7

Head and Neck Anatomy

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Landmarks of the Face and Oral Cavity

• Landmarks of the faceLabial tubercle

Labial commissure

Vermilion border

Labiomental groove

Vermilion zone

Nasolabial groove

Philtrum

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Landmarks of the Face and Oral Cavity

• Landmarks of the oral cavity– Vestibule– Vestibule fornix– Labial mucosa– Buccal mucosa– Parotid papilla– Stensen’s duct

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Landmarks of the Face and Oral Cavity

• Landmarks of the oral cavity– Linea alba– Fordyce's spots– Alveolar mucosa– Gingiva– Labial frenum– Buccal frenum

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Landmarks of the Face and Oral Cavity

• Palate area of the oral cavity– Hard palate

• Incisive papilla• Palatine raphe• Palatine rugae• Torus

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Landmarks of the Face and Oral Cavity

• Palate area of the oral cavity– Soft palate

• Uvula• Anterior tonsillar pillars• Posterior tonsillar pillars• Palatine tonsils• Fauces

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Landmarks of the Face and Oral Cavity

• Palate area of the oral cavityUvula Incisive papilla

Palatine tonsils

Fauces

Palatine rugae

Palatine raphe

Anterior tonsillar pillar

Posterior tonsillar pillar

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Landmarks of theFace and Oral Cavity

• Tongue– Dorsal or top

• Sulcus terminalis• Circumvallate papilla• Filiform papillae• Fungiform papillae• Foliate papilla• Median sulcus

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Landmarks of theFace and Oral Cavity

• Tongue– Ventral or underside

• Lingual frenum• Lingual veins• Fimbriated folds

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Landmarks of the Face and Oral Cavity

• Floor of the mouth– Sublingual caruncles– Sublingual folds– Sublingual sulcus

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• Salivary glands– Parotid – Submandibular – Sublingual

Landmarks of the Face and Oral Cavity

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Bones of the Head• Bones of the cranium

– Frontal bone (1)– Parietal bones (2)– Temporal bones (2) – Occipital bone (1)– Sphenoid bone (1)– Ethmoid bone (1)

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Bones of the Head• Bones of the face

– Nasal bone (2)– Vomer bone (1)– Inferior nasal conchae (2)– Lacrimal bones (2)– Maxillae bones (2)– Zygomatic bones (2)– Palatine bones (2)– Mandible bone (1)

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Bones of the Head• Bones of the face

Frontal bone

Splenoid bone

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Inferior nasal concha

Vomer bone

Mental foramen

Parietal bone

Symphysis

Alveolar process

Mandible

Alveolar process

Maxilla

Zygomatic bone

Nasal bone

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• Landmarks of the maxilla– Frontal processes– Zygomatic processes– Alveolar process– Palatine process

– Infraorbital foramen

– Maxillary sinus– Maxillary

tuberosity

Bones of the Head

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Bones of the Head• Palatine bones

– Palatine suture– Incisive foramen– Greater palatine foramen– Lesser palatine foramen

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Bones of the Head• Landmarks of the mandible

– Rami– Condyloid process– Coronoid process– Temporomandibular joint

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Bones of the Head• Landmarks of the mandible

– Mandibular notch– Mandibular foramen– Internal oblique ridge– Mylohyoid ridge

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Bones of the Head• Landmarks of the mandible

– Angle of the mandible– Mental foramen – External oblique ridge– Retromolar area

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Bones of the Head• Landmarks of the mandible

– Symphysis– Mental protuberance– Lingual foramen– Genial tubercles

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Bones of the Head• Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

– Glenoid fossa of the temporal bone– Articular eminence of the temporal bone– Condyloid process of the mandible

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Bones of the Head• Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

– Synovial fluid • Thick, sticky fluid that provides nourishment

and lubrication so bones can glide without friction

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Muscles of the Head and Neck • Muscles of mastication

