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A Conceptual Framework forA Conceptual Framework for
Sustainable Integrated Sustainable Integrated Waste Management Waste Management
TREN 3P14: TREN 3P14: Sustainable Integrated Waste ManagementSustainable Integrated Waste Management
David T. Brown David T. Brown Dept. of Tourism and Environment, Brock UniversityDept. of Tourism and Environment, Brock University
St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1
dbrown@brocku.cadbrown@brocku.ca
http://www.brocku.ca/tren/courses/tren3P14/2006/
Further information and course Further information and course outline available through outline available through
WebCTWebCT or ator at
A Conceptual Framework for A Conceptual Framework for Sustainable Integrated Waste Sustainable Integrated Waste
ManagementManagement
OutlineOutline Sustainability: Sustainability: principles principles ->->policy policy -> -> practicepractice Implications for Waste ManagementImplications for Waste Management Waste Management PrinciplesWaste Management Principles Policy ImplicationsPolicy Implications
SustainabilitySustainabilityPutting principles into Putting principles into
practice practice
......How do we move from How do we move from rhetoric to reality?rhetoric to reality?
Proximate Issues:Proximate Issues:Waste management problems Waste management problems at any scale or jurisdictional levelat any scale or jurisdictional level
Challenge:Challenge:To effect positive change by To effect positive change by
applying generalized applying generalized principles of sustainabilityprinciples of sustainability
Proximate Issues:Proximate Issues:Waste management problems Waste management problems at any scale or jurisdictional levelat any scale or jurisdictional level
principlesprinciples
principlesprinciples
policypolicy
principlesprinciples
policypolicy
practicepractice
SomeSome
Principles of Sustainability Principles of Sustainability in the literature:in the literature:
Our Common Future (WCED 1987)Our Common Future (WCED 1987) Principles defining sustainable development Principles defining sustainable development (OSEM 1989)(OSEM 1989) Defining a sustainable society Defining a sustainable society (Robinson (Robinson et et alal . 1990,1996) . 1990,1996) Agenda 21 (1992)Agenda 21 (1992) Six principles of sustainable development Six principles of sustainable development (ORTEE 1992)(ORTEE 1992) Guideposts for a sustainable future Guideposts for a sustainable future (Nickerson 1993)(Nickerson 1993) Framework for Sustainable Development Framework for Sustainable Development (CIDA 1994)(CIDA 1994) The Natural Step The Natural Step (Robert (Robert et et alal . 1994) . 1994) Sustainability Principles Sustainability Principles (ORTEE 1994), etc.(ORTEE 1994), etc.
Recent compilation of Recent compilation of Principles of SustainabilityPrinciples of Sustainability
http://iisd1.iisd.ca/sd/principle.asphttp://iisd1.iisd.ca/sd/principle.asp
-IISD (Winnipeg)-IISD (Winnipeg)
Sustainable development:Sustainable development:
meeting the needs of the meeting the needs of the present without compromising present without compromising the ability of future generations the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.to meet their own needs.
– World Commission on Environment and World Commission on Environment and Development (1987): Development (1987): Our Common FutureOur Common Future
the concept of the concept of needsneeds, particularly the , particularly the essential needs of the world’s pooressential needs of the world’s poor
EQUITYEQUITY the idea of the idea of limitations limitations (ecological, (ecological,
technological, and social) which affect the technological, and social) which affect the environment’s ability to meet present and environment’s ability to meet present and future needsfuture needs
LIMITS TO GROWTH LIMITS TO GROWTH (quantitative (quantitative andand qualitative) qualitative)
-> -> living within the regenerative and living within the regenerative and assimilative capacities of the planetassimilative capacities of the planet
Two key sustainable development concepts:Two key sustainable development concepts:
Sustainable development...Sustainable development...
