3.0

2.5

Multi-jet mode

Stable cone-jet mode

Unstable cone-jet mode

Micro dripping mode

Dripping mode

Ap

pli

ed V

olt

age

/ kV

Flow rate/ 10-11 m3s-1

2.0

1.51 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0 60 120 180

Deposition time / s

Thic

knes

s / n

m

240 300

0.20

0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.11.21.3Fr

equ

ency

Droplet size / μm

1.41.51.61.71.81.92.02.12.22.32.42.52.62.72.82.9

0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 80 100

Gold nanoparticlesuspension undergoing

electrohydrodynamicatomisation

Electrical forcesaccelerating andstretching the jettowards collector

Outer needle

Inner needle

Electrically charged jet of polymer solution undergoingelectrospinning

1 2

Cuo

c

Cu

CuAu

Au

AuAu

Au

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10