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Sensing Surveillance & Navigation16 March 2011
Dr. Jon SjogrenProgram Manager
AFOSR/RSE
Air Force Office of Scientific Research
AFOSR
Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 88ABW-2011-0754
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The culture of signals engineering and mathematics are historicallyintertwined, should reinforce each other all the more in future
We introduce prominent mathematicians to cutting-edge
problems/issues from engineering, and acquaint talentedengineers with abstract mathematical methodologies
Engineering researchers of exceptional mathematical talent:
B. Yazici (RPI)
the school of A. Willsky (MIT, BAE Alphatech inter alia)
R. Baraniuk (Rice), M. Zoltowski (Purdue)
will receive concrete encouragement
As counterpoint to increasing specialization, we promote aCulture of technology advancement, based on the flexibleunderstanding of foundational Concepts/Principles
The Shape of Signals/Sensing to Come
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PORTFOLIO OVERVIEW
Fully Adaptive Radar and Waveform Design Payoff: Spectral Dominance, enhanced Radar resolution
Operator Formalism to Represent Image-from-DataProcess
Payoff: Novel Mathematical Imaging Solutions to Facilitate a Variety ofSensing Modalities and Geometry
Sensing in Target Identification: Analysis/Synthesisof Invariants
Payoff: Fast classification of objects with high dependability
Non GPS-based Navigation and Geo-location Payoff: Navigation, location and targeting anywhere, with GPS
precision
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Surveillance and Target Imaging/Target Recognition
FY 2010 Initiations
Multi-Dimensional Diverse Waveform Design for Multi-Antenna Sensing &
Surveillance Systems (Purdue University)Develop a set of tools for matrix treatment of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) radar waveformswhich enable performance gains through jointly adaptive transmit and receive diversity.Systematic design of Barker phase-coded sequences of length > 13 is due for a breakthrough.
Hybrid Camera Array for Tracking with Low Light (YIP Univ of Delaware)
Joint Information- and Differential-geometric Approachin Automated Target Recognition (YIP Univ of Florida)
Noise Radar Implementing Compressive Sensing (Penn State University)Improved radar resolution results from application of noise-like transmit wave-forms, and information-
theoretic reconstruction principles , leading to a method superior to classical ambiguity function. This
method permits a stronger measure of statistical dependence between random processes, generalizing
matched filters in a way that treats the case of non-linear dependencies, and higher-order correlation.
Thermal Light Ghost Imaging (Univ of Maryland, Baltimore Campus)The phenomenon of ghost- imaging is well understood where the illumination is coherent. Classical
explanations have been given for the case of thermal light. Experimental paradigms are proposed that
should enable a definitive decision on whether quantum optics are inherent. Reconstituting obscured
objects from an image point of view lends a critical edge to defense/attack and surveillance capabilities.
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Real-Time Combat Navigation System and Virtual Battlespace (Univ of Cincinnati)
Five echelons to achieve high performance under feedback control system along with anadvanced fused multi-sensor navigation system.
Joint Signal Design/Processing to Achieve Information Dominance with Networking Sensors(Lehigh Univ)
Realization of design advantages, taking into account the various standard protocol layers ofwireless sensor network with standard/innovative processing.
Performance Analysis of Sensor and Communications Networks under Dynamic HighInterference (Illinois Institute of Technology)
Multiple jammers and sensors will constitute a combined electronic proactive ability andelectronic protection system. previous work allows a single electronic interferer a capability toanalyze over both Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing configuration, as well as MultipleInput Multiple Output.
Efficient Spectrum Management in Cognitive RF/Sensor Networks: Game-Theoretic Analysis(LSU)
On-the-fly dynamic algorithms for on-line power-band (spectra) allocation.
High-Accuracy Satellite Signal Parameter Estimation Algorithms (Miami of Ohio)The contrast between potentially strong interference and the weak GPS signal renders difficult
precision navigation under conditions ofionospheric scintillation. It is critical to acquire large
amounts of high quality data under various ionospheric conditions.