considers future and present considers future and present needs when needs when making decisions making decisions about:about:– resource useresource use
– technological developmenttechnological development
– direction of investmentsdirection of investments
– political & institutional changepolitical & institutional change
ECONOMYECONOMY
ENV’TENV’T
SOCIETYSOCIETY
TRADITIONALDECISION MAKING
ECONOMYECONOMY
ENV’TENV’T
SOCIETYSOCIETY
TRADITIONALDECISION MAKING
• NON-PARTICIPATORYNON-PARTICIPATORY
•FRAGMENTEDFRAGMENTED
SOCIETYSOCIETY
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
ECONOMYECONOMY
ECONOMYECONOMY
ENV’TENV’T
SOCIETYSOCIETY
TRADITIONALDECISION MAKING
ECOSYSTEM-BASEDDECISION MAKING
‘‘ECO-ECO-
SYSTEMSYSTEM
HEALTH’HEALTH’
SOCIETYSOCIETY
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
ECONOMYECONOMY
ECOSYSTEM-BASEDDECISION MAKING
• PARTICIPATORYPARTICIPATORY
• INTEGRATEDINTEGRATED
‘‘ECO-ECO-
SYSTEMSYSTEM
HEALTH’HEALTH’
To be useful, principles of To be useful, principles of sustainability must:sustainability must:
be easily understoodbe easily understood be applicable in many contextsbe applicable in many contexts be transferrable across scalesbe transferrable across scales translate well into applied policy and translate well into applied policy and
practical actionpractical action identify possibilities for radical identify possibilities for radical
transformative change transformative change
AND AND positive incremental changepositive incremental change
Sustainability: PROBLEMSSustainability: PROBLEMS Depletion of finite resourcesDepletion of finite resources
– fuels, soil, minerals, speciesfuels, soil, minerals, species Over-use of renewable resourcesOver-use of renewable resources
– forests, fish & wildlife, fertility, public fundsforests, fish & wildlife, fertility, public funds PollutionPollution
– air, water, soilair, water, soil InequityInequity
– economic, political, social, gendereconomic, political, social, gender Species lossSpecies loss
– endangered species and spacesendangered species and spaces
Sustainability: SOLUTIONSSustainability: SOLUTIONS Cyclical material useCyclical material use
– emulate natural cycles; 3 R’semulate natural cycles; 3 R’s Safe reliable energySafe reliable energy
– conservation, renewable energy, conservation, renewable energy, substitution, interim measuressubstitution, interim measures
Life-based interestsLife-based interests– health, creativity, communication, health, creativity, communication,
coordination, appreciation, learning, coordination, appreciation, learning, intellectual and spiritual developmentintellectual and spiritual development
Implications for Implications for Waste ManagementWaste Management
Guideposts for SustainabilityGuideposts for Sustainability(after Nickerson, 1993)(after Nickerson, 1993)
Activities are Activities are sustainable sustainable when they:when they:
1.1. Use materials in continuous cycles.Use materials in continuous cycles.
2.2. Use continuously reliable sources of Use continuously reliable sources of energy.energy.
3.3. Encourage desirable human traitsEncourage desirable human traits(equity; creativity; communication; (equity; creativity; communication; coordination; appreciation; intellectual coordination; appreciation; intellectual and and spiritual development).spiritual development).
One example of a set of principles:One example of a set of principles:
Guideposts for SustainabilityGuideposts for SustainabilityActivities are Activities are not sustainable not sustainable when they:when they:
4.4. Require continual inputs of non-renewable Require continual inputs of non-renewable resources.resources.
5.5. Use renewable resources faster than their Use renewable resources faster than their rate of renewal. rate of renewal.
6. 6. Cause cumulative degradation of the Cause cumulative degradation of the environment.environment.
7. 7. Require resources in quantities that could Require resources in quantities that could never be available for people everywhere.never be available for people everywhere.
8. 8. Lead to the extinction of other life forms.Lead to the extinction of other life forms.
