1) DIFFERENTIATION

2) ANAPLASIA

3) RATE OF GROWTH

4) LOCAL INVASION

5) METASTASIS

1. Differentiation: Resemblance to cell of origin.

… Benign Tumours - well-differentiated,

… Malignant Tumours –

Well-differentiated

Moderately differentiated

Poorly / undifferentiated (Anaplasia)

Characteristics of Benign VS Malignant Tumours:

Well-differentiated

Adenocarcinoma

2. ANAPLASIA : (To form backwards),

- Lack of differentiation,

- Pleomorphism - Variation in size & shape,

- Mitoses (abnormal : Tripolar, Multi-polar)

- Hyperchromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli,

- N : C = 1 : 1, ( Normal - 1 : 4 or 1: 6),

- Tumor giant cells,

- Loss of polarity,

- Ischemic necrosis;

Anaplastic carcinoma

Characteristics of Benignand Malignant Tumors:

Benign - Slow,

Malignant - Rapid,

Correlates with level of differentiation,

Properties of cancer cellsThey keep growing

And growing

And growing

And growing

Characteristics of Benignand Malignant Tumours:

4. Local Invasion:

Benign

= Cohesive expansive growth,

= Encapsulation,

= No invasion

Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumours:

Local Invasion:…..,

Malignant

= Infiltrative growth,

= Poorly demarcated borders,

= Destruction of

surrounding

tissue;

Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors:

Characteristics of Benign VS Malignant Tumors:

4. Metastasis:

Metastasis is the development of secondary deposits

of a tumor in a distant site

Considered the hallmark of malignancy

Some types of cancer metastasize more readily than

others

Metastasis

4. Metastasis:

* Benign -- Nil;

Malignant -- present;

(.. Exceptions - Gliomas,

- Basal cell carcinoma)

Metastasis:…………., FACTS :

Rapidly growing !!

Larger than primary tumor !!

30% metastasis + at the time of diagnosis !!

1. Seeding of body cavities:

( Transceolomic spread )

2. Lymphatic spread:

Carcinomas,

3. Hematogenous spread:

Sarcomas,

4. Direct Transplantation:

By Ca. Stomach, Pancreas, Colon and Breast

To both the ovaries: Kruckenbergs tumor

Ovaries become large, but retain the shape

Slow growing,

capsulated,

Non-invasive

do not metastasize,

well differentiated,

suffix “oma” eg. Fibroma.

Fast growing,

non capsulated,

Invasive & Infiltrate

Metastasize.

poorly differentiated,

Suffix “Carcinoma” or “Sarcoma”

Any Questions?