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A LlMNOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
WEAVER LAKE, HERKIMER COUNTY NEW YORK
Cynthia A. McArthur
Biological Field Station Cooperstown, New York
Occasional Paper No. 27. August, 1995
Biology Department State University College at Oneonta
THIS MANUSCRIPT IS NOT A FORMAL PUBLICATION
The information contained herein may not be cited or reproduced without permission of the author or
the S.U.N.Y. Oneonta Biology Department.
ABSTRACT
A survey was done on Weaver Lake, Town of Warren, Herkimer County, New York. This
survey included physical and chemical analyses, and a biotic characterization (macrophytes,
plankton, and benthos). Samples were collected from May 23, 1994 until November 29, 1994.
One sample was taken under the ice on March 7, 1995.
The lowest temperature recorded was 2.530C, and the highest was 26.390C. The lake
displayed various days of mixing during the summer months and inverse stratification was evident
during the winter months, when ice cover was present. Secchi disk transparency ranged from
1.9-2.9m.
Dissolved oxygen in the lake ranged from .12mg/I-12.55mg/1. Alkalinity values had an
average of 151.91 mg/1. The pH displayed a range of 6.95-8.48. The total calcium was found to
have an average of 56.60mg/l, with a low of 41.27mg/1 and a high of 65.87mg/1. Conductivity
averaged 275 umho/cm. Phosphorus values ranged from .0068-.0356mg/1 and nitrite/nitrate
values ranged from .02-.14mg/1.
Collection and identification records of the aquatic plants, plankton, and benthos are
included. The most abundant organisms in the phytoplankton included: Eudorina, Asterionella,
Fragi/aria, Dinobryon, and Ceratium. The zooplankton was dominated by the copepods
(suborders Calanoida and Cyc!opoida) and the rotifer, Kerate/la. A list of the fish found in the
lake is also included. The major components of the zoobenthos included: Hya/ella azteca
(Crustacea: Amphipoda), Caecidotea (Crustacea: Isopoda), Halip/us (Coleoptera: Haliplidae),
Pe/todytes (Coleoptera: Haliplidae), Ephemere/la (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), Be/ostoma
(Hemiptera: Belostomatidae), Notonecta (Hemiptera: Notonectidae), Neop/ea (Hemiptera:
Pleidae), Neurocordu/ia (Odonata: Corduliidae), Leucorrhinia (Odonata: Libellulidae), and
Enallagma (Odonata: Coenagrionidae). In the deeper water the molluscs: Pisidium (Bivalvia:
Sphaeriidae), Sphaerium (Bivalvia: Sphaeriidae), Physa (Gastropoda: Physidae), He/isoma
campanu/ata (Gastropoda: Planorbidae), Amnico/a (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae), and Viviparus
georgianus (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) were dominant.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Abstract .
Table of Contents ii
Introduction , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
History , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
Population , 6
Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
Physical and Chemical Analyses ,.................... 6
Biotic Characterization , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
Results , , , , ,............. 9
Physical Limnology , 9
Transparency , ,.,................ 9
Chemical Limnology ,." .. , ,.................... 9
Alkalinity, pH, and Major Ions , , , 20
Plant Nutrients , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
Descriptive Ecology . , , . , " 20
Aquatic Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
Phytoplankton , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
Zooplankton ,............ 34
Nekton ,...................... 34
Zoobenthos , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35
Temperature , ,... 35
Transparency ' ,............................... 35
Dissolved Oxygen ,....................................... 42
Alkalinity, pH, and Major Ions , 43
Plant Nutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 44
Aquatic Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 44
Phytoplankton , , 45
ii
Table of Contents (continued)
PAGE
Zooplankton 46
Nekton 46
Zoobenthos , 46
Conclusion 47
References 48
Appendix A: Field and Laboratory Data 51
Appendix B: Phytoplankton Data , 64
Appendix C: Zooplankton Data 83
Appendix D: Zoobenthos Data , 93
iii
INTRODUCTION
A major thrust of ongoing study at the Biological Field Station is data acquisition concerning
Otsego Lake and its watershed. When studying such an environment, it is imperative to study
all of the other water bodies in its watershed. Weaver and Young Lakes lie in the Otsego Lake
watershed. Weaver Lake is important for the above reasons, but also in its own right as an
unique and diverse ecosystem. The site for access to Weaver Lake is owned by Mr. William
Isaac, who has made arrangements for Biological Field Station (BFS) personnel to use his
property. A BFS boat was kept at the lake for use during the sampling period. A complete
survey was done on Weaver Lake including: physical and chemical analyses, and a biotic
characterization (macrophytes, plankton, and benthos).
Weaver and Young Lakes lie in thick glacial deposits in the southeastern corner of Herkimer
County along State Route 20 in the Town of Warren (Figure 1). Weaver Lake, northwest of
Young Lake, lies partially above the Onondaga Limestone and the Carlisle Center Sandstones
and Esopus Shales. Young Lake lies completely in the Onondaga. A drumlinoid feature
separates the two lakes and is breached by a stream which drains Weaver Lake into Young Lake
(Graham and Gardner, 1992).
Weaver Lake has a maximum depth of 11 feet (3.7m) and a mean depth of 7.1 feet (204m)
(Figure 2). The total volume of the lake is 6.74 x 105m3 (Graham and Gardner, 1992). The lake
is surrounded by a vast area of swamp on the west end. There are also marshlands along the
southern shore, while the northern and eastern shores border agricultural land.
Weaver Lake has three streams draining into it, one located at the northwestern corner and
two in the northeast. Drainage out of the basin is through a small southeasterly flowing stream
emptying into Young Lake (Graham and Gardner, 1992). Cripple Creek is the pathway from
Young Lake to Otsego Lake.
History
Herkimer County was named for General Nicholas Herkimer, a hero of the American
Revolution. It is located in central New York State, approximately between 43 and 44
degrees north latitude and at 75 degrees west longitude. It is 85 miles north to south and 23
miles east to west, and totals, in all, 1442 square miles. It is sixth in size of New York's sixty-two
counties (Herkimer County Historical Society, 1992).
The climate in Herkimer County is highly variable, with temperatures that can be as low as
minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit in the winter and as high as 100 degrees in the summer.
Precipitation usually is evenly distributed throughout the year (Herkimer County Historical Society,
II
.\ B'
Figure 2 Bathymetric map of Weaver Lake. Contour interval 2 feet. (Graham and
Gardner, 1992).
3
1992).
Warren is surrounded by German Flats and Little Falls on the north, Stark and Otsego County
on the east, Otsego County on the south, and Columbia on the west (Beers, 1879).
Warren is the most southerly town in Herkimer County and received its name in honor of
General Joseph Warren, who died in the Battle of Bunker Hill. Warren was incorporated on
February 5, 1796, and included the Town of Columbia until 1812 (Figure 3) (Dept. of Archives and
History, 1954).
The surface of Warren is hilly and several ranges of hills traverse the town in an easterly and
westerly direction. These hills divide the watershed. The streams north discharge through the
Mohawk and Hudson, and the streams south help form the Susquehanna (Beers, 1879).
