
preat
extent
convinced
by
the
reasoning
that
had
been
opposed
o
the
Peruvian
theory.
He
certainly
was
astonished
that
in
this
small
island
such
wondelful
works
had
been
calried
out.
Still
the
material
of
which
the
large
ilna(res
are
made
is
so
friable
and
easily
worked,
hat
the
difficulty
of
formincr
hem
would
probably
be
even
less
than
if woodhadbeenuse(l.
Mr.
PALM;R
aid,
he
found
the
people
he
most
happy
n
the
world.
Nothing
collld
exceed
their
joy
at
seeinffl
he
strangers
'l'hey
danced
abollt
and
wel-
comed
them
just
like
pet
dogs.
l'here
are
now
only
about
900
there,
of
wllom
30()
are
women,
and
they
are
rapidly
dying
out.
They
were
living
on
half a
rat a
day
when
he
was
there.
They
would
not
work
it
was
much
easier
to sit
down
and
look
at
anythinC
hat
was
goinC
on.
There
appeared
to
be
pleuty
of
fowls
on
the
island,
but
he
llever
saw
one
cooked,
and
the
people
blo
not
care
about
es.
Since
the
raid
made
uron
them
by
the
Peru-
vians,
they
have
all
lived
near
Cook's
Batr,
and
there
they
seetn
to
be
com-
placently
waiting
their
doom.
They
have
been
entirely
cured
of
thieving.
A very fewyearsago they filched like all the other Polynesians,but now
they
never
think
of
touching
anything
that
does
not
belong
to
them
without
permission.
NVhen
hey
were
allow-ed
o
take
some
pie?es
of
soiled
paper
they
ran
and
washed
it in
sea-water,
howing
what
impression
hey
had
of
it.
They
were
very
good
peol)le
ndeed.
Sixth
Meettng,
ebruary
4th,
E370.
SIR
RODERICK
I.
MURCHISON,
BART.,
.C.B.,
RESIDENT,
n
the Chair.
PRESENTATIONS.
r.
Wm.
Fl.
Coletll;
R.
G.
Clements,
sq.
ELECTIONS.
ev.
Thomas
.
Braim,
D.D.;
John
Edteard
Dawson,
Esq.;
Edward
l?btchins,
sq.;
James
Irvine,
Esq.;
Mark
EIenry
Lackersteen,
sq.,
M.D.,
&c.;
Joseph
Moore,
Esq.;
Commander
oel
Osborn,
.N.;
James
Nisbet
Robertson,
sq.;
Joseph
Starling,
Esq.;
:enry
Sttllwell,
Esq.,
M.D.;
Charles
Stennina,-
sq.;
John
Wilton,
Esq.,
M.D.
*
Since
the
Meeting,
Sir
George
Gres
has
informed
he
Editor
hat
an
account
of
stone
platforms
and
chambers,
naiogous
o
those
of
Easter
sland,
has
been
given
by
(:aptain
.
Vine
Hall, n
a
Memoir
n
the
Island
of
Rapa
or
Oparo,
pub-
lished
n
the
*
Trarlsactions
nd
Proceedings
f
the
New
Zealand
nstitute,'
ol.
i.
p.
1*28.
This
is
important,
n
connexion
with
the
traditiotl
of
the
present
nha-
bitants
f
their
migration
rom
Oparo.
VOL.
X1v.
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12020
THE
RUNS
OF
CUTCH,
AND
HE
RUNS
OF
CUTCH,
AND
[FEB.
14,
1870,
[FEB.
14,
1870,
ACCESSIONS
O
THE
LIBRARY
ROM
ANUARY
4TH
TO
FEBRUARY
4TH.
s
Marocco,
1814.'
By
J.
G.
Jackson.
Third
Edition.
Pur-
hased.
Murray's
'
Handbook for Spain.' By R. Ford. 1869.
urchased.
'
1'he
Native
Races
of
Russia
lllustrated
'
(in
Russian).
onor,
W.
Egerton
Hubbard,
Esq.
'
Les
Hindous.'
Par
F.
Balta-
ard
Solvyns.
Paris,
1808-1811.
Donor,
C.
Holte
Braceb]idge,
sq.
*
Spain
to
the
Sahara.'
By
M.
B.
Edwards.
1868.
Purchased.
Two
Years
in
Ava,
1824-26.'
Purchased.
'
Winter
Tour
in
Spain,
868.'
Purchased.
'Roughing
it
in
Crete,
1868.'
By
J.
E.
St.
H.
kinner.
Purchased.
'
Ralubles
in
the
Deserts
of
Syria,
1864.'
urchased.
'
Life
of
Las
Casas.'
By
A.
Helps.
1868.
Purchased.
Japan, 1869.' By E. P. Elmhirst and R. M.
Jephson.
Pur-
hased.
'
A
Year
in
Sweden.'
By
H.
Marryat.
1862.
Purchased.
Ruined
Cities
within
Numidian
and
Carthagenian
Territories.'
y
N.
Davis.
'
The
Levant,
the
Black
Sea,
and
the
Danube.'
:By
.
Arnold.
2
sols.
1868.
Purchased.
'
Victoria,
1864.'
By
W.
;Vestgarth.
Purchased.
Siebold's
'
Nippon.'
6
vols.
Leyden,
852.
Purchased.
'
A
iE'ortnight
n
Egypt,
1869.'
By
Sir
F.
rrow.