Networking, Navigation, CovertCommunicationsFY2010 Initiations
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Multi-Antenna Diverse Transmit and Distributed Receive Sensing
Geometric (Invariant) Analysis of Data in High Dimensions
Mathematical Innovation in Passive and Opportunistic Radar
Surveillance through Coupling of Viewing and Navigating Functions
Classical Pattern-matching in Target Identification
Satellite Resource OptimizationDual-frequency Spatial Light Modulator Adaptive Optics
SENSING SURVEILLANCE
PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT TRENDS
National 6.1 Context: ATR + SSA + 3-D modeling:ARO/ARL concentration on landmine detection (work at Adelphi, Maryland, Site)
Navy ongoing interest in acoustical target recognition
ONR concentration in statistical Signal Processing, mathematical techniquessuch as reversed Heat Equation
DARPA: FOPEN project ran 6 years, now DARPA ATR is in Pause Mode
3-D Urbanscape/URGENT and parallel Visi-building
SSA: Chinese satellite incident and N Korean ICBM tests drive Navy TheaterDefense (THAD)
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6.1 LABORATORY TASKS
S.V. Amphay (RWGI): Azimuth-Scanning SAR Signal Processing, Imaging Strategies
B. Himed(RYAP): Radar Waveform Optimization
G. Arnold (RYAT): Model-based ATR for Air Force Missions, Invariance-based ATR
M. Rangaswamy (RYAP): Novel Waveform Design and Sensor Fusion for Integrated C4ISR
L. Perlovsky (RYHE): Theoretical Foundations of Multi-Platform Systems, Layered Sensing
J. Malas (RYAS): Characterization of System Uncertainties within a Sensor Information Channel
Sensing Surveillance
Covert Communications, NavigationD. Hughes (RIGE): Optical Wireless Covert Communications
Lab Prospects 2011-2015
Integrated GPS and Inertial Navigation; Novel Geo-location and TimekeepingRYMN is the AFRL Standard-bearer (DeVilbiss, Pujara)
Electronic Warfare & CountermeasuresRYWE (Chakravarthy)
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Designed-In Waveform Diversityfor spectral dominance
Rapidly Dwindling Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum Challenging Environments Multi-path Rich Scenarios
Waveform Optimization
Designed Waveforms for
Transmit AdaptivityInterference Suppression
System Constraints
SAR
MTI
Multitasks
Comm.
Available bandwidth
F
0B
0B1B
Simultaneous Multi-Function
Spectrally Efficient Waveform
Design Enabled Multi-mission
Capability
Joint Adaptivity on Transmitand Receive
Frequency Diverse Array
Adaptive RangeDependent Beam-patterns
Electronic Steering withFrequency Offsets
Inherent CountermeasureCapability
Why?
W1(t) W2(t) W3(t) .Wn(t)
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Transmit
ResourceChannel Receiver
Controller
Tracker
Classifier
Resource Allocator Scheduler
A prioriInformation
Fully Adaptive Radar (FAR)
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Number of PhD students supported 45
Number of MS students supported 3
Number of US students put into
science/engineering program
8
Number of plenary talks 16Special issues in journals 3
Number of peer reviewed journal
papers
80
Special sessions in conferences 20
Number of conference papers 150
Arye Nehorai (Team Leader) Washington University in St. LouisDanilo Erricolo (co-Leader) University of Illinois at Chicago
Antonia Papandreou-Suppappola and Darryl Morrell Arizona State UniversityNavin Khaneja Harvard University
John Benedetto University of MarylandWilliam Moran University of MelbourneRobert Calderbank Princeton University
Mark R. Bell and Michael Zoltowski Purdue University
Harry Schmitt Raytheon Missile Systems
MURI: Adaptive Waveform Design for Full SpectralDominance (2005-2010)
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MURI: Adaptive Waveform Design for Full Spectral Dominance
Technology Transition/Transfer
Originator Transition Topic Recipient
MURI Team
Adaptive waveform design for detecting low-
grazing-angle and small-RCS targets NRLMURI Team Waveform adaptivity for radar AFRL, AFIT
Benedetto CAZAC software AFRL
Benedetto Bjrk CAZAC
ambiguity function constructions Northrop-Grumman, MITRE
Calderbank, Howard and Moran Instantaneous radar polarimetry MITRE
Calderbank and Howard Passive radar using DVB-T signals DSTO
Howard and Moran Adaptive radar testbed development AFRL
Moran Radar-on-a-chip project for automotive applications Victorian State Government, Australia
Moran Small portable weather radars Australian research council discovery
Erricolo Radio frequency tomography AFRL
Khaneja
RF pulse sequences/waveforms in magnetic
resonance applications
TUM, Aarhus, Harvard Medical School,
MIT
Nehorai OFDM MIMO radar for low-grazing angle tracking Raytheon
Nehorai MIMO radar for target tracking GTRI
Nehorai Adaptive polarimetric and OFDM radar AFRL
Nehorai Applying sparsity based algorithms to radar
estimation and tracking
AFRL
Nehorai Biologically inspired antenna array design AFRL
Papandreou and Morrell Waveform-agile tracking in urban terrain Lockheed Martin
Papandreou
Waveform-agile design algorithms in multi-modal
sensing applications AFRL
Papandreou
Waveform-agile design algorithms in structural
health management of aerospace systems AFRL
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Exploiting multipath reflectionsimproves detection
performance, as shown in thisROC plot.