The land in the town, 23,000 acres, is composed mostly of rich clay loam. The majority of
this land is favorable to cultivation (Dept. of Archives and History, 1954). The formation which
immediately underlies the surface in Warren is limestone. Below the lime is a formation of
sandstone, which is exposed in the northern part of the town. Small quantities of iron ore have
been found in some areas (Beers, 1879). Near the Village of Jordansville is found a large deposit
of limestone that was milled and shipped to distant towns. Young and Weaver Lakes are located
in the southern part of the town. The lakes were named after early settlers and called Waiontha
Lakes (The Twins) by the Indians (Dept. of Archives and History, 1954).
Little is known of the early history of the settlement at "The Twins" lakes. It is known that
there was a Tory settlement there at the time of the Revolution, and that it was called Young's
Settlement. It was at this settlement that Brant and his Indians were entertained
the night before the massacre at Andrustown, and in retaliation the settlement was destroyed by
a party of Whigs under Captain Henry Staring. A man named Weaver lived at the upper lake.
He was taken prisoner by the Indians and Tories, and his property was burned on JUly 18, 1778,
before the attack on Andrustown. The first settlement at ''The Twins" lakes after the Revolution
was in 1784 by John Tunnicliff, Jr., an Englishman, many of whose descendants resided in the
southern part of Warren (Beers, 1879).
In the early years the streams in the town furnished power to run numerous mills and small
factories. The turn of the century found sawmills, grist mills, a tannery, a distillery, and a brewery
within the town limits. Cheese making in the county south of the Mohawk River was begun in
1815 in Warren (Dept. of Archives and History, 1954).
After the Civil War (1861-1865) immigration began from eastern and southern Europe. The
newcomers brought with them their skills, customs, and religious beliefs and practices, all which
helped add to the diversity of the county (Herkimer County Historical Society, 1992).
During the last half of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth century, evidences of
4
maturing culture began to appear. Libraries began to appear; musical and theatrical
organizations were founded; opera houses and, later, movie palaces were built; and sports and
games became popular (Herkimer County Historical Society, 1992).
Throughout the war-torn twentieth century, Herkimer County's history was similar to that of
most American communities. The men and women served in five wars. Agriculture and
manufacturing were joined by high technology and service industries. Religion exercised an even
more powerful influence on many people than it had in the past (Herkimer County Historical
Society, 1992).
In 1991 Herkimer County's economy continued to be healthily varied. Among its products
were apparel and textiles; building supplies and electrical machinery; agricultural dairy products
and processed foods; firearms and ordnance; lumber, wood products, and paper; and quarried
stone of several types and sizes. Services available in the county included health and education;
banking and finance; machining and plating; publishing and printing; transportation of various
sorts; and, of course the public utilities (Herkimer County Historical Society, 1992).
Population
According to the 1990 Census the population in Warren was 1077. Of this population, there
were 270 families and 353 households. The age groups represented in the population are as
follows:
2 and under 3-9 10-21 22-39 40-59 60-79 over 80
47 112 182 284 225 192 35
The population of Warren has been increasing since 1940. In 1940 the population was 873. In
1970 the population was 978. Before this period the population of Warren was greater. In 1820
it was 2013, in 1850 it was 1756, in 1880 it was 1430, and in 1910 it was 1071 (Herkimer County
Historical Society, 1992).
Materials and Methods
Physical and Chemical Water Analyses
Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and conductivity were determined on May 31, 1994 and
then weekly starting June 15, 1994 until November 15, 1994. After that period ice cover restricted
sampling, except for one sample taken through the ice on March 7, 1995. Determinations were
done using a portable multiprobe water quality sensor (Hydrolab Environmental Data Systems
Model SVR2-SU Sonde Unit). Presampling calibrations were performed within a week and often
on the day of sampling, according to manufacturers provided protocols (Hydrolab Corporation,
6
1986). Dissolved oxygen was calibrated in an aerated tank, utilizing concurrent results of modified
Winkler titrations (NYSDOH-ELAP Certification Manual, 1994). Transparency of water was also
tested weekly, starting June 15, 1994, using a Secchi disk.
Water samples were collected weekly from May 31, 1994 until July 12, 1994 and than
biweekly until November 15, 1994, after this point ice cover prevented sampling. Samples were
collected using a VanDorn sampler and stored in plastic bottles. The samples were taken at the
deepest portion of the lake; sampling the surface, the bottom, and two depths in between
(usually 1m and 2.5m). Water samples were brought back to the laboratory for analysis, which
included: mg/I alkalinity, mg/I total calcium, mg/I total phosphorus-P, and mg/I Nitrite/Nitrate-N.
Alkalinity determinations were analyzed as soon as possible, usually within 1 hour of
collection. The samples were not filtered, diluted or altered in any way. The colorimetric
indicator procedure was used. It was modified from Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater, 18th edition (1992), according to NYSDOH (ELAP Certification Manual,
1994) and EPA (Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, 1983). The procedure
required that a 1DDml sample be poured into a cut off volumetric flask. Two tenths of a ml (5
drops) of indicator solution (bromcresol green indicator: 1DDmg bromcresol green in 1DDml
isopropyl alcohol) was added to each sample. The sample was then titrated, using .D2N HCl,
over a white surface to a persistent color change of greenish yellow, characteristic of the
equivalence point. The ml of titrant used was recorded (ml x 1D = mg/I).
Calcium analysis was performed upon return to the laboratory. The method followed, EDTA
Titrimetric Method, can be found in Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes (1983).
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (1992) states that either the
murexide (ammonium purpurate) indicator or the eriochrome blue-black R indicator can be used
in this procedure. Murexide indicator changes from pink to purple at the endpoint and
eriochrome blue-black R indicator has a color change from red through purple to bluish purple
to a pure blue with no trace of reddish or purple tint. I used the eriochrome blue-black R
indicator until June 15, 1994 and from that point until November 15, 1994 the murexide indicator
was used. The switch from eriochrome blue-black R indicator to murexide indicator was done
because eriochrome blue-black R was no longer available.
Samples to be used for total phosphorus were preserved for future analysis. Forty ml of
sample was measured using an acid-washed, cut off graduated cylinder. The sample was then
poured into an acid-washed 125ml erlenmeyer flask. Four tenths of a ml of strong acid solution
(H2S04 , which lowers the pH < 1, until digestion occurs) was added and the flask was covered
with tin foil and stored at room temperature, until the digestion procedure was continued. The
persulfate digestion method (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
7
1992) was used along with the ascorbic acid, single reagent method (Methods for the Chemical
Analysis of Water and Wastes, 1983). The results are in the form: mg/I total phosphorus-Po
Samples for nitrite/nitrate-N were also preserved until the procedure was completed. A 50ml
sample was filtered and placed in an acid-washed erlenmeyer flask and covered with parafilm.
The flask was then refrigerated at 4°C until analysis. The copper cadmium reduction method
(Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992) was used for
determining mg/I N02/N03-N.
