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Thinking ahead. Focused to life.
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Clinical Report
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3D Accuitomo system - a new imaging method or accurate
multidirectional slicing and graphic three-dimensional
presentation o dentomaxillary structures
Background and clinical evaluation
Erkki Tammisalo
Emeritus Proessor o Oral Radiology
Tomodent, Private Laboratory o Oral Diagnostic
Imaging
Turku, Finland
Due to continuing developments o treatment
methods and operative techniques, radiologists
are today required to provide their dental and
surgical colleagues with accurate and three-
dimensional imaging o oral anatomy and
pathology, allowing more precise diagnostics
and more detailed preoperative treatment and
surgical planning. Intraoral radiography does
permit viewing internal dental anatomy without
the superimposition o surrounding structures
and as well as panoramic radiography it provides
only a two-dimensional representation o the
oral bony structures in a single buccallingual
perspective. These methods are thereore or
limited value when analyzing complex anatomy
or when detecting and quantiying pathological
changes. Since the introduction o CT, digital
three-dimensional imaging has been more
and more used in medical radiology. With the
traditional CT methods, there is, however, a lack
o spatial resolution or demonstrating the subtle
dental structures or or detecting small apical
and alveolar lesions. Also the dose level is high
in conventional CT imaging. There has been no
validated practical method available or detailed
3D Accuitomo study o the dentition and the
surrounding structures in spite o the act that
the dental proession has badly needed more
sophisticated and eective imaging techniques to
solve existing and new coming diagnostic tasks
and problems.
The recent, tremendous advances in the
capability o personal computers to process
data and advances in detector technologies have
made it possible to use new technical solutions
or creating computed tomographic scans. By
applying new technology, J.Morita Mg. Corp.,
has developed a CT scanner based on the use
o a personal computer and a cone-shaped X-ray
beam. Now, with the advent o this advanced
CT scanner - called 3D Accuitomo dentistry
has or the ist time been exposed to the CT
technology specially designed or imaging o the
dento-maxillo-acial complex. Spatial resolution
o the 3D Accuitomo images is high enough to
accurately demonstrate all the nest hard tissue
structures, the x-ray dosage is low, it is easy to
use and comortable or the patient.
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the hard tissues. 3D Accuitomo is thereore,
the modality o choice when conventional oral
radiography is inadequate in detecting existing
subtle pathology. During the time we have used
the 3D Accuitomo imaging system, we havebeen able to help a large number o patients who
had been suering rom diagnostic problems
which had remained undetected in conventional
radiographs.
In summary, three years o clinical experience in
working with the 3D Accuitomo high resolution
and low dose 3D Accuitomo system has
established that this new imaging method hasrevolutionized oral radiology and opened a new
dimension or displaying complex structures and
establishing a diagnosis.
Finally, I would like to send my warmest regards
to all Japanese colleagues and oral radiologists.
We have been able to use the 3D Accuitomo
imaging system three years and since early 2005
the second generation o the 3D Accuitomo
scanner which has been urnished with a lat
panel detector. The range o contrast resolution othe FP detector is signicantly larger than that o
image intensier based detector when the spatial
resolution o both detectors is equally high. The
FP detector is equipped with a collimation system
that allows use o two dierent ield sizes. So,
when the FP detector is used, the eld size and
the dosage level can be selected according to
the diagnostic task. Through 3D Accuitomo's
sotware system, it is possible to generatetwo-dimensional reconstruction images at any
plane and in any direction. Slice reconstructions
in three dimensions provide a display o the
structures that is morphologically exact and
ree o superimposition. Multidimensional, ull-
perspective images can also be constructed
that permits appreciation o the anatomy and
pathological changes in an integrated and
comprehensive ormat.
The 3D Accuitomo imaging system has shown
to be particularly useul in detection o subtle
pathological conditions that have been missed
with other imaging modalities and in studying
root canal morphology, in evaluating presurgical
tooth impactions, implant sites, mandibular canal
and maxillary sinus location. 3D Accuitomo is the
irst method o choice when analyzing complex
anatomical conditions or deining the extent
o cysts and tumors, and their relationship to
adjacent normal structures. It permits precise
planning o the surgical approach and reduces
intraoperative time and improves postoperative
outcome. In establishing a primary diagnosis o
dental lesions conventional imaging methods
remain the gold standard. With these methods,
there is an acknowledged lack o sensitivity
or detecting and quantiying small changes in
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Case 1 Large multilocular cyst in the let side o the lower jaw.