Obsolescent “frontier” civilization:Obsolescent “frontier” civilization:
ENERGYENERGY
CONVENTIONALCONVENTIONALURBAN SYSTEMURBAN SYSTEM
MATERIALSMATERIALS
HEATHEAT
WASTE &WASTE &TOXINSTOXINS
One-way flow of materials and energyOne-way flow of materials and energy
CONSUMERCONSUMERSOCIETYSOCIETY
NON-RENEWABLENON-RENEWABLEand RENEWABLEand RENEWABLE
HIGHHIGHTHROUGHPUTTHROUGHPUT
Current waste management Current waste management practices are unsustainable practices are unsustainable
due to:due to: waste of energy and materialswaste of energy and materials environmental degradationenvironmental degradation
– poor disposal practicespoor disposal practices– toxic, hazardous, infectious wastetoxic, hazardous, infectious waste
=> health and safety implications=> health and safety implications poor institutional integrationpoor institutional integration lack of accountability for waste lack of accountability for waste
producersproducers
Sustainable Sustainable IntegratedIntegrated Waste ManagementWaste Management
Sustainable - Sustainable - consistent with principles of consistent with principles of
sustainabilitysustainability
Integrated -Integrated - functionallyfunctionally across spatial and across spatial and
temporal scalestemporal scales across jurisdictionsacross jurisdictions
Local Policy
National Policy
NATIONAL
PROVINCIAL
REGIONALMUNICIPALLOCAL
Sustainable integrated waste Sustainable integrated waste management practices must:management practices must:
reduce material and energy wastagereduce material and energy wastage protect environmental qualityprotect environmental quality
– minimize impacts of disposal minimize impacts of disposal – eliminate or treat toxic, hazardous, and eliminate or treat toxic, hazardous, and
infectious wastesinfectious wastes improve institutional integrationimprove institutional integration increase accountabilityincrease accountability
CONSERVERCONSERVERSOCIETYSOCIETY
Sustainable civilization:Sustainable civilization:
•Cyclical flows of materials Cyclical flows of materials •Appropriate energy usageAppropriate energy usage
Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency
RENEWABLERENEWABLE
Waste MinimizationWaste MinimizationToxics controlToxics control
LOWLOWTHROUGHPUTTHROUGHPUT
ENERGYENERGY
MATERIALSMATERIALS
Low-qualityLow-qualityHeat EnergyHeat Energy
Low-volumeLow-volumeNontoxic Nontoxic Waste Waste MaterialsMaterials
Sustainable integrated Sustainable integrated waste managementwaste management
is is proactiveproactive, not reactive, not reactive aims to minimize waste aims to minimize waste throughout the life throughout the life
cycle cycle of a product, from resource of a product, from resource extraction to ultimate disposalextraction to ultimate disposal
requires requires cooperationcooperation amongst individuals, amongst individuals, jurisdictions, disciplines, and sectorsjurisdictions, disciplines, and sectors
is based upon emerging is based upon emerging principles of principles of sustainabilitysustainability
SustainableSustainableIntegratedIntegrated
WasteWasteManagementManagement
Source Source ReductionReduction
SourceSourceSeparationSeparation
CompostingComposting
Waste toWaste toEnergy?Energy?
TransferTransferStationsStations
LandfillLandfill
WasteWasteExchangesExchanges
RecyclingRecycling
Incineration?Incineration?
WasteWasteAudits Audits
ReuseReuse
Waste Waste Management Management
PrinciplesPrinciples
What is GARBAGE?What is GARBAGE?