Biotic Characterization
Aquatic plants were collected from the lake by wading out 'from shore, raking the bottom of
the lake with a rake where reachable, and by dredging the bottom with the boat anchor. The
samples were then brought back to the Biological Field Station and identified using; Grasses
(Brown, 1979), A Manual of Aquatic Plants (Fassett, 1960), Gray's Manual of Botany (Fernald,
1950), A Key for the Field Identification of the Aquatic Macrophytes of Otsego Lake (Karl, 1980),
A Field Guide to Wildflowers (Peterson and McKenny, 1968), A Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs
(Petrides, 1986) and How to know the Aquatic Plants (Prescott, 1980). The plants were then
identified, pressed, dried in an oven, and mounted on herbarium paper. The mounted samples
were used for further identification, when necessary. The final nomenclature was according to
Gray's Manual of Botany (Fernald, 1950).
Phytoplankton and zooplankton were collected on June 6, 1994 and weekly 'from June 22,
1994 until November 15, 1994. Sampling was performed by using a #20 plankton net with an
aperture of .25m. The net was dragged along side the boat at varying depths. The water sample
(2 liters) was placed in a plastic container. The sample was brought back to the laboratory and
filtered through a plankton cup (mesh size = 63 microns). Lugol's iodine solution was added
for preservation and staining. The phytoplankton and zooplankton were observed under a
compound microscope and identified. The phytoplankton were identified using The Blue-green
Algae (Fogg, et ai, 1973), Algae in Water Supplies (Palmer, 1962), Algae of Western Great Lakes
Area (Prescott, 1962), How to know the Fresh-water algae (Prescott, 1964), Freshwater Algae of
the United States (Smith, 1950) and A Guide to the Common Diatoms at Water Pollution
Surveillance System Stations (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1966). The zooplankton were
identified using Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United States (Pennak, 1953), Fresh-Water
Invertebrates of the United States; 3rd edition (Pennak, 1989) and A Survey of Planktonic Rotifers
of Otsego Lake (Wigen, 1990).
Fishes of Weaver Lake were collected by field station personnel, on July 13-14, 1993. In
addition, any fish that were found floating on the surface during the study period, were placed
8
in containers and identified using The Inland Fishes of New York State (Smith, 1985).
The zoobenthos of Weaver Lake were collected weekly from May 23, 1994 to June 10, 1994,
collected on June 20, 1994, and weekly from July 6, 1994 until November is, 1994. After
November 15, 1994 ice cover prevented further sampling. The collections were done using a
triangle net and soft forceps. The triangle net was swept in beds of macrophytes and along
shorelines. The collected benthic fauna were placed in baby food jars. In deeper sections of
the lake, an Ekman dredge was used for sampling and the benthic fauna was collected. Upon
return to the laboratory the jars were filled with boiling water to kill all the organisms. The
material was preseNed in vials filled with 70% ETOH. Taxa were identified using a dissecting
scope and the following manuals: the Leeches (Harman, undated), Pictorial Keys to the Aquatic
Mollusks of the Upper Susquehanna (Harman, 1982), Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of
Northeastern North America (Peckarsky, et ai, 1990), Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United
States (Pennak, 1953) and Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United States: 3rd edition (Pennak,
1989). All the vials were labeled and stored at room temperature.
Results
Physical Limnology
Figure 4 shows the field data profiles for temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH on each
sample date. Water temperatures throughout Weaver Lake ranged from 2.53 to 26.390C, during
the sample period. Figure 5 illustrates temperature isopleths for the period between May 31 J
1994 and November 29, 1994. On May 31 , 1994 the temperature ranged from 18.14 to 18.920C.
After this point a period of thermal stratification began in early June, but never became well
established due to frequent mixing. This phenomenon (temporary stratification) occurred
throughout the summer when hot, calm days occurred, but stratification never became well
established. The following months showed a gradual decrease in temperature. On November
29, 1994 ice cover restricted further sampling. On March 7, 1995 samples were taken under the
ice. It is on this date that the lowest temperature, 2.530C, was obseNed.
Transparency
Figure 6 is a graph of Secchi disk transparency versus date of sampling. The minimum
transparency, 1.9m, occurred on August 23, 1994 and the maximum transparency, 2.9m, was
reported on August 2, 9, and 16.
Chemical Limnology
Dissolved oxygen profiles are shown in Figure 4. Figure 7 illustrates dissolved oxygen
9
0 5 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.51 ,-.
E- 2.0-E 0ell a
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
i 0 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
'/ I.J ~
May 3l, 1994
1 I
1 I 4
I In
0.0
{l.5
-1.0
E 1.5-.t: Q. -Q) 2.0 Cl
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0 June 1S, 1994
o 5 10 15 20 25 30o 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0 +--.............,...--"----'----'----i?--'--..., o.0 t----'~'""'"-...........---'-il/----"-------I
0.5
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1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
, 0.5In ! i
1.04
-I .s 1.5 .t:
1 Q. -~ 2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
;
} 1
4.0 '--------__---.J4.0.1....------------' June 30, 1994June 22, 1994
(--e- temp (C) - pH -- D.O.(mgjl) I
Figure 4 Profiles of temperature (0C), pH, and dissolved oxygen (mg/I) in relation to depth (m).
10
0 5 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5I .L: 2.0-C. Q)
0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0 0.0
0.5
1.0
I 1.5
:; a. 2.0 Q} Q
2.5
3.0 Ii
3.5
4.0
July 6, 1994
5
)
10 15 20 25 30 a 5 10 15 20 25 30
I I I
t t I i I ~
I I e
f I
I ~
!
6 m
-.s ..r:.-0.. ell Cl
0.0
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2.0
2.5
3.0 1I 3.5
4.0
July 12, 1994
010 15 20 25 30 0.0 I i I ! 0.5 ~ I
I !
1.0 m I
I 1.5
I m E
! I J:: 2.01c..9
0 Q)
::Uc I 6
3.5
4.0
5 10 15 20 25 30
I~
j ~
July 19, 1994 July 27, 1994
l-e-- temp (C) - pH -- 1D.D.(mg/l)
Figure 4 (continued) Profi les of temperatu re (oCl, pH, and dissolved oxygen (mg/I) in relation to depth (m).
11
0 5 0,0
0.5
1.0
1.5 .s ~-Q. 2.0 Ql
0
2.5
3.0
1*
~.5
4.0
20 ·25 300 5 10 1510 15 20 25 30
Ii
I III
1 I I
III I
I i
! III
August 2, 1994
0.0 +---"""""'\-l'/>-'---'--""""':...I-----"------i
0.0
0.5
1.0
I 1.5
J:: Q. 2.0 Ql
Cl
2.5 I3.0
J
3.5
4.0 August 9 I 1994
o 5 10 15 20 25 30o 5 10 15 20 25 30 O. 0 +---¥-:---'~---l.--i'"----'---t
0.5
10
1.5 .s -=Q. 2.0
Ql
o 2.5
3.0
3.5
\ 0.5!b
i
I 1.0III
I !
E 1.5 I i ~ g. 2.0~ i oI j
2.56 !
