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Enterprise ArchitectureTheory and Practice
Introducing the Architect’s paradigm into Microsoft
Brian K. Seitz - Sr. Technologist WWITIan Chang - Sr. Technologist WWIT
M \ ZIFA © 1996
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Introduction
Enterprise ArchitectureThe rational design of an Enterprise has been the hope and dream of CEOs, CIOs, Entrepreneurs, and managers since the advent of Frederick Taylor’s introduction of Scientific Management. However, it was not until recently were there sufficient tools to adequately describe and specify the richness that is Enterprise. This presentation will provide just a brief insight to the research being conducted in this area.
Agenda
Architect’s Paradigm examined Enterprise Architecture Microsoft experience Conclusions and Lessons learned Questions
Architect’s Paradigm examined
What is the purpose of Architecture ? What is Architecture ? Architectural Scope Architectural Theory
Architecture is a riddle, wrapped in an engima,
hidden in a mystery...
Architecture’s Purpose
is the management of complexity
This is accomplished through:ReductionOrganization
What is Architecture ?
A set of rules that determine choice, the usage, and organization of elements to create a “Built Environment”
Examples of these elements in Dwelling Architecture are:
Space, Light and Texture
FunctionComponentry
Drawings are not Architecture
Architecture is expressed through architectonics Commonly called design
Drawings represent the intentions ( plans ) of the design process. Commonly called “a design”Blueprints are one form of drawing
Seitz’s Maxium -For differentiating Architecture and Design:
If you can impliment more than one way, you are likely to have an Architecture.
Corollary: If you can impliment in only one way, you have a Design.
Drawings are Design representations
Drawings manage design complexity through reduction.
Built Environments require a family of drawings
Dwelling Architectural Scope
Scale
Time
Productand
GraphicDesigners/
Artists
Weeks
Months
Years
Decades
Regions
Days
EarthCitiesLandscapesStructuresInteriorProducts
Generation
Centuries
InteriorDesigner
Architects
LandscapeArchitects
UrbanPlanners
RegionalPlanners
GlobalPlanners
Span
Granularity
Architectural Theory
Architectural Framework
Research Methods
Theory and models of the environment, people, and their interactions
Decision Theory
The Behavioral Sciences
Substantive
Procedural
Positive
Des
igne
r’s
Wor
ld V
iew
Architectural Theory
Professed substantive
Professed procedural
Normative
Practice
Building design
Praxis content
Building performance
Architectural Process
Design Activity(Praxis)Client
ArchitectureTheory
ArchitecturalStyle
Design Theory
DesignInstance
Product
Design Praxis
Brian K. Seitz 1996
Activity
Start
Definition Analysis Synthesis Development Implementation
(Owner)(Finance)Architect
Contractor
(Architect)OwnerUser
(Architect)Owner
ManufacturerContractor
(Architect)Contractor
ManufacturerSubcontractor
(Contractor)SubcontractorManufacturer
Architect
(Contractor)SubcontractorManufacturer
Architect
(Labor)Contractor
SubcontractorManufacturer(Key Role)
Team
Phase
Source: Swinburne (1969 via Jon Lang 1987
Market
FinalizeConstructive
Direct iveRoleShift
ProfessionalManagement
F inalizeConstruct ion
CostTime Schedule
EconomicManagement
Recycle & ModifyBalance: Scope * Dollars * Time
Re-examine Goal Definition
Operation
Need
Cost
Time
Resources
RoleShift
Goals
Limits
DefineFacility
Object iveResearch &Investigate
Operat ions
Program
SpatialProgram
HumanProgram
EnvironmentalProgram
Think
DetermineGroup
Dynamics
DetermineAdjacency
FinalizeDesign
Concept
AestheticPosition
OtherDisciplines
WriteDesign
Direct ive
EstablishPerformance
Critieria
InvestigateAlternat ives
SubsystemInterlock
Simulation
LocationLogistics
(Owner)Architect
UserMaintainer
Critic
(Owner)Architect
ContractorSubcontractorManufacturer
VerifyOperating
Costs
Maintain&
Operate
InteriorEnvironmental