Cross-sectional slice through the retained third molar shows
the lingual position o the mandibular canal and the sagittal slice
demonstrates the anteroposterior extent o the cyst.
Case 2 The rontal alveolar process o the lower jaw has been
strengthend by a bone grat or implant surgery. The axial,coronal
and sagittal slices show the outcome o the operation. Bony 3D
reconstruction image demonstrates the bone grat and the place
rom which bone has been taken or the grat.
Case 3 Views in axial, tangential and cross-sectional directions o
the impacted multirooted third molar reveal that the mandibular
canal is running lingually to the mesial root and between the two
distal roots. The tips o the distal roots are bending distally and
embraced by cortical bone.
A short curriculum vitae of Emeritus Professor Erkki Tammisalo:
Dental degree, Helsinki University, 1957.
Assistant teacher in oral radiology, Helsinki University, 1958 1960.
Associate Proessor o Oral Radiology, Helsinki University, Finland,1961-1963.
Doctorate degree in oral diagnostic radiology, Helsinki University,
1963.
Proessor and Chairman o Oral Radiology, Turku University, Finland,
1964 1998.
Approximately 100 scientiic and review articles on radiographic
imaging physics, rotational panoramic radiography, diagnostic
accuracy o oral imaging techniques and oral X-ray pathology.
Written two Finnish textbooks on oral X-ray pathology and
diagnostics.
Honorary degree o Doctor o Dentistry, Medical Faculty, Gteborg
University, Sweden, 1997.
Special interest: improving panoramic imaging technique
and developing new imaging technologies and methods.
Cranex, Minray, Digora FMX, Digora PCT, Scanora multimodal
system,Cranex Tome and 3D Accuitomo.
Five worldwide patents on the area o imaging methods and
technology.
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Clinical Applications of 3D Accuitomo Cone Beam CT
Hans-Gran Grndahl
Proessor and head
Department o Oral and Maxilloacial Radiology,
Institute o Odontology,
The Sahlgrenska Academy
Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
In most clinical areas o dentistry, radiography
plays a pivotal role. The rather complex anatomical
conditions have required x-rays be taken rom
dierent angulations to permit a thorough
analysis o teeth and jaws. Nevertheless, there
has been a lack o a technique allowing the 3D
anatomy o teeth and jaws to be imaged in a
simple, aordable, dose-saving and yet high
qualitative way until the advent o a cone beam
CT technique designed or volumes o limited
size.
In the Department and Clinic o Oral and
Maxilloacial Radiology at the Sahlgrenska
Academy in Gothenburg, Sweden, we have used
3D Accuitomo (J. Morita MFG. Corp., Kyoto,
Japan) or about 4 years. We rst used the unit
equipped with an image intensiier and a CCD
or image capture and then switched to a CMOS
fat panel detector. This represented a signicant
step orward, not only because we could now
use two dierent volume sizes, but also because
we ound the image quality to be better.
The 3D Accuitomo unit is more and more
requently used as our clinical colleagues
begin to appreciate the value o 3D Accuitomo
inormat ion. Very ear l y on, i t s va lue in
endodontics and implant practice became
apparent and diagnostic issues related to those
two elds still belong to those most commonly
approached by means o 3D Accui tomo
examinations. A pie chart (Fig. 1) describes the
distribution o patient categories among the rst
500 patients examined at our clinic. By and large,
the distribution is still approximately the same
although larger cystic lesions and tumors as well
as dento-alveolar trauma are now more oten
examined with our 3D Accuitomo unit.
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In endodontics, lesions at the root apices can
be diicult to see in conventional radiographs
either because they are hidden behind dense
anatomical structures such as the roots o multi-
rooted teeth or because they are conned to the
cancellous bone only and thereore cause little
loss o bone mass.
Conventional images in Fig. 2. are rom a patient
with severe pain in the upper molar region.
Although several radiographs were taken rom
dierent directions only small lesions were ound
at the apices o the upper right rst molar.
It is no exaggeration to say that the advent o
this technique and this particular unit represents
a major breakthrough and a paradigm shit in
dental diagnostics over the entire range o dental
problems.