3.0
1 3.5
1
IIII
! r
4.0""----------- 4.0.L----------- August 16, 1994 August 23, 1994
I-e-- temp (C) - pH - D.O.(mg/l) I
Figure 4 (continued) Profiles of temperature (0C), pH, and dissolved oxygen (mgll) in relation to depth (m).
12
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 0.0
0.5 ( I i
I .r:; 0. QI Cl
1.0
1.5
20
2.5
I
iIn
I a> I I I
I 3.0 I
III
)
3.5 b
4.0 August 30, 1994
'0 '5 20 25 300.0
0.5
1.0
- 1.5.s .c 0- 2.0 QI
Cl
2.5
3.0 I b
3.5
4.0 September 9, 1994
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
I -= c. QI Cl
0.0
0.5
1.0
15
2.0
2.5
! ! $ ! I e
I ~ I I J
3.0
3.5
4.0 "--------------' September 13, 1994
4.0 -'----------_.--J September 20, 1994
l-e- temp (C) pH --- D.O.(mg/l) I Figure 4 (continued) Profiles of temperature (oC), pH, and dissolved oxygen (mgl/) in relation to depth (m).
13
10 15 20 25 30 o 5 10 15 20 25 30o 5 o 0 1----'---,lI-'----'-...,Tl---'---'---j 0.0 .,..---'-..,.--'"..----'------'-----.J..-.---i
0.5
1.0
1.5
I % 2.0 (l)
Cl 2.5
30 ~ 3.5
4.0 -'-
I I
0.5
1.0
1 1.5
1 3.0
3.5
----' 4.0 '-------------'
september 27, 1994 October 4, 1994
5 10 15 20 25 30o o 0 t-----..,.--'"lf---'----'---~---;
5 10 15 20 25 30o 0.0 +------'_.,.-..........-'----'---k-.---;
0.5
05
1.0
E .r:.0. (l)
o
1.0
1.5
2.0
f .:=Q. (l)
o
1.5
2.0
2.5
1
I 2.5
3.0
i I ~
3.0
3.5
3.5
4.0 "-
October 13, 1994 --J
4.0 "'---------------' October 18, 1994
l--e- temp (C) - pH - D.O.(mgjl) ,
Figure 4 (continued) Profiles of temperature (0C), pH, and dissolved oxygen (mgt!) in relation to depth (m).
14
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0
I ! i i ~0.5 II
1.0 ~ !
I
I
m1.5
IIIE m.r:. 2.0
0.. , 0 Q)
[ m2.5 I I
i ~3.0 i 6
3.5
4.0 October 25, 1994
0.0 0 5 10 -
15 20 25 30
11
0.5 i! :! i~
1.0
.;
;; :!:! !~
~ l ::
1.5 :!
19
I ..l::
Q.III 0
2.0
2.5
!i ii :1 ;~:1 11 :1 !~
!i :!
" 3.0 :i jc
11
3.5 n ib
4.0 " ......
November 8, 1994
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 o. 0 +--""---~'t-----'----'----'---j
0.5 I i !
1.0 I ! ~
-.s 1.5
a- 2.0= Q) I0
2.5 l, ,.0 I ---to
V 1 0 3.5
·4.0 "'-- _
November 1, 1994
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0
I,0.5 l
i1.0
1.5E .r:. 0.. al 2.0 0 II2.5
3.0 jI ~i
3.5
4.0
November 15, 1994
J-e- temp (C) pH -- O.O.(mgjl) I Figure 4 (continued) Profiles of temperature (0C), pH, and dissolved oxygen (mg/I) in relation to depth (m).
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0
D.5
\ 1.0 ~
\ \ J1.5
I ~
\ I.J::. 2.0
0ell 0 2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0 March 7, 1995
l-e- temp (c) - pH r- D.O.(mg/l)
Figure 4 (continued) Profiles of temperature (oC), pH, and dissolved oxygen (mgt!) in relation
to depth (m).
I 16
·.5 · '
,1.5. ioo ,...
E-:c I 0.. 2. ~ w o
2.5... \
3.'> •
June July
I
o o cocoN --
- . . . .• - . August Se-ptember October November\:
Figure 5 Seasonal values of temperature, Weaver Lake, 1994. Isopleths of temperature in DC. (May 31 - November 15).
17
0.0.....-----------------------------,
0.5
>... u c:: Q) ..... 1.0cc Q. C/)
c:: CC..... I- 1.5 ~ C/)
a J:: 2.0u u Q)
Cf)
2.5
3.0-+---.,-----r-----r----r----T"'"""""---,..--....,..----r----r-------j OS/26 07/05 08/14 09/23 11/02 12/12
06/15 07/25 09/03 10/13 11/22
1994
Figure 6 Secchi disk transparency (m), Weaver Lake, 1994. (May 31 - November 15).
18
8
.s
8 6 6 10 12
NovemberOctober
8
September
2
4
AugustJuly
Figure 7 Seasonal values of dissolved oxygen, Weaver Lake, 1994. Isopleths in mg/liter dissolved oxygen. Depth in meters, along y axis. (May 31 - November 15). (On November 1, the 4 and 2 mg/I labels were left out due to congestion).
19
I
isopleths for the period between May 31, 1994 and November 29, 1994. Dissolved oxygen in
Weaver Lake ranged from .12mg/l to 12.55mg/1. Due to its shallowness, Weaver Lake displays
several periods of mixing, as seen in Figure 7.
Alkalinity, pH, and Major Ions
The alkalinity of the lake waters ranged from 113-179mg/l, with an average of 151.91 mg/1.
pH values ranged from 6.95 to 8.48. Figure 4 illustrates the profile of pH for each sample date.
Figure 8 illustrates the isopleths for pH values for the period between May 31, 1994 and
November 29, 1994.
Calcium values ranged from 41.27-65.87mg/l, with an average of 56.60mg/1. Figure 9 is a
graph of the profile of total calcium for each sample date. There was little variation from surface
to bottom on each date.
Conductivity values ranged from 204-400umho/cm, with an average of 275umho/cm, during
the period between May 31, 1994 and November 29, 1994. On March 7, 1995 conductivity
values ranged from 361-422 umho/cm, these conditions occurred under ice.
Plant Nutrients
Figure 10 illustrates the profile for total phosphorus. Phosphorus values ranged from .0068
.0356mg/1. On September 9, 1994 values ranging from .0031-.0052mg/1 were found, but due to
the fact that there was a problem with sampling and preservation of the water sample on this
date, this data will not be included in the discussion.
Nitrite/Nitrate values ranged from .02-.14mg/1. Most of the values were found to be less than
.05mg/1.
All values for field data and laboratory data are listed in Appendix A.
Descriptive Ecology
Aquatic Plants
The aquatic plants collected during sampling period are listed in Table 1. Although zonation
patterns weren't identified, it was evident that Typha spp. (cattail), Nuphar variegatum (yellow
water lily), and Nymphaea odorata (water lily) were the dominant species along the shoreline and
in the shallower waters. In the deeper waters, species of Potamogeton were the most abundant.
