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Land and Ecosystem Accounts
& Coastal Mediterranean Case Studies
Jean-Louis Weber
Consultant
Member of the Scientific Committee of the European Environment Agency
jlweber45@gmail.com
Natural Capital Accounting for Green Growth
in the Middle East and North AfricaRegional Workshop – Villa Valmer, Marseille –
March 26 and 27, 2013
Land and Ecosystem Accounting
SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting
Ecosystem accounts are based on spatial information (1)
Ecosystem accounts are based on spatial information (2)
Spatial Integration of Environmental & Socio-Economic Data Collection
Mapping
Socio-Economic
Statistics
Individual Sites Monitoring
Sampling
Ecosystem accounts are based on spatial information
Example of combination of river basins boundaries
and land cover functional units (red= urban, yellow = agriculture,
green = forest, blue = grass and shrubs, grey = mixed…)
Courtesy Emil D. Ivanov, 2011
Assimilation of statistics into regular grids: an example with population
statistics
Land, Ecosystems, Ecosystem Services, Economy … and People
Services 1.1 1 .2 1 .3 1.4 1.5 2.1 2 .2 2 .3 3 .1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3 .5
Land cover types Food
Mat
eria
ls
Fore
st t
rees
-re
late
d
Pla
nt-r
elat
ed
Phy
sica
l su
ppo
rt
Am
enity
Iden
tity
Did
actic
Cyc
ling
Sin
k
Pre
vent
ion
Ref
ugiu
m
Bre
edin
g
Artificial surfaces/ Urban
Arable land & permanent crops
Grassland & mixed farmland
Forests & woodland shrub
Heathland, sclerophylous veg.
Open space with l ittle/ no vegetation
Wetlands
Water bodies
Land
cov
er c
lass
ifica
tion
CICES: Provisional Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services
Land cover aggregated classification
Land cover classification
LCCS3 (FAO & UNEP) as international standard
• LCCS3 = a meta language with rules for defining detailed classifications
Basic objects
+ characteristics
+ properties
+ spatial patterns
� Applications which are at the same time coherent and user defined
• LCCS3 = a software package used by FAO (e.g. Africover) and other institutions
• In Europe, Corine Land Cover legend : an application of LCCS3 rules (translation done…), implemented in 35 countries, 1990, 2000, 2006 and 2012 in preparation. Several applications in Africa, Latin America…
• LCCS3 = standard proposed for the SEEA land cover classification
���� the experimental classification of land cover functional units for ecosystem accounting is fully compatible with LCCS3 and Corine Land Cover
Corine land cover (1975 (coasts), 1990, 2000, 2006, 2012 (starting)
http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/landuse
Corine Land Cover 2006 in the Northern Mediterranean
MEDGEOBASE Tunisia
~1900-1998Tunisia - 1990 -1998
From 1990 to 1998, IGN FI with the National Agency for Environmental Protection “ANPE” from the Ministry of Environment, have produced an environmental database of 80,000 km ² of the Tunisian coast. The first database is called MEDGEOBASE. Through this successful technical cooperation, the ANPE has acquired a good knowledge of how to achieve this type of tool. In this context and to develop this project, the ANPE has decided to adopt a monitoring tool to improve knowledge and management of the environment in Tunisia.
This operational decision-support system for the management of natural resources and the environment (SAIDE) is based on basic data coming from the previous MEDGEOBASE project but this time extended to the whole country from Landsat TM coverage. The goal is that it become a tool for decision support in the field of land use planning and coastal protection for both the ANPE under the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning and for the new National Agency for Coastal Protection.
(source: Gabriel Jaffrain, IGN-FI, in EEA, “Corine land cover Beyond Europe, 2011)
MEDGEOBASE
Morocco ~ 1990-1995
Morocco ~ 1990-1995
The Morocco “Medgeobase” project aims for the creation and implementation of a geographic database of land cover & land use, as specified by Corine Land Cover of the European Community for the management of the environment along the coastal Morocco area, between Agadir and the Algerian border. The total area is around 91,700 km ².
http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/26006/1/medgeobase.pdf
MEDGEOBASE Morocco ~1900-1995
Palestine ~ 1994-1997
Palestine ~ 1994-1997
The lack of a national land cover classification system motivated the Land Research Center (LRC) to adapt a system suitable for remotely sensed data. The European CORINE Land cover classification system was chosen as a base for the classification system applied to the research. This study was a step towards having better planning of environmental policy as well as better land use and land resources management that was achieved through cooperation between PNA ministries, NGO's, the private sector and all other interested entities.
