Post on 06-Apr-2018
transcript
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
1/29
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
2/29
Aquatic Gas Exchange
Advantage: Keeping surface moist is no problem
Disadvantage:
O2 concentrations in water are low,
especially in warmer and saltier
environments
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
3/29
Terrestrial Gas Exchange
Advantages: O2 diffuses faster in air
Air contains much more O2 than
water
Disadvantage:
Surfaces must be internal to avoid
loss of water due to evaporation
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
4/29
Ventilation
V
entilation increases the amount of O2taken in stagnant water is no good
Crayfish wave their appendages to
create currents brings fresh water togills
Fish force water across their gills
Blood also runs countercurrent to thewater
Taking in and forcing out O2 from
lungs
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
5/29
Protists & Less Complex Animals
Less complex organisms do not need
complex organ systems
Gas exchange takes place due to
diffusion
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
6/29
Insects
Have a series of openings along their
sides called spiracles.
Tubes called trachea lead fromspiracles to all of the body tissues.
Open circulatory system does not
transport O2 and CO2
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
7/29
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
8/29
Fish
Most fish breathe with gills featheryfilaments that contain capillaries and a large
surface area forgas exchange.
They breathe by pumping waterthrough themouth, over gill filaments and out through
slits in the sides of the pharynx.
Double Pump System: by decreasingpressure in mouth, water is forced in; by
increasing pressure in mouth, water is
forced out through the opercula
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
9/29
Fish
B
ecause the gills are so vascularand havea large surface area, gas exchange can
happen adequately
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
10/29
Fish
Countercurrent blood flow increases theefficiency of obtaining O2 from water
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
11/29
Human Respiration
Works together with the circulatory system.
Exchange of gases between atmosphere,
blood, and cells.
If respiratory system and/or circulatory
system fails, death will occur.
Cells need O2 for work; release CO2 as a
waste product.
Accumulation ofexcess CO2 is toxic to cells
and must be removed.
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
12/29
Respiratory System
Intakes oxygen
Releases carbondioxide waste
Circulatory system
Transports gases
in blood betweenlungs and cells
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
13/29
Respiratory Structures & Organs
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
14/29
Respiratory Structures & Organs
Nose : made of cartilage and bone and is
designed to warm, moisten, and filter air
as it comes into the system. Pharynx (throat) : conducts food and air;
exchanges air with Eustachian tube to
equalize pressure.
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
15/29
Respiratory Structures & Organs
Larynx (voice box) : connects the pharynxand trachea; made of cartilage; contains
vocal cords
Epiglottis : flap of tissue that covers
trachea; ensures food travels down the
esophagus
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
16/29
Trachea : tubular passage way for air; carries
air to the lungs, C-shaped cartilage rings,
divides at end.
Bronchi : pair of tubes that branch from
trachea and enter lungs; have cartilageplates; lining is ciliated & secretes mucus
Respiratory Structures & Organs
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchiol
es
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
17/29
Bronchioles tiny tubes lacking cartilage andcilia; possess smooth muscle.
bronchiole
smooth muscle
Autonomic nervous system regulates diameter
of bronchioles.Sympathetic division dilates bronchioles
Parasympathetic division constricts
bronchioles.
Respiratory Structures & Organs
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
18/29
Respiratory Structures & Organs
Alveoli : cup shapedstructures at the end
of the bronchioles,
that resemble
bunches of grapes;are in direct contact
with capillaries (gas
exchange); covered
with surfactantthat keep them from
collapsing.
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
19/29
Lungs :
paired, cone-shapedorgans that are
surrounded by a
pleural membrane,made of elastic
tissue, and divided
into lobes
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
20/29
Mechanics ofBreathing
Inhaling (active process) Air moves in. Why?? Gases move from an area of high pressure to
low pressure.
During inspiration diaphragm pulls down
and lungs expand.
When lungs expand, it INCREASES the
VOLUME, which DECREASES the
PRESSURE inside lungs. Lung pressure is lower than outside
pressure, so air moves in.
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
21/29
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
22/29
Exhaling (passive process) breathing out
Diaphragm and muscles relax
V
olume in lungs and chest cavitydecreases, so now pressure inside
increases
Air moves out because pressure inside is
HIGHER than OUTSIDE atmosphere
Mechanics ofBreathing
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
23/29
Respiration
What is respiration?
External respiration exchange of O2 and
CO2 between respiratory surfaces and the
blood (breathing)
Internal respiration exchange of O2 and
CO2 between the blood and cells
Cellular respiration process by whichcells use O2 to produce ATP
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
24/29
External Respiration
Exchange of O2 and CO2
between alveoli andblood
Partial pressure of O2higher in alveoli than
blood so O2 diffuses
into blood
Partial pressure of CO2
higher in blood thanalveoli, so CO2 moves
into alveoli in opposite
direction and gets
exhaled out
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
25/29
Internal Respiration
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and
tissues
Pressure of O2 higher in blood than tissues
so O2 gets release into tissues.
Pressure of CO2 higher in tissue than in
blood so CO2 diffused in opposite direction
into blood. CO2 Is a waste product
O2 Is used in cellular respiration
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
26/29
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
27/29
Gas Transport in Blood
Carbon dioxide 70% as bicarbonate ion (HCO3
-) dissolved in
plasma
23% bound to hemoglobin
7% as CO2 dissolved in plasma
Oxygen
99% bound to hemoglobin
1% as O2 dissolved in plasma
Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs because CO
binds to hemoglobin more readily than O2
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
28/29
Respiratory System Disorders
Asthma muscles of bronchioles constrict,drastically reducing ventilation.
Emphysema destruction of alveoli.
Tuberculosis highly contagious bacterialinfection.
Lung cancer 90% of lung
cancer victims havea history of smoking.
8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI
29/29