3rd Quarter Exam Terms to Know

transcript

1 THE NEW TESTAMENT

Kingdom of GodIncarnationHerod AntipasEvangelistResurrectionSadduceesEssenes (Zealots)NationalismPontius Pilate

ParableApostleDiscipleMessiahTruthThe WayFaithMartyrAnnasChrist

SynopticGehennaThe LawAugustusTiberiusPompeiHerodPhariseesCaiaphas

2 THE NEW TESTAMENT

THENEW

TESTAMENT

3 THE NEW TESTAMENT

“Christ,” “title given to Jesus Based on Greek word ‘Christos,’ meaning “anointed one.”JN 14:6 Jesus said to him, “I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.”

4 THE NEW TESTAMENT

TRUTH survives the test of time – that which is fake/false or based on a lie will not survive the test of time.

TRUTH is eternal.Jesus is the TRUTH.

JN 3:21 But whoever lives the truth comes to the light, so that his works may be clearly seen as done in God.

5 THE NEW TESTAMENT

“New Testament:”God’s self revelation in the person Jesus Christ

Faith testament of the early Church

Revelation varied and gradualOver time in salvation history.Over time in personal history.

6 THE NEW TESTAMENT

SOURCES

Biblical, “3 Fold Tradition:”Historical Event, Oral Tradition, Written Tradition.

7 THE NEW TESTAMENT

Did Jesus Really Exist?Did Jesus Really Exist?(Historical Sources)(Historical Sources)

AUTHENTICITY AND INTEGRITYOF THE NEW TESTAMENT

8 THE NEW TESTAMENT

JOSEPHUS (1st Century AD)Jewish historian

HISTORICAL SOURCES

“disturbances during the time of Pilot around a man names Jesus, wise doer of wonderful works, later condemned and crucified.”

9 THE NEW TESTAMENT

TACITUS (64 AD)Roman historianMentioned that Nero blamed “Christians” for burning of Rome.

HISTORICAL SOURCES

PLINY THE YOUNGER (110 AD)Roman governorSeeks advice on how to handle “Christians”Mentions Jesus.

10 THE NEW TESTAMENT

SUETONIUS (120 AD)Roman historian and lawyer

Mentions Claudius expelling Jews from Rome due to disagreements concerning a certain “Chrestus.”

HISTORICAL SOURCES

Numerous sourcesVaried genreAuthenticity of JesusNo authenticated counter argumentsHuman nature & persecutionsAfter Resurrection, few followers turn back.

HISTORICAL SOURCES, Review

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

War, Politics &War, Politics &Religious Conflicts Religious Conflicts

300 B.C. Greece dominates

Alexander the Great conquers Mediterranean area and as far east as India

Conflicts within military & political ranks

Conflicts deepen after death of AlexanderPalestine caught in middleSyrian Greeks dominate north - Egyptian Greek control southSyrian Greeks heavily influence north (“Gentile Galilee”)Egyptian Greeks leave south alone

Religious toleration (in general) throughout Palestine

Eventually Syrian Greeks control all of Palestine

Romans defeat Greece in naval battleGreece must pay war retributions

Jewish people heavily taxed 2x (government and “Temple tax”)Age of religious toleration finished

JewishFactions

Sadducees - Aristocratic priestly class.Accommodating in politics.Conservative in religion. Great devotion to Temple.

Jewish Factions

Pharisees - Originated from the "Hasadim” (“pious ones”).Not great friends of the Greeks. Committed more to "The Law" than the Temple.Applies Scriptures to everyday life.Thus, open to new developments in Jewish thought.

Jewish Factions

Essenes - (Zealots) Reactionary Jewish community.Withdrew from Jewish society altogether to observe strict religious traditions.Possible Writers - “Dead Sea Scrolls”Judas Iscariot

Jewish Factions

Numerous factions:Rome vs. GreeceNorth vs. SouthGreek vs. JewJew vs. Jew

Looking for power, money & influence.Alliances formed depending on needs & wants

Historical, Review

Geography &Social

Aspects

Diverse Geography - UNIQUELakes (Sea of Galilee)Sea coast and ocean (Mediterranean)Rivers (Jordan) and fertile valleysMountains (E and W of Sea of Galilee, Golan Heights)Deserts.

GEOGRAPHY

Average temp from 60 - 72 with low humidity.