Egypt ~ 2000, by FAO Africover project
LCCS classification converted to Corine land cover
From land cover maps
to land cover accounting,
starting with an example
out of Europe
© BDOT - Burkina Faso – EIONET meeting Copenhague 30-31st January 2006
The protected forest of Dida (83407,6 ha)
Etat 1992 État 2002
changements
Occupation de s terres: FC de Dida 1992
1
21
24
31
32
33
5
Occupation des terres: FC de Dida 2002
1
21
24
31
32
33
5
Changem ents FC de Dida
0,06139,1
18669,9
5,2
-24828,4
14,2 0,0
-30000,0
-20000,0
-10000,0
0,0
10000,0
20000,0
30000,0
1 21 24 31 32 33 5
1
21
24
31
32
33
5
Postes BDOT
Dida 1992 (ha) Représentativité %
1 0,0 0,0
21 639,6 0,8
24 3498,4 4,2
31 9399,0 11,3
32 69842,8 83,7
33 27,7 0,0
5 0,0 0,0
TOTAL 83407,6 100,0
Postes BDOT
Dida 2002 (ha) Représentativité %
1 0 0,0
21 6778,7 8,1
24 22168,3 26,6
31 9404,2 11,3
32 45014,4 54,0
33 41,9 0,1
5 0,0 0,0
TOTAL 83407,6 100,0
Forest of Dida is subject toa strong pressure.Around 30 % of the totalarea was moved toagriculture area in 10Years. That is to say asurface of 25 000 ha
ANALYSIS OF PROTECTED PERIMETERS
Land cover accounts for Europe
1990-2000 (26 countries)
2006 update (35 countries)
Satellite image (Image 2000)CORINE Land CoverEuropean Reference Grid 1x1 KmLand cover accounts are produced for
1 km² grid cells
Jean-Louis Weber, CBD Conférence, Libreville, 16 Septembre 2010
Land cover accounting: statistics based on gridded data
==
6
===
72
42
Sprawl of artificial areas 1990-2000
Urban and infrastructure land development "1990" - 2000 - EUR23 - ha/year
0 10 000 2000 0 30 000 40 000 5000 0 6 0000
Land up ta ke byh ousin g, se rvice s
and rec reation
L and uptake by
in dustrial &commercia l s ite s
L and uptake by
tran sport netw orks &infr astructures
Land up take by
mines , qua rries an dw as te du mpsites
Origin of art if ic ia l land uptake as % of total, "1 990"- 2000, EUR 23
6%9%
3 6%
4 8%
1%Arable lan d & permane ntcrop s
Pas tu res & mixe d farmla nd
Forests an d tran sitio nalwoo dlan d shrub
Natura l grassland, hea thlan d,sc leroph ylou s vege ta ti on
Open sp aces wi th litt le o r n ove getation
Wetla nds
Water bod ies
Mean annual urban and infrastructures land take as % of Art ificial land cover "199 0"
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
at be bg cz de dk e e e s fr g r hu ie it lt lu lv nl pl pt ro si sk ukEUR23
Mean an nu al u rb an and inf rastructures land take as % o f total Europ e-23 urban land take
0.00
5.00
10.0 0
15.0 0
20.0 0
25.0 0
at be bg cz de dk ee es fr gr hu i e it lt lu l v nl p l p t ro si sk uk
Jean-Louis Weber, CBD Conférence, Libreville, 16 Septembre 2010
Urban sprawl in the province of Venice, 1990-2000, cells of 1 km² , impact on wetlands
Le gend
Land uptake by urban Value
0 - 2
2 - 5
5 - 10 0
Inlan d m ar shes
P eat b ogs
S alt m arshes
S alin es
Intert ida l fl ats
W ater courses
W ater bodie s
C oa stal lag oons
E stua ries
Wetlands
Net Change in Land Cover % of initial year
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6 Arti ficial s urfaces
Arable land &perm anent cropsPas tures & m ix edfarm landForests and transi tionalwoodlandNatural grassland &sem i-natural vegetationOpen spaces wi th l ittleor no vegetationWetlands
Water bodies
Despite possible threats from sea level rise and the permanent
ecological problems of the lagoon due to agriculture
eutrophicating surpluses, urban and infrastructures
development has continued in the province of Venice.