Phytoplankton
A comprehensive list of phytoplankton is presented in Table 2. A list of organisms present
on each sample date is listed in Appendix B. The most abundant organisms present from June
20
.5
1
1.5
,-...
E....., 2
V.;:J ...
.1f1 &I')
, ee ClC co ~
CC i
&I')In In
" ~ ,...
"'" .
.~
In ~,
l
·.i ~ r
In
"
~ i .~
I . . • • I •
June July August September October November
Figure 8 Seasonal values of pH, Weaver Lake, 1994. (May 31 - November 15), Isopleths in ,5 intervals (greater than 7 and less than 8.5).
21
2.5
3
3.5
0.0 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0.0
0.5 0.5
1.0 1.0
1.5
- 1.5 .s E _ 2.0 :: :; 2.00.. (1) 0..
Q)O 2 .5 o 2.5
3.0 3.0
3.5 3.5
4.0.l...- ---' 4.0.l...------- --J
May 31, 1994 June 15, 1994
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0.00.0
0.50.5
1.01.0
_ 1.51.5 .s.S ..s=Q. 2.0f; 2.0 (1)0..
Ql o o 2.52.5
3.03.0
3.53.5
4. C.L-. --' 4.0.l...------- --J
June 22, 1994 June 30, 1994
Figure 9 Profiles of total calcium (mg/I), Weaver Lake, 1994. (May 31 - November 15).
22
70 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 O. 0 +--_.lo.-----''--~-----'-----'--_;
0.5
1.0
, 1.5
E £: 2.0 0Q)
o 2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0.l...-----------.....J July 6, 1994
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 o 0 t----.lo.-----'----L---T----'--....,
0.5
1.0
1.5 -.SoC 2.0 0. Q)
o 2.5
30
3.5
4.0.l...-----------.....J July 27, 1994
40 45 50 55 60 65 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5-.SoC- 2.0 0Q)
0 2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0 July 12, 1994
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5 -E ~- 2.0 Q. Q)
0 2.5
3.0
3.5
4,0 August 9, 1994
Figure 9 (continued) Profiles of total calcium (mgll)
23
A.O A.5 50 55 60 65 70 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0.0 0.0
0.5 0.5
1.0 1.0
1.5 - 1.5
E- §. .s:: a. w
0
2.0 =: 0CIl 0
2.0
2.5 2.5
3.0 3.0
3.5 3.5 /
A..O 4.0 August 23, 1994 September 9, 1994
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
I £ 0CI>
0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0.5
1.0
-§. £ 0W
0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
September 20, 1994
4.0 October 4, 1994
Figure 9 (continued) Profiles of total calcium (mgll)
24
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0.0o.0 +---'-----'-----'---i-'-----'----1
0.5
1.0
1.5
.s ~- 2.0 Q. CIl o
2.5
3.0
3.5
D.5
1.0
1.5
I ~- 2.0 Q. CIl
0 2.5
·3.0
3.5
4.04.0.1....------------' October 18, 1994 November 1, 1994
40 45 50 55 60 65 70
O.O~\~
0.5
1.0
1.5
.s '§. 2.0 CIl o
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0 .L- -'
November 15, 1994
Figure 9 (continued) Profiles of total calcium (mg/I)
25
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
I .r:: 2.0 a. QI Cl
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0 May 31, 1994
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
-E.r:: 2.0-a. QI
Cl 2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
June 15, 1994
0.00 001 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05o.0 +-----'-----'-----'---'----'---r"--''--'''----"---\
0.5
1.0
1.5
I £; 2.0 c.. QI Cl
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0 1-1
June 22,
0.0
0.5
1.0 \ 1.5-
~ .r::- 2.0 a. Ql Cl
2.5
3.0
3.5
---'
40 1994
June 30, 1994
Figure 10 Profiles of total phosphorus (mgt!), Weaver Lake.
26
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.0
0.5
1.0
_1.5 .s ..c:a. 2.0 C1l 0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0 July 6,
0.03 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
1994
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
E :; 2.0 Q.
C1l 0 2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
July 12, 1994
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.050.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.0
0.5 \ 1.0
1.5-.s =2.0a. C1l 0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
I ..c: 2.0 a.
C1l 0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
August 9, 1994July 27, 1994
Figure 10 (continued) Profiles of total phosphorus (mg/I), Weaver Lake.
27
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.0100
0.5 \1.0
1.5 -.s .r:. 2.0 a. Q)
0 2.5
3.0
3.5
40
August 23, 1994
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 00
0.5
10
, .5 -.s .r:. 2.0a. Q)
0 2.5
30
3.5
4.0
I
October 4, 1994
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
I .r:.- 2.0 a-Q)
o 2.5
3.0
3.5
·4.0
September 20, 1994
0.00 0.0
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
0.5
1.0
-E .r:. a. Q)
Cl
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0 October 18, 1994
Figure 10 (continued) Profiles of total phosphorus (mg!l), Weaver Lake.
28
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
-.s 2.0.s::
Q. <ll 0 -
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
\ 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
I £ 2.0 Q. <ll 0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0 November 1, 1994
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.0
0.5
1.0
- 1.5
.s
.J:: 2.0C. Ql 0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
November 15, 1994
March 7, 1995
Figure 10 (continued) Profiles of total phosphorus (mgll), Weaver Lake.
