2012 10 11 Rey Ty Civil Society Social Movements State

transcript

Civil Society, Social Movements

& the StateRey Ty

International Training Office

Northern Illinois University

Civil Society

Civil SocietyI. Classical Political Economy

A. Ferguson

B. Adam Smith

II. Political PhilosophyA. Hobbes

B. Locke

C. Rousseau

III. SociologyA. Hegel

B. Young Marx

C. Mature Marx & Engels

D. Althusser

IV. Popular UsageA. Civil Society

B. Global Civil Society

Civil Society

Beasts & gods live outside

the state

Humans live in polis

= state = civil society!

AristotleDichotomy

Civil Society

“State of nature” = natural society

Civil society = civil

government = the state!

Hobbes, Locke & RousseauDichotomy

Civil Society

Barbarism & “Asiatic”

mode of Oriental

despotism

Property-owning

“civilized” civil society

A. Ferguson & A. SmithDichotomy

Civil Society

For Smith, Hobbes, Locke &

Rousseau: Civil society is rational.

For Hegel: The state is rational & is

not civil society.

Dichotomy

Bourgeois Society

IndividualsCivil

SocietyState

Civil Society•Civil society “encompasses the social groups & institutions between the individual & the state” (Miller, 1999, p. 257).

Civil Society•Civil society “stands on a subtle & fragile dialectic between individualism & collectivity” (Milani, 2005, p. 27).

Civil Society•Civil society & the state interact with one another (Migdal, 1988 & 2001).

Civil Society•Civil society includes “religious organizations, professional organizations, producers, unions…, enterprises, and… farmers (Milani, 2005, p. 27).

Civil Society• “It has a long history in

Western philosophy, with many different thinkers such as John Locke, Thomas Paine, Adam Smith & Karl Marx” (Kumar, 1996, p. 89 as cited in Miller, 1999, p. 257).

Civil Society• For Hobbes, Locke & Rousseau:

– The natural society or the original state of nature is the opposite of

– Civil society which is the political state or civil government

Hobbes, Locke & Rousseau

Civil society

= political

State of

Nature

Civil Society•For Hobbes, the state or civil society is where “the war of every man against every man” in the original state of nature ends.

Civil Society•Locke stated that the original state of nature was fine but had inconveniences.

Civil Society•Locke stated that humans are born free but gave up natural freedom to avoid inconveniences.

Civil Society•Locke said that humans assumed “the bonds of civil society” when they agree to enter a Commonwealth “for their comfortable, safe & peaceable living one amongst the other.”

Civil Society•Locke said that when humans enter civil society, they abide by the majority rule.

Civil Society•Rousseau said that humans are “born free but everywhere” they are “in chains.”

Civil Society•Rousseau said that as humans lost their natural innocence as “noble savage,” they had to organize themselves into civil society.

Civil Society•For Locke, Rousseau & Adam Smith, there is inherent rationality in civil society which will lead to the general good.

Civil Society• Early Marx’s concept of civil society came from Hegel.

Civil Society•“According to… Hegel, civil society encompasses the social groups & institutions between the individual & the state. (Miller, 1999, p. 257).”

Civil Society•For Hegel, civil society is a market where individuals enter into “infinitely complex criss-cross movements of reciprocal production & exchange” & where property rights are set up by legally binding contracts.

Civil Society•For Hegel, civil society is the domain of particular needs, self-interest, & divisiveness, potentially leading to self-destruction.

Civil Society•For Hegel, universal interest can prevail in the state, not civil society.

Civil Society•For Hegel, there is no inherent rationality in civil society leading to the general good.

Civil Society•For Hegel, the state embodies rationality & reconciles conflicting interests in society.

Civil Society•For Hegel, the state exists above & outside civil society.

•State agents (or civil servants) are a universal class serving the interests of society as a whole.

Civil Society

Different Views

Civil Society•Marx & Engels almost never used the word “society” by itself, but almost always used “civil society.”

Civil Society•Early Marx used the word “civil society” to critique Hegel & German idealist philosophy.

Civil Society•Early Marx argued that under feudalism, individuals were members of many societies (e.g. estates or guilds), each with a political role. Hence, there was no separate civil realm.

Civil Society•Early Marx argued that as these partial societies (e.g. estates or guilds) broke down, civil society arose in which the individuals became all important.

Civil Society•Early Marx argued that in civil society, the selfish needs of individuals —separated from each other & from the community—replaced the old ties of privilege.

Civil Society•Early Marx asserted that bourgeois “civil society” arose after medieval society ended.

Civil Society

Individuals & groups

DichotomyEarly Marx

Civil Society State

Civil Society

Civil Society State

DichotomyEarly Marx

Private Domain Public Domain

Civil Society

Bourgeois society is

civil Society!

Early Marx

Civil Society•Marx used the word in

1. On the Jewish Question

2. Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right

3. German Ideology

Civil Society• Early Marx defined “civil society” as the site of crass materialism, modern property relations, struggle of each against all & egotism.

Civil Society• Early Marx argued that in civil society, the law (which is not the creation of their will & does not match their nature but directs human relationships due to the threat of punishment) is the only link between individuals.

Civil Society• Early Marx argued that the fragmentation of civil society escape the control of the state, which is restricted to formal, negative activities & is made powerless by the conflict which is the core of economic life.

Civil Society• Early Marx argued that the political identify of individuals as citizens in modern society is cut off from their civil identity & from their activity in the productive sphere as economic beings.

