Post on 05-Apr-2018
transcript
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
1/35
The term socialization is used to refer tothe process of learning ones culture and how
to live within it. For the individual it provides the skills and
habits necessary for acting and participatingwithin their society.
For the society, inducting all individualmembers into its moral norms, attitudes,values, motives, social roles, language and
symbols by which social and culturalcontinuit are attained.
Socialization
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
2/35
According to Ely Chinoy (Chinoy, 1961: 75),socialization serves two major functions:
1. It prepares the individual for the roles heis to play, providing him with the necessaryrepertoire of habits, beliefs, and values, theappropriate patterns of emotional response
and the modes of perception, the requisiteskills and knowledge.
2. By communicating the contents of culturefrom one generation to the other, it provides
for its persistence and continuity.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
3/35
Five kinds of socialization may bedistinguished:
Primary socialization
Secondary socialization
Developmental socialization
Anticipatory socialization
Resocialization
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
4/35
Primary socialization:
Primary socialization is the processwhereby the people make a child learnthe attitudes, values, and actionsappropriate to individuals as members
of a particular culture.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
5/35
Secondary socialization:
Secondary socialization refers to the
process of learning what isappropriate behavior as a member ofa smaller group within the largersociety. It is usually associated withteenagers and adults, and involvessmaller changes than those occurringin primary socialization. eg. entering a
new profession, relocating to a new
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
6/35
Developmental socialization:
It is the process of learning behavior
in a social institution or developingyour social skills.
Anticipatory socialization:
It refers to the processes ofsocialization in which a person"rehearses" for future positions,occupations, and social relationships.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
7/35
Resocialization:
Resocialization refers to the processof discarding former behavior patternsand accepting new ones as part of atransition in one's life. This occurs
throughout the human life cycle.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
8/35
Agents of socialization1. Family
2. Religion
3. Day-care centers4. Peer group
5. Education
6. Sports
7. Mass media
8. Workplace
9. The State
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
9/35
Total institutions
The term "total institutions" was coined in1963 by Erving Goffman. (Schaefer &
Lamm, 1992: 113) A society which is socially isolated but still
provides for all the needs of its members.
Total institutions have the ability toresocialize people either voluntarily orinvoluntarily.
Its examples are: prisons, the military,
mental hospitals and convents
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
10/35
Characteristics of Total
Institutions All aspects of life are conducted in the same
place and under the same single authority. Each phase of a members daily activity is
carried out in the immediate company ofothers. All members are treated alike and allmembers do the same thing together.
Daily activities are tightly scheduled. All
activity is superimposed upon the individualby a system of explicit formal rules. A single rational plan exists to fulfill the goals
of the institution.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
11/35
Gender socialization and gender
roles Gender socialization refers to the learning of
behavior and attitudes consideredappropriate for a given sex.
Boys learn to be boys and girls learn to begirls.
This "learning" happens by way of manydifferent agents of socialization.
The family is certainly important inreinforcing gender roles, but so are onesfriends, school, work and the mass media.
Gender roles are reinforced through subtle
and not so subtle ways.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
12/35
Goals of Socialization Arnett outlined following three goals of
socialization:
1. impulse control and the development of aconscience
2. role preparation and performance, includingoccupational roles, gender roles, and roles
in institutions such as marriage andparenthood
3. the cultivation of what is important, valued,and to be lived for
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
13/35
Broad and Narrow
SocializationArnett proposed two interesting types
of socialization:
Broad socialization is intended topromote independence, individualism,and self-expression
Narrow socialization is intended topromote obedience and conformity
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
14/35
Arnett's definition of socialization:
--the whole process by which anindividual born with behavioralpotentialities of enormously wide range,is led to develop actual behavior which
is confined with a much narrowerrange; the range of what is customaryand acceptable for him according to the
standards of his group.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
15/35
The Role of Socialization Feral (wild) children supposedly
abandoned or lost by their parents at a
very early age and then raised byanimals, act like wild animals. Mostsocial scientists believe that they were
raised by their parents as infants butthen abandoned because of mentalretardation.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
16/35
Isolated children show what humansmight be like if secluded from society at
an early age. Isabelle is a case in point. Although
initially believed to be retarded, asurprising thing happened when shewas given intensive language training.She began to acquire language and inonly two years she had reached the
normal intellectual level for her age.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
17/35
Institutionalized children show thattraits such as intelligence, cooperative
behavior, and friendliness are the resultof early close relations with otherhumans.
Research with children raised inorphanages and cases like Genie, the13 year old who had been kept lockedin a small room for years; demonstrate
the importance of early interaction for
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
18/35
The Social Development of Self,Mind, and Emotions
Charles H. Cooley concluded that humandevelopment is socially createdthat oursense of self develops from interaction with
others. He coined the term looking glass self to
describe this process. According to Cooley, this process contains
three steps: a) we imagine how we look to others; b) we interpret others reactions (how they
evaluate us); and
c) we develop a self-concept.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
19/35
George H. Meads concepts
George H. Mead added that play is criticalto the development of a self.
In play, we learn to take the role of others: To understand and anticipate how others feel
and think.