In desert, temperature range from 122 during day to sub 0 at night.Snow in mountains / Jerusalem

Rains and violent storms especially in October and March (seasons of change).

CLIMATE

Coast to Dead Sea = 70 miles (Philadelphia to NYC)

Sea of Galilee along Jordan River to Dead Sea = 65 miles directly.Jordan River actually 180 miles long with winding turns.

Damascus (Syria) - south Dead Sea = 200 miles (Boston - NYC).

DISTANCES

SOCIO-ECONOMICBACKGROUND

SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND

Occupations:Farmers (tending vineyards, fig- & olive trees)Shepherds and herdsmenFishermen (Sea of Galilee)Tradesmen (carpenters, merchants, tent makers, tax collectors, sandal makers, tanners, perfume salesmen).

SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND

Social Divisions:Large gap between “haves” & “have-nots”Slavery existedReligion played major roleUnderclass = women, lepers, children, widows.

GEO-POLITICALSITUATION

GEO-POLITICAL - Locally In The South

Judea settled by returning “Diaspora” from Persian Exile

Jerusalem religious, political center

Forced acceptance of Arab rule by the Romans (Herod)

GEO-POLITICAL - Locally In Samaria

Immediate north - LocationConquered by Assyrians. Many not exiled by Babylon.Lost touch with southern cousins & developed own religious scriptures & ritesHighly suspect by Jerusalem Jews.

GEO-POLITICAL - Locally In Galilee

Located in northMostly Jewish Because of heavy Greek influence, seen as “lower class.”

GEO-POLITICALSITUATION

In Wider Roman World

Roman World

300 - 150 BC, areas influenced by GreeceFactions appeal to RomeRome closes in for kill; and by 63 B.C. rules Palestine. General PompeiiHerod “The Great” and 3 sons appointed to rule Palestine areasLast one removed and eventually replaced by “procurator” (governor) named Pontius Pilot.

Epilogue

Anti-Roman feelingsHope for another “united kingdom” (like David’s) led to Maccabeus-Type revolt in 66 A.D.Crushed and Temple destroyed by Romans in 70 - 72 A.D.

Diaspora

JESUSIN THE

GOSPELSCode in Johns Gospel

Word, Light, Truth, WayTo Avoid Romans

JESUS IN THE GOSPELS - Incarnation

JN 1:1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

“In-carnation,” “en-fleshment”GOD BECAME MAN

Jesus has a human componentFULLY HUMAN

A faith that is alive must also have an active, human component..

JESUS IN THE GOSPELS

JN 1:14 And the Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us, and we saw his glory, the glory as of the Father's only Son, full of grace and truth.

JN 1:2 He was in the beginning with God.

JN 1:3-5 All things came to be through him, and without him nothing came to be. What came to be through him was life, and this life was the light of the human race; the light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it.

JESUS IN THE GOSPELS

JESUS IN THE GOSPELS - BAPTISM

JN 1:6-9 A man named John was sent from God. He came for testimony, to testify to the light, so that all might believe through him. He was not the light, but came to testify to the light. The true light, which enlightens everyone, was coming into the world.

BEGINNING OF PUBLIC MINISTRY

JESUS IN THE GOSPELS - BAPTISM

1. THE BAPTISM OF JESUS SIGNALS THE BEGINNING OF JESUS’ PUBLIC MINISTRY

2. THE BAPTISM OF JESUS SIGNALS MEMBERSHIP IN A GREATER COMMUNITY

Sacrament ofBaptism

Cleansing & Community

PREPARATION

Baptisms once a year At the Vigil of Easter

2 - 5 year preparation. Reasons:

Requires Conversion Catechesis on the FaithProtection from backsliding

BAPTISM

“Spirits of Good and Evil”First anointing, Oil of Catechumens:Protection against spirit of water = Protection against spirit of Satan..

OIL (exocisms) & WATER (baptism)

Enter facing westSun sets in West ---Sign of darkness and death - “Plunges” into water 3 timesComes out facing eastSun rises in EastSymbol of light and life

THE SACRAMENTBAPTISM

Candle - gives off light and heat…Symbols of wisdom and loveHeld by Godparent One of the Symbols of Church..