29
Table 1 Comprehensive List of Aquatic Plants
Phylum (= Division) Chlorophyta Class Charaphyceae
Order Charaphyceae Family Characeae Chara vulgaris (stonewort) Nitella spp. (stonewort)
Phylum (=Division) Spermatophyta (flowering plants) Subphylum (=subdivision) Angiospermae
Class Monocotyledoneae Family Alismaceae
Sagittaria latifolia (arrowhead) Family Anacharis
Elodea canadensis (waterweed) Family Cyperaceae
Carex spp. (sedge) Carex crinita (sedge) Carex lurida (sedge) Eleocharis spp. Scirpus spp. (bulrush) Scirpus validus (bulrush)
Family Gramineae Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass)
Family Lemnaceae Lemna minor (lesser duckweed) Spirodela polyrhiza (greater duckweed)
Family Najadaceae Najas f1exilis (bushy pondweed) Potamogeton amplifolius (big leaf pondweed) Potamogeton crispus (curly pondweed) Potamogeton i1!inoensis (Illinois pondweed) Potamogeton natans (floating leaf pondweed) Potamogeton pectinatus (grassy pondweed) Potamogeton praelongus (whitestem pondweed) Potamogeton pusil!us (slender pondweed) Potamogeton zosteriformis (flatstem pondweed)
Family Pontederiaceae Heteranthera dubia (water-stargrass)
Family Sparganiaceae Sparganium spp. (burreed) Sparganium angustifolium (narrow leaved burreed) Sparganium chlorocarpum (green-fruited burreed)
Family Typhaceae Typha spp. (cattail)
Class Dicotyledoneae Family Asclepiadaceae
Asclepias incarnata (swamp milkweed) Family Balsaminaceae
Impatiens capensis (spotted-touch-me-not)
30
Table 1 (continued)
Family Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllum demersum
Family Compositae Eupatorium purpureum Megalodonta beckii
Family Cornaceae Comus amomum
Family Guttiferae Hypericum virginicum
Family Haloragidaceae Myriophyllum exalbescens
Family Leguminosae Melilotus officinalis
Family Lentibulariaceae Utricularia inflata Utricularia vulgaris
Family Lythraceae Lythrum salicaria
Family Myricaceae Myrica gale
Family Nymphaeceae Nuphar variegatum Nymphaea odorata
Family Plantaginaceae Galium boreale
Family Polygonaceae Polygonum spp. Rumex crispus
Family Rubiaceae Cephalanthus occidentalis
Family Scrophulariaceae Mimulus ringens
Family Solanaceae Solanum dulcamara
Family Verbenaceae Verbena hastata
(coontail)
(sweet Joe-pye-weed) (water marigold)
(silky dogwood)
(Marsh St. Johnswort)
(water milfoil)
(yellow sweet clover)
(bladderwort) (bladderwort)
(purple loosestrife)
(sweet gale)
(yellow water lily) (water lily)
(bedstraw)
(smartweed) (curly dock)
(buttonbush)
(square stemmed monkey flower)
(bittersweet nightshade)
(blue vervain)
31
Table 2 Comprehensive List of Phytoplankton
Phylum (= Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorococcales Family Coelastraceae
Coelastrum Family Hydrodictyaceae
Pediastrum Family Oocystaceae
Ankistrodesmus Cerasterias Closteriopsis Dictyosphaerium
Order Ulotrichales Family Ulotrichaceae
Ulothrix Order Volvocales
Family Volvocaceae Eudorina Volvox
Order Zygnematales (Conjugales) Family Desmidiaceae
Closterium Cosmarium Staurastrum Xanthidium
Family Mesotaeniaceae Netrium
Family Zygnemataceae Spirogyra
Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Cymbellaceae
Cymbella Family Eunotiaceae
Actinella
32
Table 2 (continued)
Family Fragilariaceae Asterionel/a Asterionel/a formosa Fragilaria Synedra
Family Tabellariaceae Tabel/aria
Subdivision Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales
Family Mallomonadaceae Mal/omonas
Family Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon
Family Synuraceae Synura
Phylum (= Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Chroococcales Family Chroococcaceae
Merismopedia Microcystis
Order Hormogonales Family Nostocaceae
Anabaena Family Oscillatoriaceae
Lyngbya Oscillatoria
Family Rivulariaceae Gleotrichia Gleotrichia ectinulata
Phylum (=Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium Family Glenodiniaceae
Glenodinium
33
6, 1994 until July 6, 1994 were Eudorina, Fragilaria, and Ceratium. From July 6, 1994 until August
2, 1994 Dinobryon dominated. From August 2, 1994 until August 16, 1994 Fragilaria was the
dominant organism. Dinobryon was the most available organism present from August 30, 1994
until November 1, 1994. From November 1, 1994 until November 15, 1994 the most abundant
organisms present were Asterionella, Fragi/aria, and Dinobryon.
Zooplankton
The zooplankton community in Weaver Lake is dominated by the brachionid rotifer Keratella
and by the copepods (suborders Calanoida and Cyclopoida). Table 3 is a comprehensive list
of the zooplankters. A list of zooplankters found on each individual sample date can be found
in Appendix C.
Nekton
Table 4 includes a list of the fish collected in Weaver Lake on July 13-14, 1993. On this
sample date the most dominant species collected were letalurus nebulosus (brown bullheads)
and Catostomus eommersoni (white suckers). On May 31, 1994 one Creek Chubsucker
(Erimyzon ob/ongus) was found. On June 10, 1994 one Yellow Perch (Perea flaveseens) was
found. On June 30, 1994 a pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) was found.
Zoobenthos
A comprehensive list of the zoobenthos collected is presented in Table 5. A list of the
organisms present on each sample date is found in Appendix D. When comparing the data on
each sample date, it was found that Caeeidotea, Celina, Chrysops, Leptoeerus amerieanus,
Polyeentropus, Helisoma aneeps, and Amnieola limosa were not present on the first date
sampled, but were found on May 25, 1994. On June 6, 1994, Nephelopsis obseura, Pentaneura,
and Tipu/a were first seen. Dineutus, Pe/todytes, Tropisternus larvae, Mesovelia, Physa, Physa
integra, and Amnieola integra were first observed on June 20, 1994. G/ossiphonia, Lyneeus
braehyurus, Callibaetis, Sigara, and Sympetrum were first collected on July 6, 1994.
Pa/aemonetes pa/udosus and Notoneeta were found on July 7, 1994. Gammarus, Gerris,
Merragata, Anax, and Ce/ithemis were present on July 12, 1994. Laeeophilus and Belostoma
were observed on July 20, 1994. Mooreobdella fervida, Batraeobdella phalera, Stenelmis,
Peltodytes larvae, and Chauliodes were collected on July 26, 1994. Donaeia and Merragata were
first seen on August 3, 1994. Helobdella, Donaeia larvae, and Ranatra were found on August 10,
1994. Tramea was seen on August 16, 1994. Daphnia, Agabetes larvae, and Lymnaea columella
were first collected on August 23, 1994. Agabetes, Tropisternus, Anopheles, and Lymnaea spp.
34
were first found on August 30, 1994. Anodonta cataracta was collected on September 13, 1994.
Orconectes was present on September 20, 1994. Haliplus larvae and Centroptilum were found
on September 27, 1994. A Laccophilus adult was first seen on October 18, 1994. Plathemis was
collected on November 8, 1994. On November 15, 1994 a caddis fly in the Family Hydroptilidae
was found, but could not be keyed any further. All other organisms were found on earlier dates,
starting with May 23, 1994. A comprehensive list was
comprised of all organisms present in Weaver Lake from May 23, 1994 until November 15, 1994.
The list of organisms found includes dates of first observation.
Discussion
Physical Limnology:
Temperature
Depth and wind exposure appeared to have an important influence on the thermal conditions
in Weaver Lake. The lake is relatively shallow, never reaching a depth of greater than 3.7m. The
prevailing winds that occurred during study period were capable of mixing the lake during much
of the time. Thus, except for extended periods of hot, calm weather, holomixis persists and water
temperatures are essentially the same from the surface to the bottom. On June 15, 1994 the lake
displayed its first sign of stratification, however by the next sample date, June 22, 1994, loss of
stratification occurred due to the strong winds on this date. The next period of stratification
occurred on July 6, 1994, but was also lost due to frequent mixing. Due to the fact that the
stratification never becomes well established, it can be concluded that summer stratification is
not evident in Weaver Lake.
Temperatures gradually decrease from August 9, 1994 until the lowest temperature, 2.530C,
was recorded on March 7, 1995. On November 29, 1994 ice cover was present. The presence
of ice on Weaver Lake indicates that winter stratification is occurring. Therefore, it can be
concluded that Weaver Lake is a winter stratified monomictic lake. This is a lake that has only
one period of mixing each year because it is very shallow in relation to its size, and is completely
exposed to winds. These lakes continue to circulate throughout the summer. These lakes are
stratification is evident in Weaver Lake on March 7, 1995, when values of 2.530C occur in the
surface waters and the bottom waters have a value of 4.70oC.
