Post on 15-Jul-2015
transcript
Mobile technology evolution: G after G 2G: Voice: Analog to digital • New radio 3G: Voice + Broadband data • New radio 4G: Broadband data • New radio 5G: All data – lots of it • 3G+4G+new technology components • New radio … maybe
3G 4G
What new there will be? Let’s take a closer look
Why 5G: Let’s make it simple
1) Massive growth in traffic volume 2) Massive growth in connected devices/things 3) Wide range of requirements and characteristics
Traffic volume: growing fast
= 18 x
2013* 2000*
*) Source: Cisco VNI
This has happened
This is expected to happen
Voice and mobile broadband
• Voice becoming just part of data • Smart phone penetration increasing fast – transition to smart devices is the trend number one • Mobile Video drives the volume: Round 70% of mobile will be video by 2018
In Middle East and Africa region the share of smart devices/connections will 36% by 2018
Billions of devices
Source: Cisco VNI
Non-sm
art S
mart
Massive growth in connected … everything
Let’s look at this in more details
Billions of M2M connections
Source: Cisco VNI
Automotive
• Entertainment for passengers => high capacity & high mobility mobile broadband • Augmented reality dashboards • Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications • Cars detecting and informing e.g. critical situations • Self-driving cars
Google self-driving car. Testing will be started on public roads early 2015
http://www.wired.com/2014/12/google-self-driving-car-prototype-2/
Serv
ice
requ
irem
ents
!
Smart cities and society Europe 2020 initiative on smart cities: ‘In Smart Cities, digital technologies translate into better public services for citizens, better use of resources and less impact on the environment.’
Smart buildings Smart transportation
Smart energy with free/open data
Smart citizens
Smart public services
Wearable devices
Recent trend: number of wearable devices growing fast
Strategy Dialogue ELEC Spring 2014
Smart glasses Smart watches
Smart clothes
Industrial Internet
Example of Industrial Internet development: General Electric’s new factory has more than 10,000 sensors spread across 180,000 square feet of manufacturing space, all connected to a high-speed internal Ethernet.
http://www.technologyreview.com/news/509331/an-internet-for-manufacturing/
General Electric’s new battery plant: a test-bed for the “industrial Internet.
Just think few examples …
• Web surfing • Streaming video • File downloading • Speech call • Self-driving car • Controlling energy
production plant • Health monitoring • Emergency services
• Data rate • Latency • Reliability • Device and network
energy consumption • Device cost • Privacy • Network safety
5G: General technology landscape
Industry views on 5G are important because telecom companies will drive standardization where 5G is defined Currently it seems that views of large vendors are well in line with each other
- The given picture (Ericsson) chrystallize the mainstream thinking - That is, it is expected that 5G will be composed by well integrated 2G-4G technologies + evolving new technology components
In the following we focus on new technologies
Basics: Transfer more data … but how?
More bandwidth? Less users? Stronger signal? Better efficiency? Less interference?
User data rate ≅ BWK
⋅A ⋅ log2 1+ PN + I
#
$%
&
'( [Mbit/s]
Bandwidth
Number of users
System efficiency
Signal power vs noise and interference
Interference
More natural resources for mobile communication = more spectrum
UHF SHF EHF 300MHz-
3GHz 3GHz- 30GHz
30GHz- 300GHz
2G-4G runs here: Only small amounts of spectrum left
Quite some spectrum can be made available
Lots of free spectrum
Tens of MHz’s (x10)
Hundreds of MHz’s (x100)
Tens of GHz’s (x10000)
OK, there is more bandwidth – but can we use it?
We use already high frequencies…
Imagine small cells (indoors/outdoors): • Due to small distance towards UE the signal attenuation is smaller and LOS is more likely • There will be less users per cell
OK, we need small cells – is it possible and affordable?
We are now using high frequencies in point to point Line of Sight (LOS) connections with high gain antennas. BUT: In link between BS and UE we rarely have LOS and use of high gain antennas is limited. Futhermore, most of the high data rate access connections will take place indoors
Big cell, small cell, smaller cell … less users, stronger signal
4G macrocell: K=100 P/(N+I)~8dB
4G picocell: K=20 P/(N+I)~14dB
4G femtocell: K=4 P/(N+I)~20dB
Is this reality? Yes. Smallest 3G base station: Weight 250g Integrated to power plug+socket
BUT: 3G-4G operate below 3.5GHz. Can we use high frequencies?
What is wrong with high frequencies?
TX RX
RX
Reflection
Penetration
Diffraction
Line-of-sight
When carrier frequency increases … - Signal penetration loss increases - Diffracted signal component becomes weaker and weaker - Importance of LOS signal and reflected signal component increases
Towards Ultra Dense Networks
Small cells are already becoming reality today But on high frequencies Ultra Dense Networks will be needed => LOS or almost LOS required
Fig. 24. EricsCalibration start screen
At the top of the EricsCalibration tool’s screen lies the Location user-input field, theorientation dropdown, the coordinates text-box and the ‘Go’ button.