Exploiting multipath componentsincreases the spatial diversityand provides nonzero Dopplereven in LOS scenario.
Exploiting multipath reflections improves the target detection performance
GOAL:Detect a moving target in the presence of
multipath reflections.
APPROACH:Employ a wideband OFDM signal to resolve
and exploit the multipath propagations.
Develop a generalized likelihood ratio (GLR)test for detecting the target.
Adaptively design the OFDM signal toprovide better detection performance bymatching with the operational scenario.
RESULTS:Exploiting multipath components improves
the target detection performance.
Optimization of the spectral components ofthe OFDM waveform further improves theperformance.
Limited LOS returns in multipathscenarios, e.g., urban environments
Future Challenges:
Develop realistic modelsincorporating physical
effects, such asdiffractions, refractions andattenuations.
Expand the detection overmultiple range cells.
Adaptive OFDM Radar for
Target Detection
Target Detection in Multipath Scenarios
A. Nehorai, WUSTL
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SAR Wish List
Multi-function, robust, agile, adaptive system with performance guarantees
operate in complex, rapidly varying environments
achieve multiple, dynamically changing objectives
Persistent, wide area coverage
Guaranteed global access to cooperative and non-cooperative domains
Tailored performance information driven sensing Timeliness Efficient access to relevant information
Move-Stop-MoveVehicle Tracking
GOTCHA R d
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3-D Imaging requires coherent processing ofphase data
Geo-location of the Platform is Everything!High resolution requires extreme precision
Improvements on Autofocus (post-processingphase correction) algorithms withoutGPS
GOTCHA takes a stride toward availability ofMulti-Modal radar with adjustable
SAR mode/Doppler mode
GOTCHA Radarmultiple-pass SAR (persistent staring)
RYASC
Operation & Capability
Science/Tech Challenges Impact of Basic Research
20 Km
Spot
Continual CAT Scan of Area
of Interest
Global Hawk Completes Circle~ Every 9 Minutes
An advance on 2-Pass Coherent Change Detect Filter out trivial changes (swaying trees): use
angular diversity
Research will be stimulated through availability ofCoherent Change Detection data sent to academic
investigators, and archiving of Phase Histories
Move toward operational capability like an AngelFire in Radio-Frequency Mode (Deadly Dwell)
Correct application of compressivesensing: exploit Data Sparseness
Correlate composite scattering phenomena:This leads to use of diverse/multiple orbits
Invariance methods have bolsteredrobust location strategies (Texas A&M)
Non-uniform fast Fourier methods (Yale)enables theory of wide-angle imaging
Applications of random signals
propagation (Rensselaer Poly, Stanford)
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Electro-Optic Stare (and later SAR)
Micro-local Analysis: A Toolbox to Make SAR Effective
B. Yazici, RPI
Provides imaging and detection methods in complex
environments and agile and diverse sensing scenarios Arbitrary or diverse trajectories, flexible transmitted waveforms
Radar Geometries: MIMO, multi-static, bi-static, passive sensing,Signal of Opportunity (or Hitchhiker)
Complex environments involving multiple scattering, clutter
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Synthetic Aperture Radar Modalities
Mono-static SAR
Bi-static SAR
Multi-static SAR (Fully) Passive SAR *(Opportunistic Sensing, Hitchhiker)
Inverse SAR (ISAR)
Interferometric SAR (IfSAR or InSAR)*
Polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) Moving target imaging SAR
Ultra-narrowband SAR *
3D SAR * * architecture motivated by FIO formulation
M-L analysis leads to original and novel SAR imagingparadigms
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Wave-front set Composed of (x0 , )
Singularity at x0 The function is not smooth at x0