Transparency
Secchi disk transparency ranged from 1.9 - 2.9m. Reschke (1990) states that the
characteristic features of a eutrophic lake include the following: yellow, green, or brownish-green
water that is murky with low transparency (Secchi disk depths less than 2.5m). Weaver Lake is
35
Table 3 Comprehensive List of Zooplankton
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina Bosmina longirostris
Family Daphnidae Daphnia
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Calanoida Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Flosculariacea Conochilus Filinia
Order Ploima Asplanchna Kellicottia Keratella Keratella quadrata Monostyla Synchaeta Trichocerca
36
Table 4 Comprehensive List of Fishes of Weaver Lake (July 1993)
Family and Scientific Name
Catostomidae Catostomus eommersoni Erimyzon ob/ongus
Centrarchidae Amb/oplites rupestris Lepomis gibbosus Lepomis maeroehirus
Cyprinidae Notemigonus eryso/eueas
Escocidae Esox niger
Ictaluridae /eta/urus nebu/osus
Percidae Perea flaveseens
Common Name
Suckers White sucker Creek chubsucker
Sunfishes Rock bass
Pumpkinseed Bluegill
Minnows Golden shiner
Pikes Chain pickerel
Bullhead catfish Brown bullhead
Perches Yellow perch
37
Table 5 Comprehensive List of Zoobenthos
Phylum Annelida Class Hirudinea (leeches)
Order Arhynchobdellida Family Erpobdellidae
Mooreobdella feNida Nephelopsis obscura
Order Rhynchobdellida Family Glossiphoniidae
Batracobdella phalera G/ossiphonia Helobdella
Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnoidea
Order Hydrachnidia (water mites) Superfamily Pionae
Family Limnesiidae Limnesia
Class Crustacea Subclass Branchiopoda Division Eubranchiopoda
Order Conchostraca (clam shrimps) Family Lynceidae
Lynceus brachyurus Division Oligobranchiopoda
Order Cladocera (water fleas) Family Chydoridae
Eurycercus Family Daphnidae
Daphnia Family Sididae
Sida crystallina Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Gammaridae
Gammarus Family Talitridae
Hyalella azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Division Eucarida Order Decapoda (fresh-water shrimps, crayfish)
Family Cambaridae Orconectes
Family Palaemonidae Palaemonetes paludosus
38
Table 5 (continued)
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) Donacia (larvae and adult)
Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Agabetes (larvae and adults) Celina Hydroporus Laccophilus (larvae and adults)
Family Elmidae Stenelmis
Family Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Dineutus
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Haliplus (larvae and adults) Peltodytes (larvae and adults)
Family Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) Tropisternus (larvae and adults)
Order Diptera Suborder Brachycera Infraorder Orthorrhapha Family Tabanidae (horseflies)
Chrysops Suborder Nematocera
Family Chironomidae (midges) Genus species (unknowns)
SUbfamily Chironominae Chironomus (pupae)
Subfamily Tanypodinae Pentaneura
Family Culicidae (mosquitoes) Anopheles
Family Tipulidae (true crane flies) Tipula
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Baetidae
Ca/libaetis Centroptilum
Family Ephemerellidae Ephemerella
Order Hemiptera (true bugs) Family Belostomatidae (giant water bugs)
Belostoma Family Corixidae (water boatmen)
Sigara Family Gerridae (water striders, pond skaters)
Gerris Family Hebridae (velvet water bugs)
Merragata
39
Table 5 (continued)
Family Mesoveliidae (water treaders) Mesovelia
Family Nepidae (water scorpions) Ranatra
Family Notonectidae (back swimmers) Notonecta
Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers) Neoplea
Family Veliidae (broad-shouldered water strider) Microvelia
Order Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies) Family Corydalidae
Chauliodes (fishfly larvae) Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Aeshnidae Anax
Family Corduliidae Neurocordulia
Family Libellulidae Celithemis Leucorrhinia Plathemis Sympetrum Tramea
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagma Order Trichoptera
Family Hydroptilidae Family Leptoceridae
Leptocerus americanus Family Phryganeidae
Phryganea Family Polycentropodidae
Polycentropus
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Pisidium Sphaerium
Family Unionidae Anodonta cataracta
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Lymnaeidae Lymnaea Lymnaea columella
40
Table 5 (continued)
Family Physidae Physa Physa integra
Family Planorbidae Gyraulus Gyraulus parvus Helisoma anceps Helisoma campanulata Menetus dilatatus Promenetus exacuous
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnicola Amnicola integra Amnicola limosa
Family Valvatidae Valvata Valvata tricarinata
Family Viviparidae Viviparus Viviparus georgianus
41
a shallow, marly, eutrophic lake. The ability of light to penetrate the water is limited by the high
amount of suspended material in the water (Graham and Gardner, 1992). The lowest
transparency of 1.9m occurred on August 23, 1994. Due to the high amounts of rainfall, the
maximum depth of 3.7m also occurred on August 23, 1994. The decreased Secchi depth may
be due to the increased inflow of material due to rainwater runoff. The maximum Secchi depth
of 2.9m was reported on August 2, 9, and 16, 1994. During the rest of the study period Secchi
depths varied little (2.1 ~ 2.7m).
Chemical Limnology:
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen of Weaver Lake showed various periods of mixing (Figure 4). A period of
oxygen stratification is seen on June 15, 1994. This period corresponds with that of temperature
(Figure 5). A period of mixing occurred after this point. This may be due to the fact that the wind
is strong enough to mix the entire lake. The next period of stratification appeared on June 30,
1994. But frequent mixing caused the oxygen levels to become distributed throughout the water
column. On August 23, 1994 another period of stratification appeared to begin, but was
disrupted by August 30, 1994. The following sample dates showed low oxygen levels in the
deeper water and relatively similar levels throughout the rest of the water column. Ice formation
occurred on November 29, 1994. As the temperature increased in the summer months, the levels
of dissolved oxygen decreased. This is due to the fact that the solubility of oxygen in water
decreases as temperature increases (Wetzel, 1983). Therefore, colder waters can hold more
oxygen. The highest levels of dissolved oxygen found in Weaver Lake, 12.55 mg/l, correspond
with the lowest temperatures. However, during the period when ice cover was present the levels
of dissolved oxygen dropped to a range of 3.75 mg/l at the bottom and 7.05 mg/l at the surface.
Ice cover prevented the mixing of waters and the oxygen present when ice formation began is
what is available to the organisms.
The loading of organic matter to the hypolimnion (or in our case, the deeper waters of the
lake) and sediments of productive eutrophic lakes increases the consumption of dissolved
oxygen. As a result, the oxygen content of the hypolimnion is reduced progressively during the
period of summer stratification (Wetzel, 1983). This explains why the oxygen levels drop at the
deepest portions of Weaver Lake during periods when mixing does not occur (Figure 4).