Comfort
PerformFunctions
ExteriorEnvironmentalReinforcement
ConstructionManagement
Construct ionLogistics
Labor (On-site) (Off-site)
Construct & EquipFacility
RoleShif t
ReviewPerformance
Criteria
JudgeNonquantif iables
MeasureQuantif iables
EstablishPerformance
Prof ileStop
Evaluation
An Example of Design Praxis
Bubble chart
Preliminary Sketch
Dimensional Study
Completed Floor plan
Enterprise Architecture
Theory and models of the environment, people, and their interactions
Decision Theory
The Behavioral Sciences
Research Methods
Building design
Praxis content
Building performance
Practice
Professed substantive
Professed procedural
Normative
Substantive
Procedural
Positive
Des
igne
r’s
Wor
ld V
iew
Who What Where When Why How
Zachman ISA
Owner
Architect
Contractor
Manufacturer
SubContractor
Architectural Theory Brian K. Seitz 1996
Activ ity
Star t
Definition Analysis Synthesis Development Implementation
(Owner)(Finance)Architect
Contractor
(Architect)OwnerUser
(Architect)Owner
ManufacturerContractor
(Architect)Contractor
ManufacturerSubcontractor
(Contractor)SubcontractorManufacturer
Architect
(Contractor)SubcontractorManufacturer
Architect
(Labor)Contractor
SubcontractorManufacturer(Key Role)
Team
Phase
Source: Swi nburne (1969 via Jon Lang 1987
Market
FinalizeConstruc tive
Di rect iveRoleShif t
Profess ionalM anagement
F inalizeCons truc tion
CostTime Schedule
EconomicManagement
Recyc le & ModifyBalance: Scope * D ollars * Time
Re-examine Goal Def init ion
Operation
Need
Cost
Time
Resour ces
RoleShif t
G oals
Limit s
DefineF aci lity
O bject iveResearch &Invest igate
Operat ions
Program
SpatialProg ram
Hum anProgram
Env ironmentalProg ram
Think
Determ ineG roup
Dynam ics
Determin eAdjacenc y
F inal izeDesignConcept
Aesthet icPosit ion
Ot herDisc iplines
Wr iteDesign
Direct ive
EstablishPerfor mance
Crit ier ia
Invest igateAlter nat ives
Subsyst emInter lock
Simulat io n
LocationLogist ics
(Owner)Architect
UserMaintainer
Critic
(Owner)Architect
ContractorSubcontractorManufacturer
VerifyOperat ing
Costs
M aintain&
Operate
InteriorEnvironmental
Comf ort
Perfor mFunct ions
Exter iorEnvironmentalReinfo rcem ent
Construct ionManagement
Construc tionLogist ics
Labor ( On -site) ( Off -site)
Cons truc t & EquipF acil ity
RoleShif t
ReviewPer formance
Criter ia
JudgeNonquant if iab les
MeasureQ uant ifiables
Est ablishPerformance
ProfileStop
Evaluation
The EnterpriseSales
Manufacturing
Dealer
Accounting
Executive Management Customer SupportCustomer
Is manifested as an organizational entity (an entire corporation, division, branch or department) having a business mission - that generates a need to share information. It is an association of resouces, ( fiscal, human, technological and intellectual), for the purpose of commerce.
BusinessArchitecture
Application Architecture
TechnologyArchitecture
Microsoft Solutions Framework
InformationArchitecture
What is Enterprise Architecture ?
Describes the structure and dynamics of an Enterprise
Encapsulates the rules of selecting and organizing components into a purposeful whole.
Is multi-dimensional like Dwelling Architecture
Today’s Distributed Application Architectures
Suppliers
Distributors
EnterpriseMIS
Customers
Users andOrganization Units
Network and Gateways
Desktop Tools and Interfaces
Network Servers, Mainframes, Data Feeds, ...
Products & Technologies
Customers
Suppliers
Distributors
CorporateMIS
Users andBusiness Units
Windows NTServer
Exchange& MAPI
SQL Server& ODBC
Backoffice& OLE
Access&
SQL Server
Office&
VisualTools
Windows NTServer &NetWareServices
Windows 95&
Windows NTWorkstation
SNA Server, Mail gateways
Enterprise Architecture Scope
TimeA larger problem domain ...
Domain
Scale
Time
ProgramDesignersWeeks
Months
Years
Decades
Inter-Enterprise
Days
Industry/Global
EnterpriseBusinessFunctions
BusinessProcesses
ApplicationsTasks
Generation
Centuries
ApplicationArchitect
BusinessSystems
Architects
TBD
EnterpriseArchitects
TBD
GlobalPlanners
Span
Granularity
At Microsoft…..