– Temporal muscles– Masseter muscles– Internal pterygoid muscles– External pterygoid muscles

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Muscles of the Head and Neck• Muscles of masticationTemporal muscle

Angle of the mandible

Internal pterygoid muscle

External pterygoid muscle

Neck of the condyle

Masseter muscle

Zygomatic bone

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Muscles of the Head and Neck• Muscles of facial expression

– Orbicularis oris– Buccinator– Mentalis– Zygomatic major

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Muscles of the Head and Neck• Muscles of the floor of the mouth

– Digastric– Mylohyoid– Stylohyoid– Geniohyoid

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Muscles of the Head and Neck• Muscles of the floor of the mouth

Styloid process

Tongue

Digastric muscle (anterior belly)

Mylohyoid muscle (cut)

Geniohyoid muscle

Mandible

Digastric muscle (posterior belly)

Stylohyoid muscle

Hyoid bone

Loop for digastric muscle

BodyGreater cornu

Lesser cornu

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Muscles of the Head and Neck• Muscles of the tongue

– Genioglossus– Hypoglossus– Styloglossus

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Muscles of the Head and Neck• Muscles of the tongue

Hypoglossus muscle

Genioglossus muscle

Dorsum of tongue

Styloglossus muscle

Palatoglossus muscle

Styloid process

Hyoid bone

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Muscles of the Head and Neck• Muscles of the soft palate

– Palatoglossus– Palatopharyngeal

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Muscles of the Head and Neck• Muscles of the soft palate

Palatoglossus muscle

Palatopharyngeal muscleUvula

Nasopharynx

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Muscles of the Head and Neck• Muscles of the neck

– Platysma– Trapezius– Sternocleidomastoid

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Nerves of the Head and Neck• Maxillary nerves

– Zygomatic– Infraorbital– Posterior superior alveolar– Pterygopalatine

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Nerves of the Head and Neck• Maxillary nerves

Pterygopalatine nerve

Zygomatic nerve

Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

Trigeminal ganglion

Pterygopalatine ganglion

Posterior superior alveolar nerve

Middle superior alveolar nerve

Infraorbital nerve

Zygomaticofacial nerve

Anterior superior alveolar nerve

Lateral nasal branches

Nasopalatine branch of pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) nerve

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Nerves of the Neck and Head• Mandibular nerves

– Buccal branch– Lingual branch– Inferior alveolar branch

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Nerves of the Neck and Head• Mandibular nerves

Hyoid bone

Mylohyoid nerve

Inferior alveolar nerve

Mylohyoid nerve

Inferior alveolar nerve

Posterior division of mandibular nerve

Buccal nerve

Lingual nerve

Mental nerve at mental foramen

Incisive nerves

Terminals of lingual nerve to tongue

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Circulation of the Head and Neck

• Arteries of the face and oral cavity– Common carotid artery

• External carotid artery• Internal carotid artery

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Circulation of the Head and Neck

• External carotid artery branches– Lingual artery– Facial artery– Maxillary artery– Mandibular artery– Pterygoid artery

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Circulation of the Head and Neck• Arteries of the face and oral cavity

Posterior superior alveolar artery

Infraorbital arteryMiddle superior alveolar artery

Anterior superior alveolar artery

Descending palatine artery

Facial artery

Inferior alveolar artery

Lingual artery

Maxillary artery

Internal carotid artery

External carotid artery

Superficial temporal artery

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Circulation of the Head and Neck

• Veins of the face and oral cavity– Superficial veins

• Facial, deep facial, retromandibular, lingual– Deep veins

• Maxillary, pterygoid plexus– Jugular veins

• External, internal

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Circulation of the Head and Neck• Veins of the face and oral cavity

Superficial temporal vein

Maxillary vein

Anterior retromandibular vein

Posterior retromandibular vein

Posterior auricular vein

External jugular vein

Pterygoid plexus of veins

Deep facial vein

Facial vein

Common facial vein

Internal jugular vein