Donor,
the
author.
The
following paperwas read:-
On
he
Runn
of
C?tch,
and
Netghbourtng
egton.
By
Sir
H.
BARTLE
E.
FRERE,
.C.B.,
C.
[ABSTRACT
THE
uthor
commenced
by
defining
the
region
he
was
about
to
escribe,
s
a
broad
belt
of
country
lying
between
the
Indus
on
the
est
nd
the
Arivalli
Mountains
on
the
east,
and
extending
from
he
oot
of
the
Hima]aya
to
the
Peninsula
of
Cutch on the Indiancea.n;he length vvasabout 600
miles,
and
its
breadth
varied
rom
00
to
150
miles.
The
southern
portion
was
formed
by
the
ingular
ract
of
country
called
the
Runn
of
Cutch,
which
forms
e+Tel
lain
150
miles
in
length,
lying
a
little
lovvter
han
the
egion
round
it,
and
distinguished
by
the
total
absence
of
vegeta-
ion.
t
forms,
during
the
greater
part
of
the
year,
a
plain
of
firm
and,
aturated
with
.salt,
on
which
the
hoofs
of
horses
and
carnels
n
assing
make
scarcely
any
impression.
It
is
so
level
that
a
mo-
erate
ainfall
remains
like
a
vast
slop on tlle sulface,and is blounbouty the wind
until
it
evaporates.
During
the
south-west
mon-
oon,
owever,
the
high
tides
flow
into
it
aIld
llleeting
heavy
land-
loods
rought
down
by
the
River
Loonee,
cover
it
otith
water
to
the
epth
f
one
or
two
feet.
Travellers
and
caravans
pass
over
it,
but
ravellers
ithout
a
gllide
are
sometimes
lost,
for
there
are
absolutely
ACCESSIONS
O
THE
LIBRARY
ROM
ANUARY
4TH
TO
FEBRUARY
4TH.
s
Marocco,
1814.'
By
J.
G.
Jackson.
Third
Edition.
Pur-
hased.
Murray's
'
Handbook for Spain.' By R. Ford. 1869.
urchased.
'
1'he
Native
Races
of
Russia
lllustrated
'
(in
Russian).
onor,
W.
Egerton
Hubbard,
Esq.
'
Les
Hindous.'
Par
F.
Balta-
ard
Solvyns.
Paris,
1808-1811.
Donor,
C.
Holte
Braceb]idge,
sq.
*
Spain
to
the
Sahara.'
By
M.
B.
Edwards.
1868.
Purchased.
Two
Years
in
Ava,
1824-26.'
Purchased.
'
Winter
Tour
in
Spain,
868.'
Purchased.
'Roughing
it
in
Crete,
1868.'
By
J.
E.
St.
H.
kinner.
Purchased.
'
Ralubles
in
the
Deserts
of
Syria,
1864.'
urchased.
'
Life
of
Las
Casas.'
By
A.
Helps.
1868.
Purchased.
Japan, 1869.' By E. P. Elmhirst and R. M.
Jephson.
Pur-
hased.
'
A
Year
in
Sweden.'
By
H.
Marryat.
1862.
Purchased.
Ruined
Cities
within
Numidian
and
Carthagenian
Territories.'
y
N.
Davis.
'
The
Levant,
the
Black
Sea,
and
the
Danube.'
:By
.
Arnold.
2
sols.
1868.
Purchased.
'
Victoria,
1864.'
By
W.
;Vestgarth.
Purchased.
Siebold's
'
Nippon.'
6
vols.
Leyden,
852.
Purchased.
'
A
iE'ortnight
n
Egypt,
1869.'
By
Sir
F.
rrow.
Donor,
the
author.
The
following paperwas read:-
On
he
Runn
of
C?tch,
and
Netghbourtng
egton.
By
Sir
H.
BARTLE
E.
FRERE,
.C.B.,
C.
[ABSTRACT
THE
uthor
commenced
by
defining
the
region
he
was
about
to
escribe,
s
a
broad
belt
of
country
lying
between
the
Indus
on
the
est
nd
the
Arivalli
Mountains
on
the
east,
and
extending
from
he
oot
of
the
Hima]aya
to
the
Peninsula
of
Cutch on the Indiancea.n;he length vvasabout 600
miles,
and
its
breadth
varied
rom
00
to
150
miles.
The
southern
portion
was
formed
by
the
ingular
ract
of
country
called
the
Runn
of
Cutch,
which
forms
e+Tel
lain
150
miles
in
length,
lying
a
little
lovvter
han
the
egion
round
it,
and
distinguished
by
the
total
absence
of
vegeta-
ion.
t
forms,
during
the
greater
part
of
the
year,
a
plain
of
firm
and,
aturated
with
.salt,
on
which
the
hoofs
of
horses
and
carnels
n
assing
make
scarcely
any
impression.
It
is
so
level
that
a
mo-
erate
ainfall
remains
like
a
vast
slop on tlle sulface,and is blounbouty the wind
until
it
evaporates.
During
the
south-west
mon-
oon,
owever,
the
high
tides
flow
into
it
aIld
llleeting
heavy
land-
loods
rought
down
by
the
River
Loonee,
cover
it
otith
water
to
the
epth
f
one
or
two
feet.
Travellers
and
caravans
pass
over
it,
but
ravellers
ithout
a
gllide
are
sometimes
lost,
for
there
are
absolutely