Some examples may serve to illustrate the
versatility o the 3D Accuitomo unit while, at the
same time, demonstrating the shortcomings
o our commonly used x-ray techniques. Some
examinations were made with the image-
intensier/CCD-version, others with the fat panel
detector.
Fig. 2. Conventional radiographs in the upper rst quadrant o this patient in severe pain only demonstrated small lesions around the apices
o the rst molar.
Fig. 1. Distribution o patients among the rst 500 examined with 3D Accuitomo.
Endodontics: 22%
Implants: 38%
Orthodontics: 20%
Ears:3% Trauma:1%TMJ:5%
Impacted teeth:11%
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Examinat ion with the 3D Accuitomo unit
demonstrated a large lesion encompassing both
buccal roots. It expands the buccal bone and into
the lower part o the maxillary sinus where its
border is irregular and dense.
Fig. 3. A very dierent picture o the lesion at the rst upper molar rom that seen in the intraoral radiographs.
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need to access the oral cavity. In Fig.4. several
conventional intraoral radiographs are presented,
but only one o them clearly shows the presence
o a root racture.
In cases o suspected ractures o teeth and
alveolar bone the use o 3D Accuitomo is
particularly useul because o the large number
o directions rom which the teeth and jawbone
can be viewed rom just one exposure with no
Fig. 4. In several intraoral radiographs, taken rom dierent directions, only one clearly demonstrates the presence o a root racture.
Fig. 5. In the 3D Accuitomo images, one can clearly see the horizontal, oblique root racture, visible in one
o the intraoral radiographs. In addition, the 3D Accuitomo image set demonstrates a vertical oblique rootracture not displayed in any o the intraoral radiographs.
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appreciate the degree of dislocation of teeth and
bone. Fig. 6 shows such a case.
When many teeth have been involved in a trauma
that also includes the alveolar bone, it may be
of value to do a volume rendering to better
Fig. 6. Severe trauma to the upper frontal area causing fractures of the alveolar bone and dislocation of several teeth.
Fig. 7. Control radiographs after trauma treatment. Only an axial and a sagittal slice are shown. They show thatneither medial incisor has been optimally repositioned.
3D Accuitomo examinat ions can also be
performed to control the result of reposition and
root canal treatment after trauma (Fig.7).
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not the extent with which urcation areas are
involved (Fig.8).
The extent o periodontal marginal bone loss
is not always easy to determine and certainly
Fig. 9. In 3D Accuitomo images the marginal bone deect is easily seen and the degree o bone loss can beprecisely assessed. In the upper right corner is a 3D image based on the radiographic volume data.
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in whom implants were considered in both upper
lateral incisor regions. Images rom the right
upper lateral incisor region are shown.
3D Accuitomo images can play an important role
in implant planning and, in particular cases, also
or post-operative examinations. In Fig.10. 3D
Accuitomo images are presented rom a patient
Fig. 10. One exposure is sufcient to cover the entire rontal area making the examination very efcient. While the height o the alveolar
bone is sufcient, as well the horizontal distance between the cuspid and the medial incisor, its width is too small or conventional implant
treatment and may have to be augmented.
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aspect o the implants, but also on the buccal
and lingual sides. Fig. 11. shows an example o
such images, one rom the buccal and one rom
the lingual aspect.
We have used the 3D Accuitomo unit in animal
studies aimed at evaluating bone healing around
implants placed in dierent kind o tooth sockets.
With 3D Accuitomo images we are not restricted
to only evaluate bone on the mesial and distal
Fig.11. Implant images taken rom both the inside and outside.
From the inside
From the outside
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second upper molar upwards. In some places
there are no clear borders o the lesion and there
is a lack o a bony border both to the palatal and
buccal side. The lesion is a typical example o a
calciying odontogenic tumor. Particularly in thevolume rendering image, one can see that the
roots o the dislocated tooth are ound in the
lower part o the orbit.
3D Accuitomo images, both in terms o slices
and volume rendering images, are very useul
or the assessment o cystic lesions and tumors.
In the case presented in Fig. 12., both types
o images were used in connection with theevaluation o a cystic lesion.
It can be seen that the lesion contains calcifed
structures and sot tissues and has displaced the
Fig. 12. One mm thick slices and a volume rendering image o a typical calcifed odontogenic tumour.
