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A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PCFifth Edition
Chapter 8
Understanding and Installing Hard Drives
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You Will Learn…
About hard drive technologies
How a computer communicates with hard drive firmware
How a hard drive is logically organized to hold data
How to install a hard drive
How to solve hard drive installation problems
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Hard Drive Technologies
Used by hard drive to interface with the system
Used within hard drive to read and write data to the drive
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Hard Drive Subsystem
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Types of Hard Drive Interfaces
EIDE (Enhanced IDE) interface standards used by most hard drives
Other interface standards
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EIDE Interface Standards Specify data transfer speed more than any
other factor
Considerations when selecting a standard Use fastest standard appropriate for range of the
system and size of the drive
Must be supported by the OS, system BIOS on motherboard, and firmware on the drive
Ultra ATA/100: most popular
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ANSI Interface Standards
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EIDE Interface Standards (continued) Modes of transferring data between hard drive
and memory
DMA transfer mode
PIO transfer mode
IDE cabling methods
Parallel ATA (PATA) technology
Serial ATA (SATA) technology
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IDE Cabling Methods
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IDE Cabling Methods (continued)
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IDE Cabling Methods (continued)
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EIDE Interface Standards (continued)
Independent device timing
Drives larger than 137GB
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Configuring EIDE Drives EIDE standards support two IDE connections,
a primary and a secondary
Each connection can support up to two IDE devices for a total of four devices on a system Primary IDE channel, master device
Primary IDE channel, slave device
Secondary IDE channel, master device
Secondary IDE channel, slave device
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Configuring EIDE Drives (continued)
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Other Interface Standards
SCSI (small computer system interface)
USB
IEEE 1394
Fibre Channel
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How Hard Drives Work
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How Hard Drives Work (continued)
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Tracks and Sectors on the Drive
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Tracks and Sectors on the Drive (continued)
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Low-Level Formatting
Occurs at the factory
Process of writing sector and track markings on the disk
Expected to last for the life of the drive
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Considerations When Purchasing a Hard Drive Capacity
Spindle speed
Technology standard
Cache or buffer size
Average seek time
Match drive to motherboard
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Communicating with the Hard Drive Controller
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Calculating Drive Capacity on Older Drives For drives less than 8.4 GB
Determined by number of heads, tracks, and sectors on the disk, each sector holding 512 bytes of data
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Hard Drive Size Limitations
Operating system Maximum size supportedDOS and Windows 9x FAT16 2.1 GB; cannot be used on hard
drives that exceed 8.4 GB
Windows NT/2000/XP FAT16 4 GB
Windows 2000/XP FAT32 32 GB
Windows 9x FAT32 137 GB
Windows 2000/XP with Service Pack
Larger than 137 GB
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Methods of Retaining Backward Compatibility CHS mode or normal mode (for drives less
than 528 MB)
Large mode or ECHS mode (for drives between 504 MB and 8.4 GB)
LBA mode (for drives larger than 504 MB)
33.8 GB limitation and 137 GB limitation
Device drivers
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How a Hard Drive Is Logically Organized to Hold Data
Steps for preparing a hard drive to hold files
Low-level format (usually done at the factory)
Partitioning the hard drive
High-level format
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Hard Drive Partitions and Logical Drives
Active partition
Primary partition
Extended partition
Logical partition
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Partitions and Logical Drives
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Hard Drive Partition Table
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Choice of File Systems FAT16
Supported by all Windows systems FAT32 (and VFAT)
Supported by Windows 95 Second Edition, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP
NTFS Supported by Windows NT, Windows 2000,
Windows XP Each logical drive has its own file system
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How Many Logical Drives?
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When to Partition a Drive
First install a new hard drive
Existing drive is giving errors
Suspect a virus has attacked the drive
Want to wipe a hard drive clean and install a new OS
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Installing a Hard Drive1. Set jumpers or DIP switches; physically install
drive; attach power cord and data cable
2. Inform CMOS of new drive
3. If installing an OS on the drive, boot from OS setup CD (and skip next two steps)
4. If drive is not intended to hold an OS, use Fdisk or Disk Management to create partition(s) and divide extended partition into logical drives
5. For second drive, use Format command or Disk Management to high-level format each logical drive
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Prepare for Installation
Read documentation
Plan drive configuration
Prepare work area and take precautions
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Jumper Settings
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Jumper Settings (continued)
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Jumper Settings (continued)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)
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If the Bay Is Too Large
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Use CMOS to Change Hard Drive Settings
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Setup for Large-Capacity Hard Drives
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Setup for Large-Capacity Hard Drives (continued)
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Setup for Large-Capacity Hard Drives (continued)
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Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive
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Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive (continued)
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Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive (continued)
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Format Each Logical Drive After using Fdisk, you must reboot the PC
before you format the drive
Commands used to format logical drives C, D, and E:
Format C:/S
Format D:
Format E:
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Using Windows to Partition and Format a New Drive
Boot from Window setup CD
Follow on-screen directions to install Windows on new drive
The setup process partitions and formats new drive before it begins Windows installation
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Troubleshooting Hard Drive Installations Check CMOS setup to verify that system BIOS
recognizes large drives Verify status of Fdisk Verify that Format C:/S was done Check configuration of CMOS setup Confirm setting of DIP switches or jumpers Check connection of power cord and data cable Refer to Web site of manufacturer for suggestions
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Summary Introduction to hard drive technology How a hard drive is logically organized Physical characteristics of a hard drive How the OS and system BIOS communicate
with the hard drive How to install a hard drive Troubleshooting hard drive installation
problems