Post on 25-Dec-2015
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3. Word Formation Means of word formation: Affixation: Compounding Conversation Clipping Acronymy Blending ….
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3. 1 Affixation What is affixation? the process of making new words by
adding affixes to bases affixes + bases = new words affixes = prefix + suffix Characteristics: Prefixes change meaning Suffixes change part of speech
Prefixation Definition: Process of making new words by
adding prefixes to bases Classification: Prefixes are classified according to
meaning.
Prefixation Classes of prefixes = 9 1. Negative prefixes: 5 a-, dis- in-(il-,ir-,im-), non-, un- = 无 , 非 , 不 , 没 amoral ≠ immoral inability ≠ disability disinterested ( 公正无私 )≠ uninterested illogical but disloyal
Prefixation 2. Reversative prefixes: 3 de-, dis-, un- = reverse the action disunite unwrap decentralize
Prefixation 3. Pejorative prefixes: 3 mal-, mis-, pseudo- = bad, badly, wrong maltreatment 虐待 misuse pseudo-science
Prefixation 4. Prefixes of degree or size: 15 arch-, hyper-, ultra-, super-, extra- : macro-, micro-: macrocosm, microcosm under-, over-: underestimate, overestima
te super-, sub-: superstructure, sub-culture out-, sur-: outlive, surpass mini-, micro: mini-cenema, microscope
Prefixation 5. Prefixes of orientation and
attitude:4 anti-, contra-, counter-, pro- anti-: anti-violence counter-: counter-violence contra-: contra-flow pro-: pro-democratic
Prefixation 6. Locative prefixes: 6 extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, tele-, trans- extra- = outside: extra-curriculum fore- = front: forehead inter- = between: intra- = within: intra-linguistic tele- = far trans- = over, across: trans-Atlantic
Prefixation 7. Prefixes of time and order: 4 ex-, post-, pre-, re- pre-, post-: pre-war, post-war ex-: ex-president re-: reorganize post-,pre- (class-changing)
Prefixation 8. Number prefixes: 8 uni-(mono-): unicycle bi- : bicycle tri- : tricycle semi-(hemi-): hemisphere multi-(poly-) : multi-national
Prefixation 9. Miscellaneous prefixes: 4 auto-: auto-biography neo-: neo-classicism pan-: pan-African vice-: vice-chairperson
Prefixation Highly productive prefixes: 4 de-(class-changing): negate, reverse,
remove depenalize, defocus, depoliticize, defrost,
defog, deschool (abolish traditional schools), devalue (lessen the value of), defeather, depost, deplane, detrain (get off)
Prefixation non-: (to nouns, adjectives, adverbs) not, not important, of little value, not
traditional non-scientific, non-musician, non-additiv
e, non-book, non-friend, non-hero, non-novel, non-topic, non-conversation
Prefixation anti-: 1. against, preventing anti-crime, anti-fat, anti-noise 2. against traditional characteristics
anti-art, anti-music, anti-novelist, anti-theatre
Prefixation Example: In my happier nightmare," he adds, "I see
myself attending an anti-play with an anti-audience after a dinner prepared by an anti-cook."
Prefixation mini-: very small
mini-crisis, mini-war, mini-election, mini-boom, mini-lecture, mini-bikini, mini-by-pass
Suffixation Definition: Process of making new words by
adding suffixes to basis Characteristics of suffix: Changing part of speech Classification according to part of
speech
Suffixation 1. Noun suffixes 1) De-nominal nouns = changing nouns
into new nouns -eer, -er, -ess, -ette, -let, -ster profiteer, teenager, hostess, cigarette,
booklet, gangster, trickster concrete nouns
Suffixation -age, -dom, -ery (-ry), -ful, -hood, -ing, -i
sm, -ship wastage, officialdom, slavery, mouthful, a
dulthood, farming, terrorism, sportsmanship
abstract nouns
Suffixation 2) Deverbal nouns = changing verbs into N Concrete: -ant, -ent, -er(-or), -ee(opposite) informant, trainee, respondent Abstract: -age, -al, -ance, -ation (-ition, -ti
on, -sion, -ion), -ence, -ing, -ment marriage, dismissal, attendance, protection,
decision, existence, building, judgement
Suffixation 3) De-adjective nouns: -ity, -ness -ve: productivity, sensitivity -r: popularity, familiarity -al: morality, generality -able/-ible: ability, responsibility
Suffixation 4) Noun and adjective suffixes = making
new nouns and adjectives -ese, -an, -ist, Chinese; Australian, socialist
Suffixation 2 Adjective suffixes 1) De-nominal suffixes= changing N into adj -ed, -ful, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -y simple-minded, successful, childish, pri
celess -ly: (to) father, mother, brother, sister,
daughter, man, woman -y: (to) cream, rain, sun, wind, winter, san
d, hill, hair, water
Suffixation -al (-ial, -ical), -esque, -ic, -ous (-eous, -iou
s), cultural, picturesque, economic, marvelo
us
Suffixation -ic -ical classic 经典的 classical 古典的 comic 喜剧性的 comical 滑稽的 historic 历史性的 historical 历史上的 economic 经济上的 economical 节俭的 electric 电动的 electrical 与电有关
Suffixation 2) De-verbal suffixes (added to verbs): -ive (-ative, -sive); -able (-ible) washable, permissible, active, decisive comfort-comfortable; value-valuable educate, operate, penetrate, demonstrate educable, operable, penetrable, demonstrabl
e
Suffixation 2) De-verbal suffixes (added to verbs): navigate → navigable calculate → calculable originate → originatable liguidate → liquidatable
Suffixation 3. Adverb suffixes -ly, -ward(s), -wise -ward(s): (to) in, out, up, down, back, fore, side, sky,
earth, east, west, north, south -wise: (to) budget, time, money, security, econom
y, life, weather
Suffixation 4. Verb suffixes -ate, -en, -(i)fy, -ize(-ise) originate, darken, strengthen, solidify,
beautify, thingify, humanized, modernize, symbolize
Suffixation Vogue suffixes: -nik = a person who becomes a member
of; devoted to folknik, peacenik, jazznik, protestnik, city-nik, good-willnik
Suffixation -ese = style of; the characteristics of Afro-Americanese 非裔美语 Americanese 美国英语 cablese 电报用语 childrenese 儿童语言 computerese 电脑语言
Suffixation headlinese 标题风格 jargonese 行业用语 journalese 新闻体 newspaperese 报刊文体 novelese 小说体
Suffixation officialese 官方文体 telegraphese 电报文体 Washingtonese 华盛顿特色
Suffixation -ee: (to) transitive verbs to make a noun
which is the receiver of the action appointee, employee BUT flirtee, kickee, kissee, laughee, huggee, m
eetee, shavee, toastee, consultee, visitee, slanderee, rushee, curee
absentee
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