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D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 1
[701-0662-00 L]
Environmental Impacts, Threshold Levels and
Health Effects
Lecture 12: Noise Part 6 (20.05.2020)
Mark Brink
ETH Zürich
D-USYS
Homepage:
http://www.noise.ethz.ch/ei/
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 2
• Questions from students from previous lecture
• Sleep disturbances: study types and methods
• Polysomnography (PSG)
• Actimetry / Actigraphy / Seismosomnography
• Sleep disturbances: Awakening probability
• Countermeasures / noise abatement in the night
• Long-term health effects of noise
• Cardiovascular effects
Topics covered in the previous lecture
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 3
► Long-term health effects (cont'd)
► Metabolic effets
► Effects on cognitive performance
► The question of causality, study types in epidemiology
► Quantifiying the costs of noise
► Noise abatement and regulation of noise
► Prinicples of noise abatement in Switzerland
► Noise exposure limits in the Swiss noise abatement regulation
► Final conclusions
Lecture overview for today
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 4
Long term metabolic effects of noise
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes (insulin resistance)
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 5
Baseline
(BL)
Noise
(NN2)
Noise
(NN3)
Noise
(NN4)
Noise
(NN5)
Recover
y (RC)
Baseline ("no noise") LAeq,1h : 30 dB
Road traffic or railway noise simulations LAeq,1h : 45 dB
Polysomnography
8h 8h 8h 8h 8h 8h
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
Oral glucose tolerance after noisy nights (SiRENE study)
Legend:
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 6
Oral glucose tolerance after noisy nights (SiRENE study)
4
5
6
7
8
9
-20 30 80 130
Glu
cose
(m
mo
l/L
)
Time (min)
-15 0 10 20 30 60 90 1200
20
40
60
80
100
-20 30 80 130
Insu
lin
(µ
IU/m
l)
Time (min)
-15 0 10 20 30 60 90 120
650
700
750
800
850
Area under the
curve
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Area under the curve
After baseline night
After recovery night
After last noise-nights
* * * *
* p<0.05; vs. BL * p<0.05; vs. BL
Glucose Insulin
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 7
Eze IC et al. Int J Epidemiol, 2017
Diabetes risk increase per 10 dB (SiRENE/SAPALDIA study)
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 8
Read
ing
perf
orm
an
ce
Aircraft noise exposure, LAeq, 07:00-23:00 h, [dB(A)]
Effects of noise on (cognitive) performanceRANCH study (Stansfeld et al., 2005) -- Aircraft noise
Exposure-effect model for reading performance
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 9
Exposure-effect model for reading performanceA
dju
ste
d T
-valu
e o
f
read
ing
perf
orm
an
ce
Aircraft noise exposure, LAeq, 08:00-14:00 h [dB(A)]
Effects of noise on (cognitive) performanceNORAH study (Klatte et al., 2015) -- Aircraft noise
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 10
Causality?"Bradford-Hill criteria" (1965)
Strength of association: stronger associations are more likely to have
a causal component
Consistency: the association must be seen consistently
across studies or populations
Specificity: the association must produce a specific end-
point
Temporality: the factor being advocated as causative must
precede the outcome
Biological gradient: the outcome must be obtained in a dose-
responsive manner
Plausibility: the causal explanation must be biologically
plausible
Coherence: a cause-and-effect interpretation of the data
should not contradict present knowledge
Experimental support: the association is experimentally supported
Bradford-Hill, A. (1965). The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation? Proc R Soc Med, 58, 295-300.