Civil Society• Early Marx argued that

there is a dichotomy in civil society

1. Between individuals in their privacy

2. Between public (state) & private domains (society)

Civil Society• Early Marx contrasted

1. The modern state which represents the idealism of universal interests &

2. The abstract concept of a citizen who is moral, going beyond one’s narrow interest, with the materialism of real, sensuous people in civil society.

Civil Society• Early Marx critiqued the irony in

modern society that

1. The most universal, moral, social aims are represented in the ideal of the modern state which serves…

2. Human beings in a partial, depraved state of individual egotistical desires—of economic necessity.

Civil Society• Early Marx argued the essence of the modern state is to be found in the characteristics of civil society—in economic relations.

Civil Society• For Marx, the state guarantees the property rights that reproduces class division & simultaneously creates the proletariat (that exists outside civil society & has no claim to make on it).

Civil Society• Mature Marx dropped the use of the word “civil society.”

Civil Society

Need to go beyond the state & civil

society.

Mature Marx

Civil Society

Civil society was renamed as

economic structure of society, economic

base & mode of production.

Mature Marx

Civil SocietyMarx & Engels

Civil Society•Marx & Engels in German Ideology: “civil society is the true source & theater of all history.”

•Translation: The development of civil society explains political events, legal changes & cultural development.

Civil Society• Mature Marx saw the withering away of the state to achieve full human potential, cooperation & liberation in a classless society based on free associations among individuals.

Civil Society• But Gramsci redefined the withering away of the state as the development of the self-regulating characteristics of civil society.

Civil Society•Gramsci used the term differently from Marx.•But Gramsci still used the term to mean the private or non-state sphere.

Civil Society•Gramsci said that the state is not only the government apparatus but also the “private” sphere or the complex of structures where the battle is waged for hegemony or for cultural or ideological domination.

Civil Society•Gramsci said that the superstructures of civil society are the sites for struggle of positions between clashing classes brought into existence by capitalism.

Civil Society•Gramsci said that the civil society lies between the coercive relations of the state & the economic sphere of production: that realm of social life which appears as the realm of the private citizen & individual consent.

Civil SocietyGramsci

Dichotomy

Civil SocietyGramsci said the proletariat will set up a

free & self-governing society.

Civil SocietyGramsci influenced Althusser

Civil SocietyGramsci (1971, p. 160) said the distinction is only methodological, because laissez-faire

policy is set up by the state.

Civil society

Civil SocietyGramsci on civic institutions

Civil Society• Popular Usage: everything that is not related to the state.

Global Civil Society•“While global civil society must interact with states, the code of civil society denies the primacy of states or their sovereign rights” (Mingst, 2004, p. 311).

Global Civil Society•“This civil society is ‘global’ not only because of those connections that cross national boundaries and operate within the ‘global, nonterritorial region’… ” (Mingst, 2004, p. 311).

Global Civil Society•“…but also as a result of a growing element of global consciousness in the way the members of global civil society act” (Mingst, 2004, p. 311).

Non-Governmental Organizations

(NGOs)

Non-Governmental Organization• NGOs “are generally private, voluntary organizations whose members are individuals or associations that come together to achieve a common purpose (Mingst, 2004, p. 180).

Non-Governmental Organization• NGOs “are incredibly diverse entities, ranging from local and/or grassroots organizations to those organized nationally & internationally (Mingst, 2004, p. 180).

Non-Governmental Organization• “These private organizations, some of considerable size & resources, interact with states, MNCs, & other NGOs (Goldstein, 2004, p. 13).”

Non-Governmental Organization

2012 Rey Ty

Social Movements

Social Movement

Social Movements

as Learning

Social Movements as Learning Sites

Differences

Historical Types

Social Movement in Capitalist Society

Anti-Fast Food Movement,Anti-Globalization,

Anti-GMO Movement Fair Trade Movement, Democracy Movement

More Recent Movements

Bourgeois Society

Individuals

Business, NGOs &Social

Movement

Families Civil Society State

Inside & Outside the State

Social Movement under Capitalism

Recent or “New” Social Movements

African National Congress (ANC) Bolsheviks Civil Rights Green Party Neo-Nazism Pro-Choice Sandinistas Solidarność Taliban Undocumented

Examples:

Coercion & Repression

Ideology & Consent

Social Movements

Business & Religious

StateCivil Society

2012 Rey Ty

Literature Review•The Context of Popular Educators in Civil Society, Human Rights and Peace NGOs, and Social Movements Engaged in Work for Social Change

Clark (1991); Finger (1989); Foley (1999); Gramsci (1993); Habermas (1976); Holford (1995); Holst (2002); Korten (1990)

Literature Review• The Context of Popular Educators in Civil Society,

Human Rights and Peace NGOs, and Social Movements Engaged in Work for Social Change

Clark (1991); Finger (1989); Foley (1999); Gramsci (1993); Habermas (1976); Holford (1995); Holst (2002); Korten (1990)2012 Rey Ty

Welton, M. (1993)

Holford, J. (1995)• “First, there is the appreciation

of social movements as socially important sources of knowledge as well as profound sites of learning … Moreover, it suggests that we can begin to understand these characteristic forms of knowledge through analyzing the social movements which have shaped a given society (p. 104).”

Foley (1999)“It has been argued, correctly I think, that social

movements are important sites of emancipatory adult learning and that more attention needs to be paid to this dimension of their activity. But much of this discussion has been abstract and exhortatory. A lot of energy has gone into debating the distinction between ‘old’ and ‘new’ social movements. Social movements have been discussed in general terms- there had been almost no extended analysis of specific social movements or instances of social action (p. 134).”

Change

Civil Society, Social Movements

& the StateRey Ty

International Training Office

Northern Illinois University

2012 10 11 Rey Ty Civil Society Social Movements State

Education