[701-0662-00 L] Environmental Impacts, Threshold Levels...

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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 1

[701-0662-00 L]

Environmental Impacts, Threshold Levels and

Health Effects

Lecture 11: Noise Part 5 (13.05.2020)

Mark Brink

ETH Zürich

D-USYS

Homepage:

http://www.noise.ethz.ch/ei/

• Noise annoyance

• Aircraft noise annoyance

• Noise contours

• "Change effect"

• Physiological activations due to noise

• Stress model of non-auditory effects of noise

• Noise coping

• Pathogenetic pathways

• Sleep disturbances due to noise (introduction)

Topics covered in the previous lecture

• Question 1: When noise is such a negative factor for

sleep and health related effects, why is there the

concept of white noise, where people need some kind

of noise to sleep better?

• White noise can help to mask environmental sounds

(sound events) that could lead to sleep disturbances,

via increasing acoustical arousal threshold.

• Auditory masking occurs when the perception of one

sound is affected by the presence of another sound.

Student questions from previous lecture

Masking with narrowband noise

Narrowband noise 420-620 Hz

Masked tone (510 Hz)

low frequency masking tone high frequency masking tone

1: frequencies close to each other

2: frequencies wide apart

20 40 80 200 400 800 2k 4k 6k8k 20k60

100 1k 10kFrequency [Hz]

250Hz, 60dB

4kHz, 60dB

Hearing threshold at calmness

Frequency masking

• Question 2: White noise is I believe a synchronisation

(constant/static form) of noise & thus brain sound

waves. Therefore it can help construct & maintain a

constant acoustic environment (hear: no interruptions).

• Some evidence for effects of white noise on brain

functions (e.g. cognitive performance, memory)

• White or pink noise may also influence the brain

electrical activity and improve sleep quality by reducing

sleep onset latency and promoting slow wave sleep

(SWS). Exact mechanisms are not fully elucidated. First

results point to a role of the dopaminergic system.

Student questions from previous lecture

► Sleep disturbances (cont'd): study types and methods

► Polysomnography (PSG)

► Actimetry / Actigraphy / Seismosomnography

► Sleep disturbances: Awakening probability

► Countermeasures / noise abatement in the night

► Long-term health effects of noise (Part 1)

► Cardiovascular effects

Lecture overview for today

Research methods: Polysomnography (PSG)

EEG → Sleep stages

EOG (Eye movements) → REM sleep

EMG (Muscle tone)

Breathing activity

ECG (Heart rate)

• Allows differentiation of sleep stages

→ wake | sleep (Detection of awakening reactions)

• very sensitive, detects even very tiny reactions

• Complex, expensive

• Not always pleasant for test persons

Awakening

Arousal

30 sec

Research methods: Relevant PSG signal characteristics

ActiWatch(tm)

Basic idea

• Increased movements are

a sign of disturbed sleep

Disadvantage

• Less suitable for event-

related analyses

Research methods: Actimetry / Actigraphy

Changing force

distribution because of:

• Movements of arms/legs

• Recoil movement of the body

at each heartbeat

(cardioballistic effect)

• Lifting and lowering of the

thorax per inhalation/ex-

halation cycle

Measures Actimetry, Heart rate, Respiration rate with

only one type of transducer (here: force sensor)

Research methods: Seismosomnography (SSG)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

203040506070

Zeit (1-Minuten Epochen)

Schwerpunkt

(quer/längs)

Simulierte Flüge

(LAS,max 50 dB)

Herzrate

Atemrate

Schallpegel

Aussen

Aktimetrie

80000Start of recording End of recording

Time of gone to bed Time of rise

Center of gravityacross/along

Actigraphy

Heart rate

Breathing rate

Simulated aircraftnoise events

outdoor

indoor

SSG recorded data

Aircraft

Road traffic

Railways

no noise...

Awakening

probability according

to EEG!

LAS,max of noise event

Source: Basner et al., 2011

Awakening reactions (AWR)Exposure-effect relationships in the sleep laboratory

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

Lmax [dB(A)]

3.5 dB / hour

Awakening probability increases with time asleep(Logistic regression model)

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

LAF,max innen [dB]

LAF,max indoors [dB]Brink et al., Env Int, 2011

Exposure-effect relationships for awakening probability

Church bell noise / field study

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

LAF,max innen [dB]

LAF,max indoors [dB]

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

LAF,max innen [dB]

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

LAF,max innen [dB]

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

LAF,max innen [dB]

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

LAF,max innen [dB]

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

LAF,max innen [dB]

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

LAF,max innen [dB]

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

LAF,max innen [dB]

Number of noise events leading to one (1) additional AWR

LAeq,8h ca. 46 dB (at the ear)