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 11
Study types in epidemiology
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 12
Quantifying the costs of noise
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 13
Source: Ecoplan (2014): Auswirkungen des Verkehrslärms auf die Gesundheit
Quantifcations of the "cost" of noise on an aggregate level (I)
Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) lost in Switzerland
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 14
770
99104
874
25
124
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Mietzinsausfälle Gesundheitskosten
Mio
. C
HF
Strasse Schiene Total
320
101
27
550
347
651
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Personenverkehr Güterverkehr
Mio
. C
HF
Strasse Schiene Total
Quantifcations of the "cost" of noise on an aggregate level (II)External costs of transportation noise in CHF, Switzerland, 2005
Road Rail Total Road Rail Total
Rent deficits Healthcare costs Passenger traffic Goods traffic
Source: Bundesamt für Raumentwicklung, 2008
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 15
Source: Bundesamt für Raumentwicklung, 2008
Quantifcations of the "cost" of noise on an aggregate level (III)External costs of transportation, Switzerland, 2005, in Million CHF
Total external costs: 8 529 000 000 CHF per year
thereof: 1 174 000 000 CHF due to noise
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 16
Quantifcations of the "cost" of noise on an aggregate level (IV)Hedonic pricing analysis – reduction of rent/propery value per 1 dB
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 17
Noise abatement and
regulation of noise
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 18
Rationale for noise abatement
Noise is undesirable sound that can harm human health
and interfere with people’s daily activities at school, at
work, at home and during leisure time.
It can disturb sleep, cause cardiovascular and
psychophysiological effects, reduce performance and
provoke annoyance responses and changes in social
behavior.
Noise causes economic losses (health costs, abatement
measures, reduced value of real estate property etc.).
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 19
Roles of Science and of Policy in noise abatement
Risk Assessment
Risk Management
Action plans
Science Science
PolicPolicy
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 20
Assessment principle Exposure-
effect
Remediation principleExisting noise
problems
Prevention principleFuture noise
problems
Noise costsPolluter pays principle
Role of
playersCooperation principle
Source principle AbatementMeasures
The six basic principles of noise abatement in Switzerland
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 21
PushPull
Incentives- Technical feasibility (research)- Subventions- Economic Incentive instruments
Enforcement- Regulations (emission limits,
exposure limits)- Penalties, compensations
"Pull" and "Push" measures
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 22
?
Target level
(Limit value)
SourcePropagation
EncapsulationMuffling
Operational restrictions
WallsBarriers
Sound proof windows
Effective level
(Rating level)
Measures Rules
Noise abatement as a feedback-controlled system
Receiver
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 23
Rating Level Lr [dB] = Average Level + Correction
Lr = Leq + K
The Rating Level Lr is not a physical
measure, but a measure for the noise
effect! (but it is expressed in dB)
Exposure limits in Swiss noise legislationThe rating level Lr
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 24
Noise exposure
Alarm values for assessing the urgency of abatement
measures and as a criterion for fitting soundproof windows.
Immission limit values must be set so that, in the light of
current scientific knowledge and experience, immissions
below these levels will not seriously disturb the well-being of
the population.
Planning values for permitting the construction of new
installations and for for ruling out and development of new
building areas (land use planning).
Exposure limits in the Swiss noise abatement legislationDefinition of three types of limit values
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 25
Exposure limits in Swiss noise legislationLimit values on an exposure-effect curve
Noise exposure
Planning value PV Alarm value AW
Immission limit value ILW
Pe
rce
nt
hig
hly
an
no
ye
d
100
80
60
40
20
0
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 26
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Extremely
Very
Moderately
Slightly
Not at all
Serious annoyance
of the population
(highly annoyed)
verbal 5-point scale
Assessment of % highly annoyed (%HA)... using ICBEN scales
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 27
15-25%
Planning value Immission limit value Alarm value
Protection Zones (ES I)
Residential Areas (ES II)
Mixed Areas (ES III)
Industrial Areas (ES IV)
X
X-5
X+5
X+10
x-5
x
x+5
x-10
x+10
x+10
x+15
x+5
Sensitivity categories
Acoustic Exposure Lr% h
ighly
annoyed
Exposure limits in Swiss noise legislationMethod for setting limit values in Lr [dB]
x
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 28
III Mixed areas
Exposure [Lr]
Sen
sit
ivit
y c
ate
go
ry Planning
value
Day Night
50 40 65 60
55 45 60 50 70 65
60 50 65 55 70 65
65 55 70 60 75 70
55 45
IV Industrial areas
Day Night Day Night
Immission
limit value
Alarm
value
II Residential areas
I Protection zones
Exposure limits (in the measure "Lr") for road traffic noise
Day =06:00-22:00
Night =22:00-06:00
Exposure limits in Swiss noise legislationNoise abatement ordinance ("Lärmschutzverordnung")
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 29
Exposure limits in Swiss noise legislationNoise abatement ordinance ("Lärmschutzverordnung")
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 30
Example: Aircraft noise contours...