Introduction of a Praxis Organizational redesign
Introducing an Architectural Praxis
Building
Managing
Planning
MSF
Program Management
Development
Testing
User Education
LogisticsProduct Management
Communication
Enterprise Planning Perspectives
…are only part of the solution
Technology Architecture
Business Architecture
ApplicationArchitecture
Information Architecture
The Essentials…
• Architects - Team Model• A Framework • A Set of Plans • A Process Model
Sales Mfg. Adm. Finance IT
OrderFulfillment
BusinessProcess
Gain Leverage for the Enterprise
CoordinatedEnterprise/TechnicalArchitectureand Plans
Architects
Partnerships
The Architect Capabilities and Skills
Identifies and reports poor alignment between the business and technology goals
Assures the “To-Be” Architecture aligns with business goals
Designs an infrastructure to support the business solutions
Has business and technical expertise and can influence key decision-makers
Understands the technology, information, and application needs of the enterprise
Owns the architectural processes Evangelizes the enterprise business and
technology objectives
MSF Team Model
Development
Testing
User Education
LogisticsProduct Management
ProgramManagement
Program Management
Development
Testing
User Education
Logistics
Development
Testing
User Education
LogisticsProduct Management
The Architect Role Augments the MSF Team Model
Program Management Testing
User Education
LogisticsProduct Management
ProgramManagement
EnterpriseArchitecture
Development
ProductManagement
BusinessArchitecture
Application Architecture
TechnologyArchitecture
Microsoft Solutions Framework
InformationArchitecture
Enterprise Architecture Framework
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Programming Models Database Design Technology Standards
IT Principles and GuidelinesUser Procedures and TasksReal World Constraints
Scope of Impact onCurrent Systems
Business Strategy Functional Model Critical Success
FactorsLogical Process Models
Information and Process Needs
Hardware
Information Model
Systems Models
Application Model
Technology Models Business Services Model
Dynamic Models
User Services Model
Data Services Model
Software
The Enterprise Architecture Planning Process
Control and coordination of change, distribution, and integration
Facilitates decision making Managed as a milestone-based process Results are measurable and visible to
the organization Required for successful deployment of
distributed client/server technology
Major Components of Enterprise Architecture Planning Process
Program and Project Management and
Development Process
Enterprise ArchitectureDesign and
Development Process
Business and FinancialManagement Process
Technical Principles,Guidelines, andStandards
Financial and BusinessModels, Guidelines, and Standards
Business Goals and Objectives
Technical Objectivesand Goals
Coordination between these three processes is essential…
Enterprise Architecture Planning Process Model
Deployment
Vision/ScopeApproved
MasterPlan
Approved
ActionPlansComplete
EXECUT ONI E
ASS
SST
MNE
PLANI
GN
N
CSN
TRUCI
O
T ON
Vision/Scope Approved Develop Problem Statement (BPR, SWOT, Mission)
Evaluate Emerging Technology Analyze As-Is Processes
Evaluate Options Evaluate Current Projects
Business Processes
BusinessObjects
Current Projects
Critical Success Factors
Business ProcessesBusinessGoals &Objectives
Scope = High Priority Area
EASS
SST
MNE
Vision/ScopeApproved
Master Plan Approved
Conduct Impact Analysis Set Priorities
Communicate Program Vision and Objectives
Analyze As-Is Enterprise Architecture
Build the Master Plan
AS-IS Enterprise Architecture Business Process
LegacySystems
Business Processes
BusinessObjects
Focus areas
PLANI
GN
NMasterPlan
Approved
Action Plans Complete
Develop Action Plans Develop Change Strategies Develop Infrastructure
Blueprints Develop To-Be Enterprise
Architecture
Technology Deployment Plan
Projects
IT Initiatives IT Initiatives
BusinessInitiatives
To-Be Enterprise Architecture
IT Strategic Plan
CSNTRUC
I
O
T ON
ActionPlansComplete
EXECUT ONI
Release
Collect Feedback Implement Plan
Evangelize Implement First Use
Technology Deployment Plan
Projects
IT Initiatives IT Initiatives
BusinessInitiatives
Deployment
Planning through building can take advantage of fluctuations in business and technology
Identify changes tobusiness
processes
Business Processes
BusinessObjects
Assessment of current
programs & projects
Business goals,strategies,objectives
Identifypriorities,
risks,and impacts
Critical Success Factors
Business Procedures
BusinessGoals &Objectives
High Priority Area
Technology Deployment Plan
Projects
IT Initiatives IT Initiatives
BusinessInitiatives
AS-IS Enterprise Architecture Business Process
LegacySystems
Business Processes
BusinessObjects
Adjust Scope and gauge impact on applications and
infrastructure
To-Be Enterprise Architecture
IT Strategic Plan
Coordinate legacy systems shutdown
and the introduction of new business
solutions
I
IVIII
II
Planning Cycle
General Principles Build a vision for the future Build the architecture incrementally Focus on common infrastructures Utilize Project Management desciplines
in Architecture Projects Staff with the right level of expertise Document, model, and share results Involve customers through out the
process
Organizational redesignThe organizational models chosen for
IT Organizations must have give them the ability to :
a) develop leveraged partnerships
with the business units
b) respond rapidly to changes in the business environment
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The Federation ModelA new paradigm for IT governance
Corporate ITBusiness Units Business Units Business Units
Business Units
Corporate ITBusiness Unit IT
Business Unit IT
Business Unit IT
Business Unit ITBusiness UnitBusiness UnitBusiness Unit
Business Unit
Move Ownership,Responsibility, Autonomy, andAccountability
for Business Applications to the Business Units
Conclusions and Lessons learned
For both organization and architectural team The simplicity and elegance of architecture can
be deceiving
Communications
Learning is essential
Extremely important Extremely difficult
Rapid shallow cycles are best
Issues on the Horizon
What’s in, what’s out ? What does it mean ? Where can I find… Semantic integration Inventory control
Ontological management and control
PS, If you plan on going Object Oriented your going to need an Ontology management system real bad!
Where to get more information
Forth coming White Paper “Architect’ Office”
Microsoft Consulting Services, Microsoft Executive Briefing Center
Questions ?
Enterprise Architecture Experiences
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