SYMBOLS

BAPTISM

Alb - symbol of Resurrection Chrism - perfumed oilUsed to anoint royalty“Poured” on baptized

SYMBOLS

BAPTISM

New surroundings (college, military, summer camp, …)“Mystagogia”Newly baptized vulnerableNeeded support of Church community..

AFTERWARDSBAPTISM

Baptismof Jesus

The Encounter WithJohn The Baptist

BAPTISM OF JESUS

Ritual purification common in many religions at time of “the Baptist”

“Outward sign” of membership

Change of mind, heart & spirit

BACKGROUND

BAPTISM OF JESUS

Dove = Israel or (Holy) Spirit of God

Voice from Heaven = Yahweh

SYMBOLISM

GOSPEL DIFFERENCES • MARK:• No disagreement• Jesus baptized• Jesus sees Spirit -

“like a dove”• Voice says YOU are

my beloved son..• No prayer of Jesus

mentioned..

• MATTHEW:• Disagreement• Jesus baptized• Jesus sees Spirit -

“like a dove”• Voice says THIS is

my beloved son...• No prayer of Jesus

mentioned..

GOSPEL DIFFERENCES• LUKE:• Jesus Baptized• Jesus at prayer

afterwards• THEN Spirit

descends like dove• Voice says YOU

are my beloved son..

• JOHN:• No baptism

described• John gives

testimony about Jesus

• John says HE saw Spirit descend like a dove

Why Are There Differences? • Development of

Scriptures over time• We develop over time• Mk straightforward, Mt

more careful and detailed• Time to be fast & direct, • ...time to take time...

Why Is Jesus Baptized?• Jesus is Sinless

• John’s reluctance to Baptize Jesus (Mt)

• Not admission of sin

JESUS & BAPTISM• Jesus - “Yahweh

saves”• Christ - “The

anointed one”• Sacrament -

“outward sign, instituted by Christ to give grace”

• Baptism, has two purposes:

• 1. Wash away original sin

• 2. Become member of the community

• Additional effect - grace strengthens us for the call.

Why Is Jesus Baptized?• Self discovery• Understanding of mission• Teaches us to Say “yes!”• Receive power and strength • Immerse self into the

lifestyle• Accept responsibilities• Community

Temptation In The Desert - Symbols

• “Turn these Stones Into Bread” • Economic Power• Jesus came to provide spiritual food.• We’re composite of mind, psyche, spirit.• All aspects need to be fed..

• “Thrown From Temple,” Magical Power• Almost entice or force people to believe

in him.• Jesus allows us free will to do positive

acts, & to make our own mistakes.• God expects more from his gifted

children..

• “Worship The Devil,” and Gain Political Power

• JESUS RESPONDS:• Reign of God takes place in the hearts

of his people…• …not in power or coercion.

THE GOSPELS

The Story of JesusIn 4 Acts

GOSPEL, Definitions

• “One of the four biblical accounts of the life, death and resurrection of Jesus and his teachings.”

• 4 accounts of the same event; the coming of Jesus as Messiah

GOSPEL “TYPES”

• Same story, • by 4 authors, • to 4 audiences• in 4 distinct

situations

Matthew Mark

Luke John

GOSPEL OF MARK• First Gospel written and completed

– (Possibly 65-70 AD)• Symbol = Lion (Royal aspect of Jesus;

Jesus “reigns” over sin)• Audience = non Jewish, Gentile• Perspective=Nero Persecuting Church• Encouragement in midst of suffering

GOSPEL OF LUKE• Possibly Written 70-85 AD• Symbol = Ox (Priestly aspect of Jesus)• Audience = Gentiles & Wealthy

Christians• Luke - well educated physician• Perspective = Gospel of Holy Spirit

(Luke also wrote Acts)• Inclusive - mercy & compassion of

Jesus for everyone.

GOSPEL OF MATTHEW• Possibly Written 80-100 AD• Written later, thus more structured,

developed than Luke or Mark• Symbol = Angel or small child

(human aspect of Jesus)• Audience = Jews & Jewish converts• Thus emphasizes teaching Jesus

(RCIA)….• …also 130 OT references.

Matthew Luke

“SYNOPTIC GOSPELS”• Matthew, Mark

and Luke• Similar, some

passages almost word-for-word

• Mathew and Luke may have had a copy of Mark + one other (the “Q”) source.