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Fig. 13. A laterally displaced temporomandibular condyle with extensive fattening o its lateral part and o the lateral part o the tubercular
ossa and eminence. Note the low contrast, crescent-shaped structure above the medial part o the condyle probably the disk.
condyle that is in a much more lateral position
than normal and that there is extensive fattening
o the lateral part o the condyle and o the
tubercular eminence. Above the medial part o
the condule, a crescent-shaped, low contrastshadow may be a medially dislocated disk.
The temporomandibular joint can easily be seen
in all its aspects as witnessed by the example
in Fig. 13. Many years ago, the patient was
subjected to a trauma and she now has pain in
her let temporomandibular joint region and aeeling o asymmetry. The radiographs show a
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there is root resorption on roots close to the
cuspids crown. Fig.14. shows such an example
both by the use o slice images in three planes
perpendicular to each other and volume rendering
images.
In the orthodontic patient with ectopically
erupting teeth, notably the upper cuspid, 3D
Accuitomo images can be used to exactly
determine the position o the impacted cuspid,
its relation to neighboring structures and whether
Fig. 14. By combining slice images with
volume rendering images that can be
seen rom any direction a comprehensive
understanding o a situation with unerupted
teeth can be obtained.
There are many instances in orthodontic practice
besides those o unerupted teeth that can benet
rom a radiological examination that provides
detailed 3D Accuitomo inormation.
Obviously, the management o clet palate
patients must be one, not only to obtain a
precise description o the extent o the clet, but
also to enable detailed images o the teeth
oten supernumerary, unerupted and malormed
in the vicinity o the clet.
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will provide inormation about tooth suraces that
are not visible in conventional radiographs.
This can be illustrated by means o radiographs
rom a pat ient in whom teeth had been
orthodontically moved in order to provide
suicient distances between neighboring teeth
or an implant to be placed. An examination was
made to ascertain whether the width o the bone
was sucient or implant placement (Fig. 16).
Fig. 15. shows radiographs o a patient with a
bilateral clet and a premaxilla that has not used
with the maxillae.
Conventional intraoral radiographs provide
reasonably good inormation about conditions
in directions perpendicular to the x-ray beam
even though all anatomic structures become
"compressed into a single image plane. On the
other hand, they provide very limited inormation
about conditions in the direction o the x-ray
beam, that is, on the outside and inside o the
teeth.
Thereore, the possibilities o getting thin slices
perpendicular to the tangent o the alveolar bone,
that is, in bucco-lingual directions o the teeth,
Fig. 15. A combination o slice images and volume rendering images provides an understanding o the conditions in clet palate cases that
has not been able beore.
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modalities.
With the advent o the 3D Accuitomo technique
dentistry has entered into a completely new
ase. In many areas it will never be what it used
to be. The uture is here.
To sum up, there can be no doubt that the
3D Accuitomo technique has opened up new
possibilities or more accurate diagnosis in
the oral and maxil loacial arena and, as a
consequence, better possibilities or choosing
the treatment option with the best long-term
prognosis. In clinical research, it provides hitherto
unknown means to monitor new treatment
Fig. 16. In this composite o dierent types
o images (intraoral radiograph in the middle
o the upper row, volume rendering image
in the upper right corner, and 3D slices)
it is easy to appreciate the importance o
the added inormation provided by the 3D
technique. The intraoral radiograph reveals
neither the lack o lingual bone nor the
resorptions in the lingual root surace o the
indicated tooth.
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Clinical experiences and scientifc investigations with the 3D Accuitomo
Dr. Edgar Hirsch
University Leipzig
Dept. o DentoMaxilloFacial Radiology
Indications o the 3D Accuitomo FPD:
DentoMaxillo-Facial- Surgery
impacted , displaced teeth (wisdom teeth,
canines, supernumerary teeth)
apical periodontitis, cysts o the jaw
pre- and postoperative or imaging o
important anatomical landmarks and
structures
implant-planning and recall
clet-palate- patients
trauma cases (ractures o bones and teeth)
Periodontics
marginal bone-contouring
3D imaging o deep pockets and urcations in
bone
Endodontics
confguration o root-canals,
root canal measurements
additional canals, anatomical variations
Orthodontics
confguration o the roots
anatomical situation, relation o the teeth
between
periodontal ligament (ankylosis)
resorptions
One special case o implant-planning shows as an
example clearly the beneft o the 3D Accuitomo,
and i there is a need or high resolution 3D X-ray
imaging.