Direction - The function varies rapidly in the directionof
Start with Wave-front Set of a Function:
Edge
Small Point
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Bi-static Synthetic Aperture Radar
Bi-static SAR Transmitter and receiver are far apart
Bi-static SAR Imaging
Iso-range surfaces = Ellipsoids
Iso-range contours = Intersection of ellipsoids
with topography
Flat topography Ellipses
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Micro-local Image Formation for Bi-static SAR
Micro-local reconstruction Back-propagate ellipsoidalwaves and compensate for their attenuation Micro-local technique recovers
visible singularities/edgesat the intersection of bi-static
iso-range and iso-Doppler contours
IsoDoppler contours (Red)+ IsoRange contours (Blue)
Flat topography
and fixed altitude
Bistatic Range
Bistatic Doppler
B. Yazici & M. Cheney, RPI
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Non GPS-based Navigation: Achieve DependablePrecision Navigation and Timing (PNT)
in support of sensing, surveillance, guidance/control in caves,
tunnels, under interference
(Laser) Scanning for Assured 3-D Navigation of UAV
3D Navigation:
Tight integration of Ladar data with Inertial Measurements,
Use IMU for data association; Ladar for IMU calibration
Assurance:
Measured solution covariance (position and attitude)enables the implementation of an integrity function,
UAV Design:
Hovering sensor platform with a 10-lb payload(platform functions as sensor gimbal)
F. Van Graas, M. u.d. Haag, Ohio Univ
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Design Optimized for Sensing Payload
360 DegreeLaser Scanner
IMU andController Board
Flying Sensor Platform
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Ionosphere Error:The Most Variable GPS Error Sources
Ionosphere
Troposphere
Multipath
Many error sources in GPS:
SV orbit errorSV clock errorReceiver clock errorReceiver noiseHardware bias
Antenna phase center offset.
Widespread Myth:Dual frequency GPS receivers eliminate all
ionosphere error
Facts:Higher order ionosphere Error (up to 10s cm)
remains in dual frequency measurementsHigher order ionosphere error is difficult to access
because its similarity with multipath error features
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Ionosphere Scintillation Effect on GPS
Wave front:
uniform phase uniform amplitude
Incident wave
Ionosphere
Ground
Diffraction/interference pattern
SV velocity vs Ionosphere irregularities cause
wave diffraction and scatteringReceiver experience fading and/orrapid phase fluctuations
Navigation solution error increasesand receiver may lose lock
Wave emerging frombelow irregularities:
non-uniform phase non-uniform amplitude
Figure from Inside GNSS
J. Y-T. Morton, Miami of Ohio
Secure Communications Using Electromagnetism
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Air Force goal is high-rate, ultra-high security in data transmission (both in RF andoptical regime) and secret key generation process (eg, a modified LFSR).
Key generation has employed mathematical methods such as trap-door functions;a stronger method is physically to build-in a layer of covertness. (Standard RSA is
vulnerable to cracking through quantum computing and other methods.)
In-house AFRL work is achieving high-rate quantum data encryption, interoperablewith existing networks both in fiber and in free space.
Enhanced Air-to-Ground Lasercom System (EAGLS) experiment in free space, mobilequantum communications, has demonstrated 2.5 Gb/s quantum-encrypted transport
between a fixed ground node and an aircraft at up to 20 kilometers.
This demonstration has used varying phase states of coherent light, in which quantumnoise provides the physical randomness to the cipher-text, i.e. absolute covertness.
Secure Communications Using ElectromagnetismMobile Quantum Communications
RIGE: D. Hughes, J. Malowicki
Stockbridge ,NY Test Site,
with Campbell, California