GOSPEL OF JOHN

• Last Gospel written – (Possibly 90-120 AD)

• Unique vs. Synoptics• THEOLOGY GOSPEL• Deeper, prayerful, reflective, spiritual• Possibly wrote the Book of Revelation• Written by “community” of John’s?

SEARCH FOR THE HISTORICAL JESUS

What is Truth?

TRUTH - Definition

““Conformity toConformity to fact and/or fact and/or reality..”reality..”

TYPES OF TRUTH

• Historical truth• Mathematical and Scientific truth• Legal and Literal truth• Salvific truth - truth needed to achieve Salvific truth - truth needed to achieve

salvationsalvation• Biblical truth - truth about faith & Biblical truth - truth about faith &

morals contained in the Bible..morals contained in the Bible..

SO WHAT IS THE BIBLE?• A Book of Geography?• Genealogy of royal families?• Book on relationships…• our relationships with God = faith• … with others = morals..

– Love God with all your heart, mind, soul, and strength. Love your neighbor as yourself.

BIBLICAL TRUTH

• Bible contains historical Bible contains historical evidenceevidence

• Bible contains historical Bible contains historical factsfacts

• Bible is NOT pure historyBible is NOT pure history• Bible IS True!Bible IS True!• Esp. matters of faith and Esp. matters of faith and

morals.morals.

Invitation of Jesus

Call to Discipleship

INVITATION OF JESUS

• Called to Follow• Formed Into A Community• Sent to Serve…

TEACHING IN TIME OF JESUS

• Rabbinical Office• Students roamed• Students chose teachers• (Mostly) taught in Synagogues or (less

often) “gathering places..”

• Originally students went to Rabbi who they found interesting

• Students memorized Rabbi’s teachings word-for-word

• Became independent Rabbis themselves

• Sent forth as “student of Rabbi “N..”

TEACHING IN TIME OF JESUS

DISCIPLESHIP- Called to Follow

• John 1:35-51

• Disciple - from Latin meaning “pupil” or “follower”

• *Evangelist - writer of one of the Gospels

• Jesus called THEM (still does)Jesus called THEM (still does)• Relationship - not teachings - keyRelationship - not teachings - key• Shared his “mission,” not teachings.Shared his “mission,” not teachings.

DISCIPLESHIP- Called to Follow

DISCIPLESHIP - Formed Into A Community

• Jewish roots of community in 10 Commandments

• Relationships - not rules - are primary…Relationships - not rules - are primary…

• Church - also relationship and Church - also relationship and experience basedexperience based

• Community formed and transformed Community formed and transformed by experience of Jesus..by experience of Jesus..

• Lk 18:28-30, those who have left all…Lk 18:28-30, those who have left all…• Christian morality:Christian morality:• ...living well ...living well • ...in relationship with “body” (physical ...in relationship with “body” (physical

and believers) and believers) • ...depends on relationship with ...depends on relationship with

Jesus…Jesus…

• Jesus calls everyone to the Kingdom• Also called specific people for special

tasks• Apostles, (“The 12”) “one sent forth”• *Martyr - WITNESS usually die.

DISCIPLESHIP - Sent To Serve

• Jesus sends us forward with the following command:– MT 5:48 So be perfect, just as your

heavenly Father is perfect.

• Mt 20:20-28Mt 20:20-28• God expects more from gifted children.God expects more from gifted children.• Focus on Jesus, God will provide for Focus on Jesus, God will provide for

you.you.• Jn 13:1-15, Mandatum. How low will you Jn 13:1-15, Mandatum. How low will you

go.go.• Willing to risk, being lastWilling to risk, being last• Simple example to others..Simple example to others..

Contemporary Application

• Disciples only understood their call Disciples only understood their call over timeover time..

• Our “identity” comes firstOur “identity” comes first• Our “call” comes laterOur “call” comes later• Realized over time, experiences both Realized over time, experiences both

positive and negative..positive and negative..

REVIEW - Invitation of JesusInvitation of Jesus

• Called to Follow• Formed Into A Community• Sent to Serve…

TEMPTATION

– Meaning of “40” - 40 Days

– Temptation after commitment

MESSAGE OF JESUS

Preaching, Teaching & Praying

MESSAGE OF JESUS - Preaching

Call to ConversionPromise of Salvation

Commandment of LoveLove God with all your heart,

mind, soul, and strength. Love your neighbor as yourself.