The irst image shows a panoramic view o
a patient, who requested implant treatment
(image1). As you can see, the mandibular nerve
canal isnt visible, especially in the prospective
implant region (marked with steel balls). To
determine the upper border o the nerve canal,
we perormed a 3D Accuitomo FPD-scan. The
sagittal view shows the nerve canal clearly,
but not perect in all areas (image 2). So i you
take a look on the cross-sectional slices, you
will see the anatomical situation perect at all
(image 3). No other X-ray machine gives a similar
perormance at this time. One o the main
advantages o the 3D Accuitomo FPD is its very
high resolution, resulting rom a voxel-size o
0.125 mm3. Bearing in mind, that some o the
structures we want to see, are smaller than 0.2
mm, we must have this high resolution.
Our experiences with the 3D Accuitomo last now more than 5 years o clinical use, at frst with the
basic version and or 1,5 years with the 3D Accuitomo FPD. First o all, Ill report about the indications
or this highly sophisticated X-ray machine.
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our opinion, the diagnostic accuracy o the 3D
Accuitomo FPD can give support to made right
decisions regarding diseases, treatment options
and treatment planning in all elds o dentistry.
There is a growing need or highly precise
diagnostics in all ields o dentistry because
o quality reasons. The patients want the best
treatment options and accurate diagnostics is
an important tool to deliver such a treatment. In
Image 1
Image 2 Image 3
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Emotion (Siemens, Erlangen , Germany).
The dose measurements were carried out on an
antropomorphic phantom (image 4), developed
especially or dental radiography (Visser 1997).
The absorbed doses in the head and neck region
were measured with thermoluminescencedetectors (TLD 100H, Harshaw/Bicron) at 16
dierent sites on the surace as well as inside the
phantom. The eective doses were calculated
based on the absorbed doses.
Scientifc investigations regarding
the 3D Accuitomo and 3D Accuitomo FPD
We perormed the ollowing experimental
studies:
1. Dosimetric measurements
A new radiation protection law was introduced in
2002 by the German Government.
It is mandatory, to keep the radiation doses
always as low as possible, especially with
younger persons. The 3D Accuitomo seems to be
a low dose 3D examination in dentistry.The aim o our dosimetric study was to compare
the eective doses by the newly developed
cone-beam-tomography X-ray device 3D
Accuitomo FPD (J. Morita MFG. Corp., Kyoto,
Japan) in relation to the NewTom DVT 9000 (Q.R.
Italia, Verona, Italy) and the spiral-CT Somatom
Image 4: Dosimetry-phantom
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Investigation procedure:
1. Loading the TLDs into the phantom
2.Positioning o the phantom in the X-raymachine (2 pre-scans)
3. Exposure: CBT 10 scans/ ROI
CT 1scan, 30 mm
4. Reading o the TLDs/ data-capturing
5. Calculation o the eective doses
The X-ray devices under investigation were
deployed us ing the o l lowing exposure
conditions:
1. 3D Accuitomo FPD: single scan, cylindrical
scan area 60 mm diameter and 60 mm height,70 kV, 3mA, 17s scan time
2. NewTom DVT 9000: scan o the mandible,
110 kV, auto exposure (1-10 mA), 72 s scan
time (36 s exposure)
3. Somatom Emotion: 130 kV, 90 mAs,1,5 s
rotation time 1,0 mm slice thickness,1,5 mm/s
pitch, (30 slices)
radiation (in Germany). I you take a look on
the 3D Accuitomo FPD, one scan o the maxilla
causes approximately 24Sv that is equivalent
to two conventional panoramic radiographs. In
comparison to the NewTom DVT 9000 and the
spiral-CT Somatom Emotion, the radiation burden
The table above shows the very low doses
caused by an examinat ion wi th the 3D
Accuitomo. For example, the value or one
scan o the anterior maxilla is only 4Sv which
means, the radiation dose is equivalent to
approximately one day o natural background
Results:
Table 1 Eective dose in Sv
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is ar low. From a radiation protection point o
view, the use o the 3D Accuitomo FPD or high
resolution 3D images o the jaws can be strongly
recommended. Especially or younger patients,
or example with clet palate and orthodonticmalormations, is there a great beneit, i one
can use the 3D Accuitomo instead o a spiral-CT,
keeping in mind, that these patients oten have a
requirement or 3D X-ray imaging.