Jean-Louis Weber, CBD Conférence, Libreville, 16 Septembre 2010
Mediterranean Coastal Case Studies
• Ecosystem accounting and the cost of biodiversity losses, The case
of coastal Mediterranean wetlands (EEA)
• Pegaso (European Commission Research with Universities of
Barcelona-UAB and Nottingham, IFREMER, Blue Plan and many
others…)
• GlobWetland II (ESA, the European Space Agency, with Ramsar
Convention, the Mediterranean Wetlands Observatory, MedWet
etc…)
Ecosystem accounting and the cost of biodiversity losses, The case of
coastal Mediterranean wetlands (2010)
• An EEA report for TEEB
1. Ecosystem accounts and the
economics of biodiversity loss
2. Biodiversity and the valuation of
ecosystem services
3. Socio-ecological systems, ecosystem
accounting and the case of wetlands in
the Mediterranean
4. Ecosystem accounts for wetlands:
constructing a multi-scale perspective
5. Ecosystem accounting and the costs of
maintenance at local scales :
– The Doñana (Spain),
– Camargue (France),
– Amvrakikos (Greece),
– and Danube delta (Romania)
socio-ecological systems
Mapping the Ramsar Convention sites and land cover
(using the ESA GlobCover 2006)
The main issue in coastal wetlands: agriculture consumption land and water
Amvrakikos, Greece: excessive irrigation development results in fish death events (anoxia) in the gulf.
Accounting for land cover change
A composite indicator of land cover change impacts
Camargue and region:
NLEP 2000
�
and change 1990-2000
Accounting for pressure on wetlands from agriculture
Assessment of individual wetlands (below: Camargue)
Note: it was possible to measure and value selected ecosystem services but not all of them. However it was not possible to calculate any total economic value for the 4 case studies.
People for Ecosystem-based Governance in
Assessing Sustainable Development of
Ocean and coast
• PEGASO, an ongoing research involving Universities of Barcelona
(UAB) and Nottingham, IFREMER, UNEP/MAP/Blue Plan and many
others…
• Mediterranean and Black Sea coastal regions, land and sea
• The 2 following maps are provisional. Shown thanks to courtesy of
Emil Ivanov, U. of Nottingham
• Produced in view of overcoming the information gaps with the
Mediterranean wetlands accounting study
Source: Courtesy Emil D. Ivanov, 2013.
University of Nottingham/ PEGASO EU Research
2000
Source: Courtesy Emil D. Ivanov, 2013.
University of Nottingham/ PEGASO EU Research
2011
ESA’s GlobWetlands II, another project launched to fill data gaps met in
the EEA study, in particular regarding the Mediterranean South Bank.
http://www.medwetlands-obs.org/en/content/globwetland-ii-project
The first set of GlobWetland II geo-
information maps will be produced
for 3 points in time (1975-76, 1990-
91, 2005-06), on 200 wetland sites,
at a geographical scale of 1:50,000
to 1:100,000, taking full advantage
of the time series of Landsat data
(MSS, TM and ETM):
- land-use and land-cover maps,
including wetland typologies;
- change detection maps for long-
term change and trends analysis;
- water cycle maps for the analysis
of the annual variations of the water
table.
GlobWetland II: data + the GW-II mapping software for specific applications
Source: Bert Wolf, Jena Optronik
Thank you!
Jean-Louis Weber
Consultant
Honorary Professor, School of Geography, University of Nottingham
Member of the Scientific Committee of the European Environment Agency
jlweber45@gmail.com