Mead concluded that children are first able totake only the role of significant others(parents or siblings, for example);
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
20/35
As the self develops, children internalizethe expectations of other people, and
eventually the entire group. Mead referred to the norms, values,
attitudes and expectations of peoplein
generalas thegeneralized other.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
21/35
According to Mead, the development of theself goes through stages:
a) imitation (children initially can only mimicthe gestures and words of others);
b) play (beginning at age three, children playthe roles of specific people, such as asoldier); and
c) games (in the first years of school, childrenbecome involved in organized team games
and must learn the role of each member of
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
22/35
Jean Piagets concepts
Jean Piaget (1896-1980) concluded thatthere are four stages in the development of
cognitive skills:1. The sensorimotor stage (0-2):
Understanding is limited to direct contactwith the environment (touching, listening,
seeing)
2. The preoperational stage (2-7):Children develop the ability to use symbols
(especially language) which allow them toex erience thin s without direct contact.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
23/35
3. The concrete operational stage (7-12): Reasoning abilities become much
more developed. Children now canunderstand numbers, causation, andspeed, but have difficulty with abstractconcepts such as truth.
4. The formal operational stage (12+):Children become capable of abstractthinking, and can use rules to solveabstract problems, e.g.if X is true, whydoesnt Y follow?
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
24/35
Freuds Concepts
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed thatpersonality consists of three elements: the id,ego, and superego.
The id, inherited drives for self-gratification,demands fulfillment of basic needs such asattention, safety, food etc.
The ego balances between the needs of the
id and the demands of society. The superego, the social conscience we
have internalized from social groups, gives usfeelings of guilt or shame when we breakrules, and feelings of pride and selfsatisfaction when we follow them.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
25/35
Human Emotions
Human emotions also develop in an orderlysequence:
During the first months, infants registersurprise, joy, distress, and excitement; theseare emotional reflexes because they aremade without any prior learning.
Fear and anger appear between ages 4 and10 months.
During the second year, other emotions
appear, including sadness, anxiety, and
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
26/35
By age four, guilt and shame areadded;
by age five, a child displays pride,humility, envy and jealousy; and
by age six or seven, emotions relating
to comparing oneself to others appear.
By puberty, children can express theentire range of emotions.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
27/35
Emotions are not simply the result of biology; theyalso depend on socialization within a particularsociety.
Europeans may shake hands with each other toexpress pleasure in meeting someone, whileJapanese may bow, and Arabs may kiss.
When a football player scores a goal, the response isquite physical: jumping up and down, and shouting.When a speaker delivers good speech, the responseis quite subdued, may be in the form of clapping.
Society has trained us to give different reactions indifferent settings.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
28/35
Socialization into Gender
By expecting different behaviors from peoplebecause they are male or female, society
nudges boys and girls in separate directionsfrom an early age, and this foundation carriesover into adulthood.
Parents begin the process; researchers have
concluded that in our society mothersunconsciously reward their female childrenfor being passive and dependent and theirmale children for being active andindependent.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
29/35
The mass media reinforce societysexpectations of gender in many ways:
Ads perpetuate stereotypes byportraying males as dominant andrugged and females as attractive andsubmissive.
On TV, females are shown as passive,indecisive, and dominated by men. Incommercials, womens voices are rarely
used as the voice over.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
30/35
Music perpetuates sex rolesstereotypes; songs tell girls to be
dependent and submissive, and boys todominate male-female relationship.
In films, often there is a portrayal of
violence against female. Males/females use media images to
discover who they were and what was
expected of them as males/females.
S i li ti th h th lif
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
31/35
Socialization through the lifecourse: Childhood (Birth to 12):
In earlier times, children were consideredminiature adults, who served anapprenticeship in which they learned andperformed tasks. To keep them in line, theywere beaten and subjected to psychologicaltorture.
The current view is that children are tenderand innocent, and parents should guide thephysical, emotional, and social developmentof their children, while providing them withcare, comfort, and protection.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
32/35
Adolescence (13-17):
Economic changes resulting from theindustrial revolution brought about materialsurpluses that allowed millions of teenagersto remain outside the labor force, while at thesame time the demand for educationincreased.
Biologically equipped for both work andmarriage but denied both, adolescents sufferinner turmoil and develop their ownstandards of clothing, hairstyles, language,music, and other claims to separate identities.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
33/35
Young Adulthood (18-29):
Adult responsibilities are postponedthrough extended education. During
this period the self becomes morestable, and the period usually is one ofhigh optimism.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
34/35
The Middle years (30-65):
People are surer of themselves and theirgoals in life than before. For modern women,it can be a trying period due to trying to
have it alljob, family, and everything.
Later middle years results in a different viewof lifetrying to evaluate the past and tocome to terms with what lies ahead.Individuals may feel they are not likely to getmuch farther in life, while health andmortality become concerns. However formost people it is the most comfortable period
in their lives.
8/2/2019 5 Socialization
35/35
Older years (66 andbeyond):
While we live longer and there has been animprovement in general health, older peopleare not given the respect they previouslyreceived, having undergone socialdevaluation.
They often are viewed as people who onceknew something worthwhile, but now canonly offer useless advice.
They become more concerned with deaththat their time is closing in on them.