the inevitable byproduct of human the inevitable byproduct of human activity and endeavouractivity and endeavour
a a relativerelative concept: concept: “One person’s “One person’s trash is another person’s treasure”trash is another person’s treasure”
materials not valued by a given materials not valued by a given individual, culture, or societyindividual, culture, or society
changes with resource availabilitychanges with resource availability
Three basic methods of Three basic methods of garbage disposalgarbage disposal open dumpingopen dumping
– on land, in inland waters, or at seaon land, in inland waters, or at sea
burningburning– open fires to modern incinerationopen fires to modern incineration
burialburial– garbage pits to engineered sanitary garbage pits to engineered sanitary
landfillslandfills
The The 3 Rs:3 Rs:A framework for responsible A framework for responsible
waste managementwaste management
1. REDUCE1. REDUCE
2. REUSE 2. REUSE
3. RECYCLE3. RECYCLE
Waste Management HierarchyWaste Management Hierarchy
The debated The debated 4th R:4th R:
4. RECOVER4. RECOVER
1. REDUCE1. REDUCEAvoid unnecessary waste generation in Avoid unnecessary waste generation in
the first placethe first place eliminate unnecessary consumptioneliminate unnecessary consumption refine industrial and commercial refine industrial and commercial
processes to reduce wasteprocesses to reduce waste avoid unnecessary packagingavoid unnecessary packaging substitute reusables for disposablessubstitute reusables for disposables buy durable, long-lasting itemsbuy durable, long-lasting items
2. REUSE2. REUSEUse objects, devices, or substances Use objects, devices, or substances
againagain refillable containersrefillable containers durables instead of disposablesdurables instead of disposables reusable packagingreusable packaging
3. RECYCLE3. RECYCLEUse “waste” materials in place of Use “waste” materials in place of
virgin materials to create a new virgin materials to create a new productproduct
many recycling variantsmany recycling variants to be an appropriate strategy, the net to be an appropriate strategy, the net
environmental impacts must be environmental impacts must be lower than the impacts of using lower than the impacts of using virgin materialsvirgin materials
The debated 4th “R”:The debated 4th “R”:
4. RECOVER4. RECOVER Extracting energy or material resourcesExtracting energy or material resources
(usually fuels) from waste(usually fuels) from waste energy-recovering incineratorsenergy-recovering incinerators refuse-derived fuel facilitiesrefuse-derived fuel facilities materials recovery facilitiesmaterials recovery facilities
debated because recovery is perceived debated because recovery is perceived to be contrary to the first 3 R’s, and to to be contrary to the first 3 R’s, and to produce toxic emissionsproduce toxic emissions
Sectoral Sources of WasteSectoral Sources of Waste
Major waste generating sectors:Major waste generating sectors:
RESIDENTIALRESIDENTIAL SECTOR SECTOR– private homes and dwellingsprivate homes and dwellings
commingled; many materialscommingled; many materials overall composition quite predictableoverall composition quite predictable
ICIICI SECTOR SECTOR– IIndustrial, ndustrial, CCommercial, ommercial, IInstitutionalnstitutional
many large volume waste generatorsmany large volume waste generators specialized waste streamsspecialized waste streams excellent materials exchange possibilitiesexcellent materials exchange possibilities
What’s in the waste stream?What’s in the waste stream?
PAPERPAPER GLASSGLASS FERROUS METALFERROUS METAL NON-FERROUS NON-FERROUS
METALMETAL PLASTICSPLASTICS TEXTILESTEXTILES LEATHERLEATHER RUBBERRUBBER
WOODWOOD RUBBLERUBBLE DIAPERSDIAPERS ORGANICSORGANICS ASHESASHES CERAMICSCERAMICS FIBERGLASSFIBERGLASS APPLIANCESAPPLIANCES TIRESTIRES
• Residential waste is typically classified into Residential waste is typically classified into several major categories (e.g. Ontario MOEE)several major categories (e.g. Ontario MOEE)• Local classifications may be used to better Local classifications may be used to better
reflect local waste generation patternsreflect local waste generation patterns
Major categories may be Major categories may be further subdivided:further subdivided:
PLASTICS:PLASTICS: PETPET HDPEHDPE PVCPVC LDPELDPE PPPP PSPS NylonNylon
PAPER:PAPER: NewsprintNewsprint Fine paperFine paper Glossy magazinesGlossy magazines Waxed / coatedWaxed / coated BoxboardBoxboard Kraft paperKraft paper CorrugatedCorrugated TissuesTissues
Finer categories may reflect Finer categories may reflect local marketslocal markets
LAEM CHABANGLAEM CHABANG::
GlassGlass clear containersclear containers