...at the Planning, Immission limit
and Alarm values (Lr for day period)
1-Stunden-Leq von 55 dB
1 zus. Aufwachreaktion pro Tag
1 zus. Aufwachreaktion pro 2 Tage
N
Source: http://www.fluglaerm-frankfurt.de/349.0.html
Lr=57 dB(A): Planning valueLr=60 dB(A): Immision limit valueLr=65 dB(A): Alarm value
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 31
Number of residents above Immission limit values during
day.. in Switzerland (2009)
Road traffic Railways Aircraft Shooting ranges
Num
ber
of re
sid
ents
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 32
A few last words...Final conclusions for the Part "Noise" (I)After all, how harmful is noise at the end?
► Science is well able to demonstrate effects, but less so in (clearly)
demonstrating damage.
► Any health effect assessment depends on an accepted definition of what
constitutes "health" (cp. the definition of health by the WHO)
► Exposure limit values are normative postulates (that means, they are
often the result of a political compromise and hence not directly derived
from scientific findings...)
► Effects: Cardiovascular effects starting at 45 dB(A) LDay (outdoors)
Awakening reactions as low as ca. 33 dB(A) Lmax (indoors)
No threshold observed with annoyance
► People react differently to noise → On the individual level, noise effects
can occur as low as at 0 dB!
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 33
A few last words...Final conclusions for the Part "Noise" (II)What kind of statements can noise effects research make?
► Results that consistently show associations between noise exposure and
effects across different studies suggest that this relationship is causal
(even if this can often not be 'proven' in the strong sense)
► Statements about exposure-effect relationships are possible only on the
population or sample level
► Individual predictions are not possible
► Effects = Ratios, Probabilities, Percentages, Calculated risks...
► Precautionary principle is important: Although sometimes the available
evidence lacks the demonstration of a clear relationship between
exposure and health effects, a scientifically well founded presumption
suffices to take appropriate measures
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 34
► Uncertainties concerning the exposure (exposure history) of individuals
(exposure misclassification bias) in epidemiological and observational
studies
► (Usually) weak relationship between exposure and effects
► No established quality standards for noise effects studies
► Data about noise exposure are usually based on metrics and methods
that are defined in regulations (often, other interesting noise metrics are
not available, e.g. frequency distribution of the maximum sound
pressure level etc.)
► No possibility to carry out (field)-experiments (but only observational
studies)
► Research often takes place in a politically defined context with many
conflicting interests
A few last words...Final conclusions for the Part "Noise" (III)Issues/research gaps in noise effects research
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 35
Some information regarding the "Sessionsprüfung"
Date, time, and place: Use official ETH channels...
Supervisor: Christian Monn
Duration: 60 Minutes
Credit points: 3
Weighting: 50% Air pollution part (Ch. Monn)
50% Noise part (M. Brink)
Type of test: Written examination, you are asked to:
- Answer multiple choice questions
- List keywords
- Draw diagrams
- Label diagrams, flow charts etc.
Allowed helpers: Everything on paper (Books, Your own
notes, Handouts of slides...)
Recommended: Lecture handouts and your notes
Not allowed: Laptops, Tablets, Smartphones etc.
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 6 Slide 36
Thank you very much for your attention!