The rest of the screen contains the indoor map of the area being fingerprinted with acrosshair at the center marking the user’s current location. As the map is zoomed andpanned the coordinates text-box gives the x and y-coordinates of the cross-hair. The mapshould moved about so that the crosshair points to the calibrator’s physical location.
A few lines at the bottom of the screen are used to display the scanned results in xmlformat. This is mainly used for debugging and can be removed later.
The tool also has a settings page so that the scanning parameters such as scan length andnumber of scans can be modified.
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PRESS RELEASE SEPTEMBER 25, 2013
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Johan Wibergh, head of Ericsson Business Unit Networks, says: “With the Radio Dot System we lower the threshold to building indoor coverage. The dot is the most cost-effective, no-compromise solution to the indoor coverage challenges expressed by our customers. It is ultra-small but can scale to virtually unlimited capacity; it is easy to install, future proof and it is 100 percent integrated with existing mobile networks.” The product has already been gaining interest from mobile operators in the United States. Kris Rinne, Senior Vice President, Network and Product Planning, AT&T Services, Inc., says: “Small cells are a key component of AT&T's Project VIP network enhancement program as we seek to constantly improve our customers’ mobile Internet experience. Delivering a great wireless experience indoors can present both technical and logistical challenges. A solution like the Ericsson Radio Dot System gives AT&T another tool to choose from in its next-generation toolkit." Ken Rehbehn, Principal Analyst, Yankee Group, says: “Sleek form factors that focus radio capability to solve the indoor deployment challenge in a fresh and compelling way will be welcomed into a wide variety of business and office venues. Ericsson Radio Dot System leverages existing indoor wire facilities to reduce installation hurdles and cost, and because it builds on Ericsson standard radio architecture, it provides an extensive feature set without compromising future evolution.” The product is expected to be commercially available in late 2014. Webcast Ericsson will webcast the announcement in conjunction with its Analyst Forum in North America on Sept 25 at 3pm PT/11pm UK time/Sept 26 at 12am CET. Access the webcast on: www.ericsson.com/press. An on-demand version will be available shortly afterwards. NOTES TO EDITORS Indoor coverage video Photos of Ericsson Radio Dot System:
Ultra Dense Networks imply opportunity for Massive MIMO
Already now indoor DAS systems are dense Due to Ultra Dense Networks, the density further increases. Thus, there is good opportunity for cooperative MIMO over massive number of nodes i.e. Massive MIMO
Dense networks
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(a) 28 GHz. All nodes ON (b) 2.6 GHz. All nodes ON
(c) 28 GHz. 65 nodes ON (d) 2.6 GH.z 65 nodes ON
(e) 28 GHz. 10 nodes ON (f) 2.6 GHz. 10 nodes ON
Figure 23: Spatial distribution of the avg. SINR at pixel-level
Finally, Figure 22d shows the CDF of the resulting average SINR for networktopologies with 65 active nodes featuring f1-f2 Pareto efficiency. From the figure,it is clear that the gains in terms of spectral efficiency come from a reduction inthe levels of ICI at high frequencies, as a result of the better isolation in the indoorenvironment. This behavior can be easily explained from Figure 23, where the plots
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(a) 28 GHz. All nodes ON (b) 2.6 GHz. All nodes ON
(c) 28 GHz. 65 nodes ON (d) 2.6 GH.z 65 nodes ON
(e) 28 GHz. 10 nodes ON (f) 2.6 GHz. 10 nodes ON
Figure 23: Spatial distribution of the avg. SINR at pixel-level
Finally, Figure 22d shows the CDF of the resulting average SINR for networktopologies with 65 active nodes featuring f1-f2 Pareto efficiency. From the figure,it is clear that the gains in terms of spectral efficiency come from a reduction inthe levels of ICI at high frequencies, as a result of the better isolation in the indoorenvironment. This behavior can be easily explained from Figure 23, where the plots
Indoor network planning example: 10 nodes vs 65 nodes on 28GHz carrier
Conclusion: 28GHz can be effectively used but number of nodes clearly larger than on e.g. 2GHz
For details, see: S. Renilla Lamas, D. G. Gonzalez, J. Hämäläinen: "Indoor Planning Optimization of Ultra-dense Cellular Networks at High Carrier Frequencies", accepted to IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), workshop on 5G architecture, 2015.
Increasing data rates: Summary
Strategy Dialogue ELEC Spring 2014
User data rate ≅ BWK
⋅A ⋅ log2 1+ PN + I
#
$%
&
'( [Mbit/s]
Bandwidth
Number of users System
efficiency
Signal power vs noise and interference
Interference
High carrier frequencies with large (GHz) bands + ultra dense networks with very small cells
OK
OK
OK
Interference of shot noise type, effective mitigation methods exists
Can be compensated using large spectrum chunks
But how to create click-boom effect?
