2013 ANATOMY 2013 ANATOMY

& PHYSIOLOGY (C)& PHYSIOLOGY (C)

Karen LancourKaren Lancour Patty PalmiettoPatty PalmiettoNational Bio Rules National Bio Rules National Event National EventCommittee Chairman Committee Chairman Supervisor – A&P Supervisor – A&P

Event Rules – 2013

DISCLAIMERThis presentation was prepared using draft rules.  There may be some changes in the final copy of the rules.  The rules which will be in your Coaches Manual and Student Manuals will be the official rules.

Event Rules – 2013

BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2013 EVENT RULES FOR EVENT PARAMETERS AND TOPICS FOR EACH COMPETITION LEVEL

TRAINING MATERIALS Training Power Point – content overview Training Handout - content information Sample Tournament – sample problems with key Event Supervisor Guide – prep tips, event needs,

and scoring tips Internet Resource & Training CD’s – on the

Science Olympiad website at www.soinc.org under Event Information

Biology-Earth Science CD, Anatomy/A&P CD Anatomy/A&P CD (new) (new) as well as the Division B and Division C Test Packets are available from SO store at www.soinc.org

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Event ContentEvent Content: : 20132013 BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYBASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Nervous system Nervous system (new)(new) Digestive system Digestive system Excretory systemExcretory system Major disorders Major disorders Treatment and prevention of disordersTreatment and prevention of disorders

PROCESS SKILLS - PROCESS SKILLS - observations, observations, inferences, predictions, calculations, inferences, predictions, calculations, data analysis, and conclusions.data analysis, and conclusions.

Divisions of the Nervous Divisions of the Nervous SystemSystem

Brain Brain

&&

Spine Spine

Rest Rest of of BodBody y

NeuronNeuron

Basic functional cell of nervous system

Transmits impulses Three types

Sensory neurons – bring messages to CNS Motor neurons - carry messages from CNS Interneurons – between sensory & motor

neurons in the CNS

NeuronNeuron

Dendrite – receive stimulus and carries it impulses carries it impulses toward the cell bodytoward the cell body

Cell Body with nucleus – nucleus & most of cytoplasm Axon – fiber which carries impulses away from cell carries impulses away from cell

bodybody Schwann Cells- cells which produce myelin or fat layer Myelin sheath – lipid layer around the axon Node of Ranvier – gaps or nodes in the myelin sheath Impulses travel from dendrite to cell body to axondendrite to cell body to axon

ImpulsesImpulses

Impulse Self propagating Mechanism – Na+

K+ pump Synapse

Junction between neurons

Neurotransmitters

SynapsSynapse e

Junction between neuronsJunction between neuronsThe neurons do not actually tough at the The neurons do not actually tough at the synapse synapse Neurotransmitters used to restart impulse Neurotransmitters used to restart impulse in dendrite of 2in dendrite of 2ndnd neuron neuron

NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters

Chemicals in Chemicals in the junction the junction which allow which allow impulses to impulses to be started in be started in the second the second neuron neuron

Reflex Arch Reflex Arch

Central Nervous Central Nervous SystemSystem

Brain Brain stem –

medulla, pons, midbrain

Diencephalon – thalamus & hypothalamus

Cerebellem Cerebrum

Spine Spinal Cord

Cerebrum Regions Cerebrum Regions

Lobes of the Cerebrum Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital

Special regions Broca’s area Wernicke’s area Limbic System

Peripheral Peripheral Nervous Nervous System System

Cranial nervesCranial nerves 12 pair 12 pair Attached to Attached to

undersurface of undersurface of brainbrain

Spinal nervesSpinal nerves 31 pair31 pair Attached to spinal Attached to spinal

cordcord

Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous System System

Regulates bodies involuntary Regulates bodies involuntary responsesresponses

Two divisionsTwo divisions Sympathetic nervous systemSympathetic nervous system

Emergency responseEmergency response Fight or flight Fight or flight

Parasympathetic nervous systemParasympathetic nervous system Normal everyday conditions Normal everyday conditions

Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous System System

Major Sense OrgansMajor Sense Organs

Vision – Eye Hearing – Ear Taste – Taste receptors (new) Smell – Olfactory system Skin – Hot, cold, pressure, pain

EyeEye

ImagesImages

the cornea and the lens help to produce the image on the the cornea and the lens help to produce the image on the retina retina images formed by the lens are upside down and images formed by the lens are upside down and backwards whenbackwards when they reach the retinathey reach the retina

Visual Pathway Visual Pathway

EaEarr

Taste BudsTaste Buds

Chemical Receptors Sweet Sour Bitter Salty MSG

Olfactory ReceptorsOlfactory Receptors

Chemical Receptors Top of nasal cavity Extremely sensitive Easily fatigued Much of “taste” involves smell

SensesSensesin Skinin Skin

Heat Cold Light

pressure Heavy

Pressure Pain

Disorders of the Disorders of the Nervous SystemNervous System

Epilepsy, Epilepsy, Seizures, Seizures, Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease Multiple SclerosisMultiple Sclerosis Parkinson’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Shingles (herpes zoster), Shingles (herpes zoster), Cerebral palsy, Cerebral palsy, Glaucoma, Glaucoma, Pink eye (conjunctivitis)Pink eye (conjunctivitis) Symptoms of disordersSymptoms of disorders Treatments and prevention Treatments and prevention