SIN - Breaking Up

• QUESTION:• “What, exactly, is ‘sin?’”• “How far is too far?”• Is this the proper “measuring rod?”

CALL TO CONVERSION - Sin

• Types of sin:• Original Sin: “state or condition into

which all people are born as a result of Adam and Eve’s act of disobedience to God”

• Actual Sin: sins acted out” by individual and/or society..

• Mortal Sin:– Serious matter– Sufficient reflection– Full consent of will

• Effects forgiven only through sacramental Confession

• Venial Sin• Damages relationship with God• Does not destroy relationship• Effects forgiven through:

– Sacramental Confession– Act of Contrition– Reception of Communion

PROMISE OF SALVATION The Kingdom

• Mt 10:26-33• Reign or vision of Jesus• Not political or military based• Rooted in encounter & experience of

Jesus• Leading to the Law as well as “signs &

wonders..”

COMMANDMENT OF LOVE Conversion

• Conversion - to physically change direction

• Spiritually - to change direction of one’s heart. 3 parts:

• Openness to help (aka, grace)• Healing of self,• Love of “others” (2 “Great

Commandments”)..

COMMANDMENT OF LOVE

The Kingdom

How do you realize the kingdom in YOUR life?

COMMANDMENT OF LOVE The Kingdom

• Self understanding • Self respect• Confidence• Freedom• Contentment• Peace• Joy• Happiness..

• Rooted in Jewish idea of 10 Commandments & “2 Great Commandments”

• Love God & Love Neighbor• Kingdom is not just “God & me..”

COMMANDMENT OF LOVE The Kingdom

COMMANDMENT OF LOVE – The Kingdom - The Problem

• 2 Issues:• Nationalism - “Jews

only need apply”• Legalism - strict

observance of Law & interpretations

• People become secondary consideration..

COMMANDMENT OF LOVEThe Kingdom -The Solution

• Lk 10:25-37• Love without limits• Love in deeds:• Compassion, serving

others, forgiveness, reconciliation

• Rooted in faith relationship and grace…

ParablesSermon on the Mount

Miracles..

TEACHING OF JESUS

TEACHING OF JESUS - Types

• Instructions (Lord’s Prayer) • Pronouncements (“set-up,” Mk 2:23-28 -

man and Sabbath)• Parables (sower, prodigal son) • Short Sayings (Sermon on Mount)..

TEACHING OF JESUS - Parables

• From Greek - “to compare”

• Genre - simile• From everyday life• Filled with surprises• Lk 15:11-32, Prodigal

• Lk 15:25-30, What about the older brother?

• Lk 15:11-19, Younger son…What was so wrong?

• Lk 15: 20-24, What’s wrong with labels?

• Lk 15:20-24, Mean dads and moms• When you mess up…(tell, apologize,

mean it?)

TEACHING OF JESUS - Parables

TEACHING OF JESUS

Short SayingsAnd Prayer

TEACHING OF JESUS - Sermon on the Mount

• Example of “Short Sayings”• Kind of “proverb” or “word to the

wise”• “Already” and “not yet”

• 3 main messages:• Kingdom’s fulfillment is yet to come• Kingdom is already our midst• Participation in Kingdom requires life

of love..

TEACHING OF JESUS - Sermon on the Mount

PRAYER - Time

• Deepening the relationship• Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Yearly?• Daily prayer - liturgy of the hours• Weekly Prayer - Mass• Monthly - Liturgical Seasons• Yearly - Jubilee and Holy Days• Different prayer types develop and

deepen relationship..

LORD’S PRAYER - Different settings - different purposes

• Only prayer “formula” of Jesus• Probably a combination of ideas

developed and spoken over time, then collected

• Luke - original setting. Request from disciples on “how to pray”

• Matthew - written later. Prayer of pagans vs. Christians…

LORD’S PRAYER - Different audiences - different concerns• Luke - Prayer addressed to broader,

non-Jewish community • Refers to “Our Father - “Abba”

(”daddy”)• Matthew’s audience Jewish • Would be offended with familiar

“Abba” version - thus adds “in heaven”

• MT account longer - added phrases to help “teach” community..

• End of lesson

3rd Quarter Exam Terms to Know

Documents