LAeq,8h ca. 22 dB (at the ear)

Source: Basner et al., 2005

Number of noise events leading to one additional AWR

(Aircraft noise)

1 AWR per night due to aircraft noise

0.5 AWR

0 AWR>= 1

Practical application: Local prevalence of noise- induced awakenings

0P/ha > 100 P/ha

Practical application: weighting with population density

Bülach: 3552 AWR

Dielsdorf: 419 AWR

0 AWR > 80 AWR

Practical application: Counting the number of awakening reactions

Effect of slope of rise of an aircraft noise event

on motility (measured with SSG)

Landing (3.3 dB/s) Take-off (1.1 dB/s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Zeit [s] nach Beginn des Fluggeräusches

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

gsakti

Zeit [s] nach Beginn des Fluggeräusches

Brink et al., Somnologie (2008)

activity S

Time [s] after noise event onset Time [s] after noise event onset

Effect of slope of rise of a noise event, measured by SSG

Motility

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Motility during takeoff noise Motility during landing noise

Level of takeoff noise Level of landing noise

Seconds after onset of aircraft noise event

Effect of slope of rise of a noise event, measured by SSG

Heart rate

-16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88

Heartbeat intervals

Onset of

Cortical arousals during noise events (SiRENE study)

Source: Buxton et al., Ann Intern Med, 2012

Arousal reactions in the hospital

N2 N3 REM

Self-reported %HSD (Percent Highly Sleep Disturbed)Survey questions about how noise affects sleep

WHO evidence review, Basner and McGuire, 2018

Self-reported %HSD (Percent Highly Sleep Disturbed)Survey questions not mentioning noise

WHO evidence review, Basner and McGuire, 2018

ReceiverSource Propagation path

• mufflers

• reduction of engine

• casing of machinery

• Quieter arrival and departure operations

• Night Curfews – total ban of operations in the night (in CH: trucks

are banned from the roads during nighttime; aircraft operations

suspended during nighttime)

• passive sound

protection:

sound-proof

windows, triple

glazing etc.

• Noise barriers,

e.g. along

railway tracks

CountermeasuresOverview:

% asleep during working days

% asleep during weekends

Trucks

Aircraft

Countermeasures & noise abatement in the night:Night curfews – but when do people actually sleep?

Distribution of sleep/wake density in Switzerland 2015

Source: SiRENE-Survey, N=5592

Source: Griefahn et al., 2008

Countermeasures & noise abatement in the night:

Night curfews – When are they most effective?

• Number and acoustic characteristics of noise events affect the

impact noise has on sleep

• Maximum sound pressure level of a noise event is the best

predictor for awakening probability

• Slope of rise (dB/s) of noise events influences the magnitude of

bodily reactions, steeper slopes evoke higher awakening

probability (Most serious problems with landing aircraft and trains)

• Morning noise elicits stronger reactions than evening noise

• Different noise sources produce different exposure-effect

functions

• Average sound pressure level (Leq) is not a very good predictor of

immediate effects

• As concerns countermeasures: Curfews are effective, but

sleep/wake behavior of the population is important → “timing”

Sleep disturbances due to noise - Conclusions

Long term health effects of noise

"Cardiovascular" = having an effect on the

cardiovascular system (leading to "cardiovascular

disease" CVD)

Pathophysiological disease model:

noise is a stressor that impacts on the autonomic

nervous system

Cardiovascular effects:

- Heart rate increase

- Hypertension (high blood pressure)

- Ischaemic heart disease

- Myocardial infarction

- Stroke

Long term cardiovascular effects of noise

Source: Jarup et al., 2008Aircraft noise

Women Men

Long term cardiovascular effects of noiseHypertension -- Aircraft noise

HYENA study: Hypertension and Exposure to Noise near Airports

(Athens, Milan Malpensa, Amsterdam Schipol, Stockholm Arlanda,

Berlin Tegel, London Heathrow)

Source: Van Kempen & Babisch, 2012

Long term cardiovascular effects of noiseHypertension, Meta-Analysis -- road traffic noise

Source: Vienneau et al., 2015

Long term cardiovascular effects of noiseIschaemic heart disease, Risk increase per 10 dB

"Forest plot"

deposits

Source: Huss et al., 2010

Long term cardiovascular effects of noiseMortality from myocardial infarction in Switzerland - Aircraft noise

Source: Héritier et al., 2017

Long term cardiovascular effects of noiseMortality from myocardial infarction in Switzerland - SiRENE study

Noise sourceExcess risk

per 10 dB(%)95% CI

Lden Road 4.0 2.1 5.9

Lden Railway 2.0 0.7 3.3

Lden Aircraft 2.7 0.6 4.3

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