6 KINGDOMS OF LIFE

As living things are constantly being investigated, new attributes are revealed that affect how organisms are placed in a standard classification system.

CLASSIFYING LIVING THINGS Carl Linnaeus was a

scientist who developed a classification system for living things.

Wrote book Systema Naturae in 1735 to reveal his classification system.

HOW BIOLOGISTS CLASSIFY

1. Comparing morphology (physical traits)

2. Looking at genetic similarities & differences

3. Biochemical make-ups

4. Behavioral similarities

Origin of Life Video

CLADOGRAMS Cladogram- a branching diagram that

shows evolutionary relationships. We use taxonomy – the science of

classifying living things, to help us determine the cladogram.

6 KINGDOMS There are six kingdoms all

living things are classified into: Animals Plants Fungi Protists Eubacteria Archeabacteria

SCIENTIFIC NAMING

Binomial nomenclature- unique 2-word naming system used by scientists.

1st word is the genus, 2nd is the species. Genus- group of organisms that share

similar characteristics. Panthera leo-lion Panthera pardus-leopard

Species- group of organisms that can successfully breed within their group, but not others.

HOW TO WRITE A SCIENTIFIC NAME

Genus is always capitalized

Species is always lower case

The whole name is underlined if written or italicized if typed.

Example: Homo sapiens

EXAMPLES Homo sapiens:

Homo = genus sapiens = species Common name = humans

Quercus rubra– Quercus = genus rubra = species Common name = red oak

Scientific names are in Latin b/c scholars in the Middle Ages communicated using it!

CLASSIFICATION

Scientists have determined seven levels of classification: Kingdom = Kids Phylum = Pick Class = Candy Order = Over Family = Fancy Genus = Green Species = Salads

CLASSIFICATION OF MODERN HUMANS

Kingdom = Animalia Phylum = Chordata Class = Mammalia Order = Primates Family = Hominidae Genus = Homo Species = sapiens

The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:

1. Cell Type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)

2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular)

3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)

4. Cell Wall composition

1st Criteria for Kingdom Divisions:

Cell TypeProkaryotes or Eukaryotes

2nd criteria for Kingdom Divisions:

Cell Number•Unicellular- single celled organism – protozoans, bacteria, some algae•Multicellular- many celled organism – cells start to specialize/differentiate

Unicellular

• Multicellular

3rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions

Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food –Autotroph or

ProducerMake their own food

–Heterotroph or ConsumerMust eat other organisms to surviveIncludes decomposers – those that eat dead matter!

6 kingdoms1. Eubacteria2. Archaebacteria

3. Protista4. Fungi5. Plantae6. Animalia

6 KINGDOMS Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

ARCHAEBACTERIA KINGDOM

Ancient bacteria- Live in very

harsh environments

extremophiles

EUBACTERIA KINGDOM

The common bacteria that most people talk about when they say “bacteria”, because they live in more neutral conditions.

BACTERIA Bacteria are

unicellular prokaryotes

They all have a cell wall

PROTISTS Protists include

many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae.

The “Junk Drawer” Kingdom

PROTISTA KINGDOM There are animal-like, fungus-

like, and plant-like protists

Some are beneficial

Some protists can cause diseases in humans, such as:

BLEPHARISMA PROTIST

UnicellularHeterotrophic Filter

FeederEat bacteria from

decomposing vegetation

Considered the most evolved and complex of the protozoans

Locomotion Cilla

PARAMECIUM

UnicellularHeterotrophicFeed mostly on bacteriaHabitat - freshwater

ponds throughout the world; one species lives in marine waters

Locomotion Cilla

STENTOR PROTOZOAN

Large protistHeterotrophic Filter FeederBlue/green colorTrumpet shapedFeeds on bacteria and

other small creaturesLocomotion Cilla

SPIROSTOMUM PROTOZOAN

UnicellularHeterotrophicFeeds on bacteriaHabitat - freshwater ponds

throughout the world; one species lives in marine waters

Locomotion Cilla

EUGLENA

UnicellularAutrotrophic – have chloroplastsAbsorb food from environmentLocomotion flagella

AMOEBA

UnicellularHeterotrophicThe diet of amoebas

include bacteria, metozoa, protozoa, plant cells, etc.

Habitat – freshwater / saltwater

Locomotion- Pseudopods

PROTISTS DISEASE

Amebic dysentery - is an infection of the intestines caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica.

Ameba histolytica

Amebiasis is contracted by consuming contaminated food or water containing the cyst stage of the parasite. It can also be spread by person-to-person contact.

PROTISTS DISEASE

African Sleeping Sickness They are transmitted to humans by tsetse fly (Glossina genus) bites.

 Trypanosoma

PROTISTS DISEASE

Malaria -Malaria is caused by a parasite that is transmitted from one human to another by the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes.

Plasmodium

PROTISTS NUTRITION

Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

FUNGI KINGDOM The Kingdom

Fungi includes some of the most important organisms.

Heterotrophic- break down dead organic material and continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.

FUNGI All fungi are eukaryotic

They may be unicellular or multicellular

All fungi have a cell wall just like plants

Unicellular (yeast)

Multicellular

FUNGI Fungi can be very

helpful and delicious

Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi - penicillin

Fungi accounts for the blue vein in blue cheese!

Penicillin

FUNGI ENERGY SOURCES Fungi live off, or consume dead or

decaying plant or animal material which is an important role they play in all ecosystems.

All fungi absorb their food.

FUNGI Fungi also causes a number of

plant and animal diseases:

• Athlete's Foot

FUNGI Ringwor

m

FUNGI LOCOMOTION Fungi are

stationary They have root-

like structures that they use for attachment

Mushroom are fungal fruiting bodies.

PLANT KINGDOM All plants

are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall

Autotrophs-make own carbs for energy through photosynthesis

4 important plant groups are the:Mosses

(Bryophytes)

Ferns (Pteridophyt

es)

Conifers (Gymnosper

ms)

Flowering Plants

(Angiosperms)

Non-vascular

Vascular

Nonvascular Plants - Mosses• the simplest of all land dwelling plants 

• Nonvascular (no “veins”)-lack an internal means for

water transportation  • do not produce seeds or flowers

- fertilization depends on water medium to get the sperm to the egg. • lack a woody tissue necessary for support around their “stems” and so are usually relatively short

Mosses

Vascular Plants-Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

• Internal transportation System• Xylem – water carrying tubes • Phloem – sugar carrying tissues • enables plants to evolve into larger specimens.

•Produce Seeds – protects and nourishes an Embryo of the new plant

Gymnosperms Conifers (pine

cones) Oldest vascular

plants

Angiosperms - flowering

plants

Animalia KingdomAll animals are:- Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall -Heterotrophs

- Capable of movement at some point in their lives.

Criteria for Animal Classification Skeletal Characteristics

Invertebrates have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton

Vertebrates have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage

Kingdom Phylum

Class Order Family Genus Species

Major phylums of animals are…

Porifera: sponges

Cnidarians: Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers. . . Their stinger is called a nematocyst

Mollusks Octopi, squid

Mollusks Clams, oysters

Mollusks Snails, slugs

Platyhelminthes (flat worms) Tapeworms & Liver Fluke &

Planaria Hermaphrodites-fertilize their

own sex cells internally then zygotes are released into water to hatch

Human liver fluke

Annelids (segmented worms) Worms & leeches

Echinoderms Starfish, sea urchins, sea

cucumbers

Arthropods Shell fish, arachnids & BUGS!

Chordates—all other animals that have a backbone of some form