– Misc. clear glassMisc. clear glass– Flat / round whiskeyFlat / round whiskey– Soda bottlesSoda bottles
brown containersbrown containers– Misc. brown glassMisc. brown glass– Lipovitan D bottlesLipovitan D bottles
ONTARIOONTARIO::
GlassGlass clear containersclear containers
– Misc. clear glassMisc. clear glass– Deposit soda bottles Deposit soda bottles
brown containersbrown containers– Misc. brown glassMisc. brown glass– deposit beer bottlesdeposit beer bottles
REDUCEREDUCE... Source ... Source ReductionReduction
OptionsOptions
Source reduction:Source reduction:
front-end, preventative approach front-end, preventative approach to managing wastesto managing wastes
targets reduced waste volumetargets reduced waste volume targets reduced waste toxicitytargets reduced waste toxicity proactive, not reactiveproactive, not reactive
Source reduction initiatives Source reduction initiatives may target:may target:
Design, production, and Design, production, and marketing of productsmarketing of products
Manufacturing of productsManufacturing of products Consumer behaviourConsumer behaviour
Source reduction objectives inSource reduction objectives in design, production and design, production and marketing of productsmarketing of products
minimize materials useminimize materials use minimize use of toxic substancesminimize use of toxic substances increase product life spanincrease product life span improve repairability, reusability, and improve repairability, reusability, and
remanufacturabilityremanufacturability market the above attributesmarket the above attributes
Source reduction objectives in Source reduction objectives in manufacturing processesmanufacturing processes
improved production efficienciesimproved production efficiencies in-house reuse of materials and in-house reuse of materials and
packagingpackaging in-house recycling of plant scrapin-house recycling of plant scrap reduction / elimination of toxicsreduction / elimination of toxics
Source reduction objectives in Source reduction objectives in consumer behaviourconsumer behaviour
altered purchasing patterns to favour altered purchasing patterns to favour longer lasting, reuseable, longer lasting, reuseable, remanufacturable, repairable itemsremanufacturable, repairable items
avoidance of excessive packagingavoidance of excessive packaging avoidance of products with toxic or avoidance of products with toxic or
environmentally harmful effectsenvironmentally harmful effects
Source reduction policy Source reduction policy alternativesalternatives
educationeducation voluntary compliance voluntary compliance
programsprograms economic instrumentseconomic instruments regulation and legislationregulation and legislation
Source reduction policy Source reduction policy alternatives...alternatives...
educationeducation– seminars, conferencesseminars, conferences
– formal educationformal education
– media awareness campaignsmedia awareness campaigns
– waste audit programswaste audit programs
Source reduction policy Source reduction policy alternatives...alternatives...
voluntary compliance programs:voluntary compliance programs:– industry source reduction task forcesindustry source reduction task forces
– corporate procurement policiescorporate procurement policies
– proactive waste auditingproactive waste auditing
– awards of recognitionawards of recognition
– logos and labelslogos and labels
Source reduction policy Source reduction policy alternatives...alternatives...
economic instrumentseconomic instruments– taxestaxes
– tax rebatestax rebates
– subsidies for research, training, subsidies for research, training, developmentdevelopment
– seed money / grantsseed money / grants
– increased tipping feesincreased tipping fees
Source reduction policy Source reduction policy alternatives...alternatives...
regulations and legislationregulations and legislation– material or product bansmaterial or product bans
– disposal bansdisposal bans
– product constituent regulationproduct constituent regulation
– mandated source reduction targets mandated source reduction targets and timelinesand timelines
RecyclingRecycling
Recycling...Recycling...
conserves material resourcesconserves material resources conserves energyconserves energy provides economic opportunitiesprovides economic opportunities
– new jobs, economic developmentnew jobs, economic development reduces impacts on the environmentreduces impacts on the environment
– extraction; manufacturing; disposalextraction; manufacturing; disposal reduces disposal problems / costsreduces disposal problems / costs
– prolongs landfill life; protects environmentprolongs landfill life; protects environment
Conserves materials Conserves materials and energy...and energy...