Effects of Drugs Effects of Drugs

Effects of drugs on the Effects of drugs on the nervous systemnervous system

AlcoholAlcohol CaffeineCaffeine NicotineNicotine MarijuanaMarijuana

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – digest foods extracellular (outside of cell) in digestive

canal

BASIC PROCESSES OF BASIC PROCESSES OF THETHE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

INGESTION -- intake of food DIGESTION – breakdown of food

Mechanical Digestion – physical breakdown Chemical Digestion – chemical breakdown of

macromolecules to monomers   Absorption --  Transport of the products of

digestion into the blood  Defecation --  Elimination of undigested

waste 

ORGANS OF DIGESTIVE ORGANS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT (Mouth to anus)TRACT (Mouth to anus)

Mouth - Chewing, Digestion begins Pharynx - Swallowing Esophagus - Transports food to stomach Stomach - Storage of food, Digestion of

protein Small Intestine - Majority of digestion and

absorption of food Large Intestines - Absorption of water,

Waste storage Anus - Elimination of waste

ASCESSORY ORGANS ASCESSORY ORGANS

SECRETE FLUIDS INTO DIGESTIVE TRACT

Salivary Glands - Secrete salivary amylase

Liver - Produces bile Gallbladder - Storage of bile Pancreas - Secretes pancreatic

amylase and other digestive enzymes

MOUTMOUTHH

Opens to outside to facilitate feeding Aids in preparation of food for digestion Foods are broken down mechanically by chewing Saliva is added as a lubricant from the auxiliary saliva glands Saliva contains amylase, an enzyme that digests starch Serves as an organ for speech and pleasure Includes cheeks, lips, tongue, palate, teeth – primary & secondary

TEETHTEETH Incisors (8) – for biting

food Canines (4) - for

grasping and tearing food

Bicuspids (8) – for grinding and crushing food

Molars (12) – for grinding food

ESOPHAGUSESOPHAGUS

a simple tube between the mouth and stomach – peristalsis aides in swallowing

STOMACHSTOMACH

STOMACHSTOMACH

Enzyme digestion of proteins initiated Foods reduced to a liquid form Walls lined with millions of gastric

glands Several kinds of cells in gastric glands Very little absorption from stomach –

some water, ethanol, drugs as aspirin, and certain ions

SMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINE most of chemical

enzymatic digestion occur

almost all nutrients are absorbed

Accessory glands – liver, gall bladder, and pancreas provide secretions to assist with chemical enzymatic digestion

LIVER and GALL LIVER and GALL BLADDER BLADDER

Liver: - provides bile salts to the small intestine, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats.

Gallbladder – stores bile

PANCREASPANCREAS

Pancreas: - provides digestive enzymes to the small intestine which are critical for digestion of fats, carbohydrates and protein.

LARGE INTESTINES LARGE INTESTINES

Colon: liquid residue – mainly water

with undigested materal water is absorbed, bacterial fermentation takes

place feces are formed.Rectum: collects undigested

waste Anus: expels undigested waste

– muscles to control exit and prevent leakage.

DIGESTIVDIGESTIVE E PROCESS PROCESS

Ingestion – intake of food Digestion – breakdown of food

bit by bit into molecules small enough to be absorbed

Mechanical Digestion – physical breakdown of food

Chemical Digestion – chemical breakdown of macromolecules to monomers

Absorption – transport of productions into the blood

Elimination (Defecation) - elimination of undigested waste

CHEMICAL CHEMICAL DIGESTIODIGESTION N

CARBOHYDRATES

PROTEIN FATS NUCLEIC ACIDS

Common Disorders of Common Disorders of Digestive System Digestive System

Stomach and duodenal ulcers Cancers of the digestive system Diarrhea Lactose Intolerance Hepatitis Crohn’s Disease, GERD, Diverticular Disease,

Celiac Disease (National)

Role of Fiber in Role of Fiber in Digestion Digestion

Fiber is found mostly in plant There are two types – insoluble fiber and soluble fiber Insoluble fiber is a type of fiber which cannot be dissolved in water Insoluble fiber draws water to the intestine, increasing the bulk and

softness of waste products Soluble fiber which can be dissolved in water Soluble fiber can be digested slowly and it slows the digestive

process and keeps the stomach fuller longer leaving the body feeling full for a longer period of time

Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates are slower so that glucose (sugar) in food enters the bloodstream more slowly, which keeps blood sugar on a more even level

The slow absorption of sugar gives the body an opportunity to regulate blood sugar levels

Excretory SystemExcretory System

Functions: Excrete toxins and nitrogenous

waste Regulate levels of many

chemicals in blood Maintain water balance Helps regulate blood pressure

Organs of Excretory Organs of Excretory System System

Kidney – filters blood and forms urine Ureter – carries urine to bladder Bladder – stores urine Urethra – releases urine

KidneyKidney

Filtration

Reabsorption

Secretion

NephronNephron

NephronNephron

CompositioComposition of Urine n of Urine

Glomerular Filtration Glomerular Filtration RateRate

GFR– amount of filtrate formed per minute in all nephrons of both kidneys

• The amount of fluid filtered from the glomeruli into Bowman's space per unit of time. 

• Renal capillaries are much more permeable than others.

• The flow rate is 180 L/day (125 ml/min) compared to 4 L/day in the other capillaries.

• The entire plasma volume is filtered about 60 times a day! Most is reabsorbed!

GFR = UV = Urine concentration x Rate of Urine Flow = g/ml x ml/min = ml/min P Blood Plasma Concentration g

Diseases of Excretory Diseases of Excretory System System

Obstructive Disorders Urinary tract infections (UTI) Glomerular Disorders Renal Failure

Acute Chronic

Treatment for Renal Failure Incontinence, Prostatitis, BPH

(national)