Post on 02-Apr-2018
transcript
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
1/41
-
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
2/41
a s
Contains our memory
information that has
lifetime
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
3/41
Long Term Memory
ec arat ve roce ura
Episodic Semantic
How doWhat is aWhen did
bike?
ride a bike?
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
4/41
ENCODING IN LTM
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
5/41
LOP (Levels of Processing)
Deep meaningful kindso n ormat on
processing lead to more
permanent retent onthan shallow processing
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
6/41
LOP (Levels of Processing)
Stimulus information is semanticprocesse at mu t p e
levels simultaneously
epen ng upon tscharacteristics.
The "deeper" the
processing, the morethat will be
remembered
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
7/41
piece of information
Does PREY contain the letter e? YES or NO
s wr en n a cap a e ers or
Is Table written in italics? YES or NO
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
8/41
a piece of information
Does small rhyme with hall? YES or NO
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
9/41
leads to deeper more distinctiveand more elaborateprocess ng.
Relating the information to your long term memory, and
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
10/41
-
remember better.
Tends to encoura e dee er rocessin
Rich set of cues that are related to the self
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
11/41
level of processingn earn ng a persons
face, helps recognize
the face later. Focusin on
distinctive features
in the face Engaging semantics
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
12/41
Encoding Specificity (Context Effect)
Retrieving somethingsuccess u y rom
memory requires a
matc etween owthe information was
or g na y enco e an
the informationava a e w en try ng to
retrieve the memory
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
13/41
Encoding Specificity (Context Effect)
Geiselman and Glenny (1977) Visually presented words
Imagine being spoken by male of female voice
Recognition: words read by a female or male voice Results:
Better memory if gender of voice in encoding and retrieval matches.
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
14/41
Levels of Processing vs. Context Effects
Encoding specificity effects can override levels ofprocess ng e ects
Depending on the testing environment deeper processing
may not g ve you t e est resu ts a t e t me. Better match between encoding and retrieval is the key.
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
15/41
Emotions, Mood and Memory
Emotion:given in reaction to a specific stimuli
Mood:more eneral and lon -lastin state
,
List colors, fruits and friends from college
,
order
,
Now transfer these ratings to your first list
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
16/41
The Pollyanna Principle
Pleasant material is processed more efficiently andmore accurate y, an a so remem ere etter.
Experiment:
Learn a list of words. Pleasant, neutral, unpleasant Delay: minutes or months
Results: Pleasant items are remembered better, particularly if
the delay is longer.
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
17/41
The Pollyanna Principle
Neutral material that is associatedwith pleasant stimuli isremem ere etter
Experiment:
Violent movie and non-violent movie 2 commercials inserted in these movies
Results: better memory for the brand name if it is in a non-
violent movie.
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
18/41
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
19/41
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
20/41
Memor
Better memory for More likel tomater a t at s
congruent with theremember material if
ou mood durin
persons current moo . You remember
retrieval matches yourmood in encodin
p easant t ngs w en
you are happy
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
21/41
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
22/41
Explicit vs. Implicit
Explicit Memory Task: Subject is instructed to remember the
information
Subjects know their memory is tested
Example tasks:
Recognition
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
23/41
Explicit vs. Implicit
Implicit Memory Task: Subject is NOT instructed to remember the
information
Subjects do not know their memory is tested
,
Example tasks:
Priming
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
24/41
Explicit vs. Implicit
Performance is better when tested withimplicit tests
Memor for abstract sha es
Memory for information registered under
Levels of Processing effects disappear with
implicit tests
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
25/41
Amnesia
Retrograde amnesia Memory loss for events beforethe damage
Memory loss for events afterthe damage
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
26/41
Anterograde Amnesia
The infamous H.M. Part of temporal lobe and hippocampus removed
to cure e ile s
Very poor performance on explicit memory tests
- -
tests
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
27/41
Expertise
that are relevant for a specific skill or topic, which is
ac eve y e era e rac ceover a per o o a eas
10 years.
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
28/41
Expertise- Context Specificity
positions, but not other memory tasks
Memor ex erts do not score es eciall hi h on I
tests
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
29/41
Experts vs. Novices
-LTWM
Form more mean ng u c un s Rehearse differently
Better at reconstructing missing parts of information
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
30/41
Source Monitoring
Identifying the source of memories or beliefs. Item and source memory are distinct from each
other.
You might remember something but forget ormisremember the source of that information.
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
31/41
Memory as a Constructive Process
Memory is the result of constructive processesthat are prone to errors, distortions, suggestions
and illusions.
The construction process may lead to creation ofa se memor es.
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
32/41
Memory as a Constructive Process
There is considerable research on constructiveaspects of memory due to interest in:
Increased su estibilit of children and older adults
Reliability of eyewitnesses in courts
e a y o memor es recovere n erapy se ngs
a se emor esa se emor es
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
33/41
hat are False Memories? Mental experiences that are mistakenly taken as real
.
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
34/41
y tu y a se emor es
The nature of these memory errors give usinformation on:
how memor is or anized
to what manipulations memory is vulnerable to
n w c s ua ons memory errs e mos
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
35/41
The Misinformation Paradigm
Procedure Witness an event
about the event
Have memory tested on the event.
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
36/41
How does misinformation work?
Source Confusion Hypothesis
i ili ff r h n nn
discriminate between the details from themisinformation and the details in the ori inal
event.
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
37/41
When are we more susceptible to misinformation?
Aging Divided Attention
Time Pressure
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
38/41
Eyewitness testimony
Loftus -- subjects watched a video of a car accident and
.
Collided 39.3 Bum ed 38.1
Hit 34.0
Contacted 31.8
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
39/41
Eyewitness testimony
ea ng quest ons may as t e est mates
The questions may literally change the way
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
40/41
Eyewitness testimony
1 Week subjects were later asked did you see any broken glass?
Most answered no correctly, but32% said es if asked Smashed
14% said yes if asked hit12% said yes in control group
The memory of the video and the question were fused together
.
7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC
41/41