every tonne of newspaper recycled every tonne of newspaper recycled saves 17- 19 pulp treessaves 17- 19 pulp trees
there is a 95% energy savings when there is a 95% energy savings when aluminum cans are recycled rather aluminum cans are recycled rather than manufactured from virgin than manufactured from virgin materialsmaterials
Savings from products manufactured using recycled materials
Paper Glass Steel Aluminium
Energy 23-70% 4-22% 47-74% 92-97%
Air pollution 74% 20% 86% 95%
Water pollution 35% -- 76% 97%
Mining wastes -- 80% 97% --
Water use 58% 50% 40% --- Source: O’Leary and Walsh, 1988
Recycling variantsRecycling variants
Recycling can take several forms:Recycling can take several forms: Closed-loop recyclingClosed-loop recycling
– recycling over and over into the same type of recycling over and over into the same type of product (product (e.g.e.g., steel cans, glass bottles), steel cans, glass bottles)
Cascade recyclingCascade recycling– recycling into a different product which is of recycling into a different product which is of
lower material quality, but still recyclable itself lower material quality, but still recyclable itself ((e.g.e.g., fine office paper into boxboard), fine office paper into boxboard)
Open-loop recyclingOpen-loop recycling– recycling into another product which is recycling into another product which is
not recyclable, or difficult to recycle not recyclable, or difficult to recycle ((e.g., e.g., PETPET soda bottles into carpeting)soda bottles into carpeting)
““Showpiece” recyclingShowpiece” recycling– recycling into an economically recycling into an economically
unfeasible or impractical product, unfeasible or impractical product, usually for advertising purposesusually for advertising purposes
Recycling variants...Recycling variants...
Recycling’s Recycling’s Golden RuleGolden Rule::
“ “Recycling growth is usually Recycling growth is usually limited by demand rather limited by demand rather
than supply”than supply” Market for materials must be assured Market for materials must be assured
before collection beginsbefore collection begins
Economics of RecyclingEconomics of Recycling
--O’Leary and Walsh, 1988--O’Leary and Walsh, 1988
Factors affecting the economicFactors affecting the economic success of a recycling program success of a recycling program::
Proximity to end marketsProximity to end markets Potential recovery volumesPotential recovery volumes Collection methods usedCollection methods used Processing methods employedProcessing methods employed End market stability and prices paidEnd market stability and prices paid Inherent value of materialsInherent value of materials
MAJOR OBSTACLES:MAJOR OBSTACLES:– subsidies to extractive and virgin materials subsidies to extractive and virgin materials
industriesindustries– environmentally inappropriate cost accountingenvironmentally inappropriate cost accounting
Value of recyclable Value of recyclable materialsmaterials
May be highly variable, especially in new May be highly variable, especially in new markets. Affected by:markets. Affected by:
supply and demand forcessupply and demand forces location of collection sitelocation of collection site quality of material (clean, pure)quality of material (clean, pure) volume of materialvolume of material pre-sale treatment or processing pre-sale treatment or processing
(sorting, crushing, baling, etc.)(sorting, crushing, baling, etc.)
Historical Example:Historical Example:
Aluminum cans Aluminum cans(U.S. domestic prices circa mid-1996)(U.S. domestic prices circa mid-1996)
Unprocessed:Unprocessed: $0.45 / kg$0.45 / kg
Shredded & baled:Shredded & baled: $0.90 / kg$0.90 / kg
Melted into ingots:Melted into ingots: $1.32 / kg$1.32 / kg
Spot price Sept 2006:Spot price Sept 2006: $2.38 / kg$2.38 / kg
Methods of collecting Methods of collecting recyclablesrecyclables
Curbside pickupCurbside pickup– unseparated (mixed with municipal refuse)unseparated (mixed with municipal refuse)– source separated (bundled / Blue Box)source separated (bundled / Blue Box)
Buy-back centresBuy-back centres– purchase recyclable commoditiespurchase recyclable commodities
Drop-off depotDrop-off depot– materials dropped off at central facility by materials dropped off at central facility by
residentsresidents
Historical costs of recycling: Historical costs of recycling: USAUSA
Average revenues Average revenues from a ton of from a ton of commingled commingled recyclable recyclable materials from a materials from a materials recovery materials recovery facility in facility in 1992:1992:
$US 25.00$US 25.00
Average cost to Average cost to process a ton of process a ton of commingled commingled recyclable recyclable materials at a materials at a materials recovery materials recovery facility in facility in 1992:1992:
$US 50.30$US 50.30
Net cost: $US 24.70 per tonNet cost: $US 24.70 per ton(CONVENTIONAL accounting)(CONVENTIONAL accounting)