Post on 12-Apr-2017
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Chapter 9 LeadershipManagers versus leadersTrait theories of leadershipBehavioral theories of leadershipContingency theories of leadershipContemporary leadership issues
Leaders are people who are able to influence others and who possess managerial authority.
Trait Theories of Leadership
Trait theories of leadership search for traits or characteristics that differentiate leaders from nonleaders.
Six Traits That Differentiate Leaders From nonleaders
DriveDesire to lead Honesty and integritySelf-confidenceIntelligenceJob-relevant knowledge
Behavioral Theories of Leadership
The styles of leadershipTwo independent dimensions of leader behaviorsManagerial grid
The Styles of Leadership
Autocratic style of leadershipDemocratic style of leadershipLaissez-faire style of leadership
Autocratic style of leadership : The term used to describe a leader who centralizes authority, dictates work method, makes unilateral decisions, and limits employee participation.
Democratic style of leadership: The term used to describe a leader
who involves employees in decision making delegates authority, encourages participation in deciding work methods and goals, and uses feedback to coach employees.
This style can be further classified in two ways: consultative and participative
Laissez-faire style of leadership:
The term used to describe a leader who gives employees complete freedom to make decisions and to decide on work method.
Two Dimensions of Leader Behaviors
Ohio state university’s research: Initiating structure: the extent to
which a leader defines and structures his or her role and the roles of employees to attain goals.
Consideration: the extent to which a leader has job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees’ ideas, and regard for their feelings.
University of Michigan’s research: Employee oriented: leaders emphasize
interpersonal relations, take a personal interest in the needs of employees, and accept individual difference.
Production oriented: leaders emphasize the technical or task aspects of a job, are concerned mainly with accomplishing tasks, and regards group members as a means to accomplishing goals.
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Concern for production
Conc
ern
for p
eopl
e
Exhibit 9-1 the Managerial Grid
1,9 country club management
1,1 impoverished management
9,1 task management
9,9 team management
5,5 middle of the road management
Contingency Theories of Leadership
Fiedler modelPath-goal theorySituational leadership
LPC(least-preferred coworker questionnaire)
This is a questionnaire that measures whether a person is task or relationship oriented. Three situational factors Matching the leader’s style with the situations
Leader-member relations: The degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinates have in their leader.Task structure: The degree to which the job assignments of subordinates are structured or unstructured. Position power: The degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increase.
Exhibit 9-2 the Findings of Fiedler Model
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Good Good Good Good Poor Poor Poor PoorHigh High Low Low High High Low LowStron
gWeak Stron
gWeak Stron
gWeak Stron
gWeak
Performance
Good
Poor Favorable Moderate Unfavorable
Task-orientedRelationship-oriented
Category Leader-member
relationsTask structure
Position power
Exhibit 9-3 Path-goal Theory
Leader behavior• Directive•Supportive•Participative•Achievement oriented
Outcomes•Performance•Satisfaction
Environmental contingency factors•Task structure•Formal authority system•Work group
Employee contingency factors•Locus of control •Experience•Perceived ability
Exhibit 9-4 Situational Leadership Model
High R
elat
ions
hip
beha
vior
Task behavior High Low
R4 R3 R2 R1Able and
willing Ableand
unwilling
Unable and
willing Unableand
unwillingHigh Low Moderate Follower readiness
S4 S1
S2S3
Telling
SellingParticipating
Delegating
S1: high task and low relationship
S2: high task and high relationship
S3: high relationship and low task
S4: low relationship and low task
Readiness refers to the extend which people have the ability
and the willingness to accomplish a specific task
Exhibit 9-5 Team Leadership
EffectiveTeam leadership
Roles
Coaches Liaisons with
External constituents
Conflict managers Troubleshooters