2. Image quality
We perormed an experimental study to
investigate the image qual ity o dierent3D-imaging modalities. Five human cadaver
heads were investigated using the cone-beam-
CT machines 3D Accuitomo (J.Morita MFG.
Corp., Kyoto, Japan) in relation to the NewTom
DVT 9000 (Q.R. Italia, Verona, Italy) and the
spiral-CT Somatom Emotion (Siemens, Erlangen,
Germany). 14 anatomical landmarks wereselected. The examination was carried out by 14
investigators using a fve-point-rating scale.
The 3D images were rated all good to excellent,
whereas the images rom the NewTom DVT
9000, as well the images rom the Somatom
Emotion, were mostly rated acceptable. The
image below shows you as an example o the
TMJ region in lateral, as well as rontal slices. As
you can clearly see, the image quality o the 3DAccuitomo is ar superior in comparison to the
other modalities (image 5).
Image 5: Comparison o the image quality
3D Accuitomo NewTom DVT 9000 Somatom Emotion
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FPD).
A human dry skull was marked at 10 dierent
sites using endo-instruments (image 6). Theimaging was carried out at 70kV and 2mA. The
distances between in each case two o the endo-
instruments were detected.
3. Measurement accuracy
The measurement accuracy of 3D X-ray-equipment
is important or diagnosis and treatment planning
as well as or image-guided surgery o themaxillo-acial region.
The aim o this study was to evaluate the
accuracy o the linear measurements in images
obtained rom the CBCT-device (3D Accuitomo
Image 6: skull with metallic markers in the 3D Accuitomo
calliper (image 7).
The obtained data were statistically evaluated
by Students t-test. There are no signiicant
dierences between both measurement results.
Linear distances were taken in three dierent
axes o the volume data. The measurements
rom the CBCT images were obtained using the
measuring tools o the 3D Accuitomo sotware.
The real distances were taken using an electronic
Image 7: Measurements by sotware and calliper
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In summary, one can say, the introduction of
high resolution cone-beam-CT in dentistry by the
J. Morita MFG. Corp., is a milestone in dental
diagnostics.
The CBCT-device 3D Accuitomo FPD is a reliable
tool for preoperative measurements of e.g.
implant sites.
It is possible to use the data obtained from 3DAccuitomo FPD for guided surgery, for example
in connection with the Nobel Guide-system
or other implant planning software. The data
can be exported as DICOM 3 files. These files
are running without any problems in different
programs.
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Thinking ahead. Focused on lie.
In 1916, Junichi Morita started to
import products o the leading
dental equipment manuacturers
into Japan, where demands or
modern dentistry were growing.
His venturesome attempts o
supplying selected products or
oral healthcare has grown steadily
by receiving valuable support and
guidance rom the dental proession.
His enterprising spirit lives through
the decades, and all Morita Group
Companies join in continuing to
pursue marketing, distribution and
services, as well as R&D and
manuacturing, in collaboration with
world leaders in healthcare products
and research organizations.
Diagnostic/Imaging Equipment
Treatment Units
Instruments
Laser Equipment
Laboratory Devices
Educational and Training Systems
Auxiliaries
Developed and Manuactured by
J. MORITA Mg. Corp.
680 Higashihama Minami-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto,
612-8533 Japan
Tel: +81-75-611-2141, Fax: +81-75-622-4595,
Distributed by
J. MORITA CORPORATION
33-18, 3-Chome, Tarumi-cho Suita City, Osaka, 564-8650 Japan
Tel: +81-6-6380-2525, Fax: +81-6-6380-0585,
http://www.asia.morita.com http://www.oceania.morita.com
J. MORITA USA, Inc.9 Mason lrvine, CA 92618 U.S.A.
Tel: +1-949-581-9600, Fax: +1-949-465-1095, http://www.jmoritausa.com
J. MORITA EUROPE GMBH
Justus-von-Liebig-Strasse 27A, D-63128 Dietzenbach, Germany
Tel: +49-6074-836-0, Fax: +49-6074-836-299, http://www.jmoritaeurope.com
Siamdent Co., Ltd.
2991/42 (JMTI Plaza), Visuthanee Hi-Tech Oce Park, Ladprao Road,
Klongchan, Bangkapi, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
Tel: +66-2-370-1346, Fax: +66-2-370-1345