A GLOBAL ERA

• THE WORLD WARS• THE WORLD ECONOMY• WORLD TRADE• WORLD CINEMA• WORLD LITERATURE• FUSION FOOD• OLYMPIC MOVEMENT

Last Era GeneralizationsWestern Science and Art DiffusionA Century of War: The World at War 1914-1945 The Cold War Era 1945-1991 Decolonization New World Order—a war on terrorismCivil Society in the 20th Century: Individualism and its DiscontentsIndustrialization DiffusionThe Embattled BiosphereConcepts taken from World by Felipe Fernandez Armesto

New Ways of Seeing Humanity• Einstein and Freud

Picasso and modern art(Syncretism with African art traditions)

Diffusion of Western Scientific and Medical Knowledge

The World Game

World Wars

• Industrial Killing (the technology of murder)

• Imperial Contests•Unprecedented

Destruction

Some WWI Consequences• Continued Imperialism in Africa, South Asia,

Southeast Asia• Expansion of Japanese Imperialism in China

(continues in ‘20s and ‘30s, until WWII)• Expansion of Imperialism in Middle East

(Mandate System)• Establishment of Independent Turkey—

Kemalist reforms (westernizing)• End of Ottoman and Russian Empires

WWII Consequences• Cold War rivalries• Stronger international institutions including the

United Nations and the International Monetary Fund

• Decolonization momentum– Little initial conflict in India (a violent division of Indian

and Pakistan follows independence)– Relatively peaceful in Indonesia and much of Africa– Embattled in places like Algeria, Vietnam (both French

colonies), and Kenya (British)

Cold War Rivalries (MAD; Détente)• Both a factor for decolonization, especially in

Africa and Indonesia, and an impediment to decolonization, especially in Vietnam.

• Fought indirectly: Races, Olympics, Propaganda

• Indirect or Proxy Wars like Korea and Vietnam• Kept the world highly militarized in the late

20th century

Civil Society

•A Century of Atrocities•A Century of Totalitarian

State Power•A Century of Individualism

State Directed Murder: Genocide and War

A Catalogue of Horrors• Armenian Genocide (1.5 million killed)• Holocaust (12 million killed)• Chinese Famine after GLF (30 million killed)• Congo at both the beginning and the end of

the century (1900-1908: 3 million dead; 1995-2000 2 million dead)

• Ethnic cleansing in Iraq, Bosnia, Rwanda, Sudan

• Cambodia (Khmer Rouge 1.7 million killed)

State Power Changing Society• STALINISM–5 Year Plans; Gulags; Show trials

• MAOISM–Great Leap Forward; Cultural Revolution

• Development plans in newly independent societies (Nkrumah’s plans in Ghana)

• Land Reforms in Latin America (Mexican Revolution)

• Industrialization in China and India after 1980

State Control of Information

The March of Individualism• Freedom of Communications• Human as Consumer• Freedom and Equality• Diminishing Patriarchy• The Diffusion of People--immigration

• The massive movement of people after World War II (largely from poor areas of the world to rich areas of the world)—what some call counter-colonization {the movement of peoples from former colonies to former imperial powers}

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Ideology Of Imperialism

Negritude, Satyagraha, attacking racist ideologies

Aimé Césaire

• Writers and thinkers like Betty Freidan and Simone de Beauvoir• Political leaders like Indira Gandhi

and Aung Sang Suu Kyi• Womens groups in Revolutionary

Movements• Chinese Marriage Law of 1950• Increased access to education

Jobs moving to newly industrialized areas

Rise of Fundamentalist MovementsIndia Hindu Fundamentalism

Islamic Fundamentalism

Christian Fundamentalism

Changing our relationship with the Land

Shanghai