Pages 595-616

Maddy Ruble

The Truman Doctrine

• Created by President Harry Truman

• During Cold War

• U.S. policy to contain communism

• Does not work in places communism already exists

The Marshall Plan

• Created by George Marshall, Truman’s Secretary of State

• U.S. gives $ to weakened w. European governments to help them become stable so they won’t turn to communism

• Gave over $13 mil without any need to pay back

Berlin Blockade

• Soviet retaliation for being left out of creating the new w. German mark- Deutsche

• Blockaded all road and rail access to Berlin

Berlin Airlift

• Allies response to Berlin Blockade• Allies knew they couldn’t beat Soviets on ground• They flew in supplies to people of w. Berlin• Soviets harassed planes but never confronted• May 1949- Soviets lift blockade

NATO

• Western European & U.S. defense alliance

• Led by General Eisenhower

• Attack on one is an attack on all

Warsaw Pact

• Russian response to NATO

• Defense alliance with its satellite countries

Balfour Declaration

• Created by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour

• Promised British gov’ts support for the idea of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

• Controversial because Britain had plans to sponsor Arab nationalism

Israel

• Created by Great Britain, U.S. and UN• Based on the idea of Zionism- a Jewish

homeland• Put in Palestine• Conflicts of nationalism with Arabs already living

there

Korean War

• USSR had satellite gov’t in north• U.S. had military presence in south• N. invaded S.• U.S. attacked N. but drove too far past the 38th parallel

into China• U.S. pushed back by China but succeeded in saving S.

Nikita Khrushchev

• First to tell of Stalin’s flaws

• Tried too much too fast

• Bad idea w/ Cuban missile crisis

• Stepped down for being too soft on foreign policy

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

• Russian author permitted under Khrushchev to publish “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”

• Depicted human suffering in forced labor camps• Published “Gulag Archipelago” under Gorbachev• Gave outside world name for Stalin’s network of forced

labor

Secret Speech

• Khrushchev’s speech to Congress

• Held in confidence but soon leaked

• Protected Lenin’s legacy, but attacked Stalin and his crimes

Crisis in the Suez

• Caused when the U.S. withdrew grant offer to rebuild Egypt’s dam

• Egyptian president Nasser nationalized Suez Canal• Britain and France invade together, Israel by itself• UN brought in to provide buffer

Hungarian Uprising

• Led by reform-minded communist Imre Nagy• Inspired by success in Poland• Soviets invade and replace Nagy w/ Janos Kadar who

accepts Soviet intervention• Khrushchev suppresses counterrevolution• 200,000 Hungarians flee to U.S.

Sputnik

• Russian

• First aircraft to make it into space

• Led to “space race” between Russia and U.S.

Berlin Wall

• Russian tactic

• Built to prevent people from getting from oppressive socialist E. Germany to the safety and capitalism of W. Germany

Cuban Missile Crisis

• Russia put missiles in Cuba when Cuba wanted communism

• U.S. sent naval troops to Cuba and had missiles in Turkey

• Russia backs down

Leonid Brezhnev

• Succeeded Khrushchev in Soviet Union• Built up navy and military to compete with U.S.• Used dentente• Put down threats of freedom in Czechoslovakia

Brezhnev Doctrine

• Soviet response to Truman Doctrine

• Soviets will intervene anywhere communism is threatened

• Internal or external

Detente

• Ease of tensions during Cold War

• Popular with all countries, but hard to maintain due to USSR and U.S. rivalry

• Hurt by Russian invasion of Afghanistan

Helsinki Accords

• 1975 Helsinki, not formal treaty• NATO members, Warsaw Pact states, & 12 other states• Pledged to work for peace, economic & cultural

cooperation, & protection of human rights• Ratified European territorial boundaries set after WWII

Afghanistan Invasion

• Soviet Union invaded in 1979 to bolster a weak pro-Soviet leftist regime

• Pakistan helped by U.S. which led to Soviets leaving w/ nothing in 1989

• Their Vietnam…foreign policy disaster

Works Cited

• http://apuseast.wikispaces.com/file/view/Marshallbike.jpg/30534980/Marshallbike.jpg

• http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.americanrhetoric.com/images/harrytrumandoctrine.jpg

• http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://www.arnewood.net/studentzone/subjects/history/history/coldwarpages/

• http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/subjects/b/berlin_airlift/index.html

• http://www.mapsofworld.com/images/maps-of-world-nato-member-countries.gif

• http://www.audifaz.com/coldwar/nato.gif• http://sabbah.biz/mt/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Balfour_portrait_a

nd_declaration.JPG

Works Cited

• http://thenextweb.com/socialmedia/files/2010/09/photo_lg_israel.jpg• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Korean_War_

HA-SN-98-07010.jpg• http://euroheritage.net/khrushchev.jpg• http://media.economist.com/images/20080809/3208OB1.jpg• http://www.emersonkent.com/images/khrushchev_speech.jpg• http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/images3/16791.jpg• http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw2707.gif• http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/spacecraft/russia/r7-sputnik.j

pg• http://www.cs.utah.edu/~hatch/images/europe/berlin.buildwall.jpg• http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_

Works Cited

• http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/4369-772697.jpg• http://www.wired.com/images/article/magazine/1603/

ff_nuclearwar_brezhnev.jpg• http://www.theillustrateddailyscribble.com/

daily.scribble.gifs.07/07.02.07.dirty.detente-ing.gif• http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/images/Konf%20ueber

%20Sicherheit.jpg• http://www.csmonitor.com/var/ezflow_site/storage/images/media/

images/1222-russia-afghanistan-30years/7144674-1-eng-US/1222-russia-afghanistan-30years_full_600.jpg