3G HSPA: 5MHz band, 2ms time slot
4G LTE: 20MHz band, 1ms time slot
5G: 1GHz band, 0.05ms time slot (just example values)
Tim
e
Frequency
Time slot length => physical layer delay Frequency slot => data rate
Device-to-Device (D2D) communication
Network aided D2D
Connection through local BS
Device relaying
BS control signalling User data
- How to detect other devices? - What kind of services fit for direct communication between devices?
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to- Infrastructure (V2I)
- Future V2V maybe based on WiFi but also 5G D2D standard will provide credible V2V communication - V2I will likely be based on mobile communication standards.
Massive Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communication and IoT
Example: Sensor data aggregation + transfer over mobile network Direct M2M towards mobile system => 5G design should support massive number of low-rate connections with low latency.
M2M product example (Ericsson)
Communication through mobile network
Some other technology components related to 5G Ultra Reliable Communication (URC) Centralized baseband/baseband pooling Self-backhauling Beamforming on mmWave Soft cell concepts Device centric system architecture Licenced Shared Access (LSA) Authorized Shared Access (ASA) Local caching Mobile cloud Moving Networks
Before closing: Where we stand now?
LTE progress constantly: There is LTE-B, LTE-U …
There are three main challenges that need to be addressed by future wireless communication systems to enable a truly Networked Society, where information can be accessed and data shared anywhere and anytime, by anyone and anything. These are:
> A massive growth in the number of connected devices. > A massive growth in traffic volume. > An increasingly wide range of applications with varying requirements and characteristics.
For these challenges to be addressed properly, it is necessary for LTE radio-access technology (RAT) to evolve further. This evolution will take place mainly within the following areas:
> General enhancements applicable to a wide range of scenarios and use cases. > Enhancements specifically targeting small-cell/local-area deployments. > Enhancements specifically targeting new use cases, such as machine-type communication
(MTC) and national security and public safety services (NSPS).
Work on Release 12 has now started within 3GPP [1].
BACKGROUNDThe deployment of 4G mobile-broadband systems based on 3GPP LTE RAT is now progressing on a large scale [2], with 55 million users as of November 2012 and close to 1.6 billion users anticipated in 2018 [3]. Current commercial LTE deployments are based on 3GPP Release 8 and Release 9 – that is, the first releases of the LTE technical specifications.
The first major step in the evolution of LTE – sometimes also referred to as LTE-Advanced or LTE-A – occurred as part of 3GPP Release 10, which was finalized in 2010. Release 10 extended and enhanced LTE RAT in several dimensions. For example, the possibility was created for transmission bandwidth beyond 20MHz and improved spectrum flexibility through carrier aggregation, and enhanced multi-antenna transmission based on an extended and more flexible reference-signal structure. Another extension was the introduction of relaying functionality – that is, the possibility of using LTE radio access not only for the access (network-to-terminal) link but also as a solution for wireless backhauling.
The 3GPP is currently in the concluding stage of LTE Release 11. In addition to further refining some of the features introduced in Release 10, Release 11 includes basic functionality for coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission and reception, as well as enhanced support for heterogeneous deployments. The latter refers to the deployment of low-power network nodes under the coverage of on overlaid layer of macro nodes.
In June 2012, a 3GPP RAN workshop about the Release 12 scope took place in order to prepare the next evolution step of LTE. At that meeting requirements and potential technologies were identified. [4]
KEY CHALLENGESWhile they are currently dominant, the number of human-centric communication devices will be surpassed tenfold by “communicating machines” in the future [5], including surveillance cameras, smart-home and smart-grid devices, and connected sensors. Wireless communication systems
LTE RELEASE 12 AND BEYOND
LTE LTE-A LTE-B
Rel 8Rel 8 Rel 9Rel 9 Rel 10Rel 10 Rel 11Rel 11 Rel 12Rel 12 Rel 13Rel 13
Further evolution of LTE– Release 12 and beyondFurther evolution of LTE– Release 12 and beyond
Figure 1: The evolution of LTE beyond LTE-A.
Source: Ericsson
LTE Rel.12 scheduled on March 2015
Before closing: Where we stand now?
LTE-U: Aggregating lisenced and unlisenced bands
LTE in Lisenced spectrum (700MHz-3.5GHz)
LTE in Unlisenced spectrum (5GHz)
Carrier aggregation
Source: http://www.computerworld.com/article/2861352/ericsson-pushes-plan-to-send-wireless-apps-over-unlicensed-5ghz-spectrum.html
First LTE-U (indoor) products coming to the markets already 2015
Summary of expected developments
Strategy Dialogue ELEC Spring 2014
LTE backward compatible evolution up to 5-10GHz
LTE based non-backward compatible technology up to 30GHz
New radio access technology over 30GHz frequencies
5G below 5-10GHz: Small cells and improved integration of 2G-4G technologies, effective use of all band resources 5G on 5-10GHz-30GHz: Dense networks and LTE based new radio access, many new features 5G above 30GHz: Ultra dense networks – if any - new mmWave radio access, extra high rates
D2D
M2M
V2I
Remark: These represent solely author’s views Remark: Many emerging 5G aspects were omitted,
see list few slides before