Oxygen saturation at existing water temperatures returns to all water strata during fall
circulation. Exchange of oxygen with the atmosphere ceases for all practical purposes with the
advent of ice formation. The oxygen content and saturation levels are reduced at lower depths
in productive lakes, but not to the extent observed during summer stratification, because of the
42
prevailing colder water temperatures (Wetzel, 1983).
Alkalinity, pH, and Major Ions
At typical pH levels of 6 to 8, bicarbonate is the most abundant of the carbon fractions
(Goldman and Horne, 1983). The hydrogen-ion concentration of Weaver Lake varied from pH
6.95 to 8.48, hence, total alkalinity was usually equal to bicarbonate alkalinity. There was little
difference between the alkalinity values from top to bottom, during the sample period.
The calcium concentration of hard-water lakes can undergo marked seasonal fluctuations.
This is due to the fact that calcium is a dynamic ion, whose concentrations can be influenced
strongly by metabolism (Wetzel, 1983). The calcium levels in Weaver Lake ranged between 41.27
- 65.87 mg/1. The levels of calcium varied little from top to bottom, but variations did occur
between sample dates. On May 31, 1994 levels ranged between 55.15 - 56.34 mg/1. The next
sample date, June 15, 1994, the levels decreased to 41 .86 - 42.30 mg/1. This decrease also
corresponded with a decrease in alkalinity. The decrease in both the levels of calcium and
bicarbonate may be the result of the precipitation of CaC03. CaC03 is precipitated by algae and
macrophytic vegetation, during photosynthetic removal of CO2 (Wetzel, 1983). Levels remained
in the lower 40's until June 30, 1994 when they increased to 49.995 mg/1. These levels continued
to increase until July 27, 1994. After this period the levels decreased until August 23, 1994.
From August 23, 1994 until September 9, 1994 calcium levels began to rise again, reaching its
maximum of 65.867 mg/I on September 9, 1994. Levels decreased on September 20, 1994 and
remained relatively stable until November 1, 1994. Levels slightly increased from November 1,
1994 until final sample date, November 15, 1994.
The specific conductance of lake water is a measure of the resistance of a solution to
electrical flow. The resistance of an aqueous solution to electrical current or electron flow
declines with increasing ion content (Wetzel, 1983). Specific conductance varied from date to
date during sample period in Weaver Lake. However, when compared with alkalinity and
calcium, a similar pattern was observed. On May 31 , 1994 conductivity values averaged 258.625
umho/cm. These values decreased to 214.625 umho/cm, on June 15, 1994. This decrease
corresponds to decreases in alkalinity and calcium. A slight increase on June 22, 1994 was
observed in all three parameters. These increases and decreases continue to follow the patterns
of alkalinity and calcium, during the sample period. Wetzel (1983) states that the specific
conductance of the common bicarbonate-type of lake water is closely proportional to
concentrations of the major ions. Once the concentrations of major ions are known, changes
in specific conductance reflect proportional changes in ionic concentrations.
43
Plant Nutrients
Generally, phosphorus levels were lower in the surface waters than in deeper waters.
Phosphorus levels showed an increase on each sample date, from May 31, 1994 - July 12, 1994.
On JUly 27, 1994 the levels began to decrease. Levels slightly increased on August 9, 1994 and
August 23, 1994. The increase displayed on these dates corresponds with periods of rainfall.
The levels decreased on September 20, 1994 and remained relatively constant until November
15, 1994. On March 7, 1995 phosphorus levels were .026 mg/I at the surface and .014 mg/I at
the bottom. This may have been due to the fact that no circulation was occurring because of the
presence of ice.
Wetzel (1983) states that phosphorus in the upper levels of the lake fluctuates widely with
oscillations in plankton populations. Phosphorus in deeper waters varies with sedimentation of
plankton, depth-dependent rates of decomposition, and the development of deep-living
populations of bacterial and other plankton. Although there was undoubtedly an addition of
phosphorus from decomposition of submerged vegetation, this material may also have been
introduced into the lake from land runoff and flowing waters, which may be caused by periods
of rainfall (Prophet, 1966). This is supported by the fact that Weaver Lake has three streams
draining into it, one located at the northwestern corner and two in the northeast. These streams
transport sediment and possibly high nutrient loads into the lake from adjacent farms (Graham
and Gardner, 1992).
The nitrite/nitrate levels displayed little variation between surface and bottom waters. The
only significant variation was found on June 22, 1994. Levels increased in deeper waters on
June 22, from < .05mg/1 in surface waters to .13mg/1 in bottom waters. All other sample dates
remained relatively constant in levels of nitrite/nitrate, with most levels being less than .05mg/1.
The nitrite/nitrate component of available nitrogen in the lake was considered for this study.
Therefore it is assumed because these levels are so low, that nitrogen is probably the limiting
element in Weaver Lake. Downing and McCauley (1992) state that Nand P limitation has been
demonstrated in many lakes, but N limitation appears to be the rule in lakes with TN:TP < 14,
especially if TP is high. The P and nitrite/nitrate ratios in Weaver Lake are approximately 1:1,
therefore it is assumed that the TN:TP levels are less than 14 and that nitrogen is limiting.
Descriptive Ecology:
Aquatic Plants
The density of the vegetation in Weaver Lake indicates that there are potentially high levels
of nutrients available to the lake. Streams flowing into Weaver Lake drain agricultural areas
including tilled fields and barn yards. The streams would act as excellent transportation vehicles
44
for dissolved nutrient loads (Graham and Gardner, 1992).
Large plants may dominate in shallow lakes and streams. Most aquatic macrophytes are
flowering plants (angiosperms), but aquatic ferns, mosses, liverworts, and even the large algae
of the Charaphyceae group may be abundant in particular habitats (Goldman and Horne, 1983).
The vegetation in Weaver Lake is typical of a shallow lake; including predominantly angiosperms
and a few of the large algae (Class Charaphyceae).
Four groups of macrophytes occur in Weaver Lake. These include the emergent, floating
leaved, submersed and freely floating macrophytes. They follow the distribution patterns of a
typical lake system.
Phytoplankton
Shallow habitats may have extensive growth of higher aquatic plants, but algae dominate
primary production in most aquatic ecosystems (Goldman and Horne, 1983). The major groups
of algae represented in Weaver Lake are the blue-green algae (Cyanophyta), green algae
(Chlorophyta), golden-brown algae (Chrysophyceae), diatoms (Baccillariophyceae), and the
dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae of the Pyrrophyta).
Throughout the sample period, the major groups of phytoplankton are represented. However,
during certain periods some organisms were more abundant than others. Eudorina, Fragilaria,
and Ceratium were the most abundant from June 6, 1994 until July 6, 1994. Goldman and Horne
(1983) state that Fragilaria dominate the spring bloom in many productive lakes because they
grow faster than competing algae. Ceratium generally grows best in summer and succeed
because they can actively swim to positions of favorable light and nutrients. From July 6, 1994
until August 2, 1994 the most abundant organism present was Dinobryon. Dinobryon is widely
distributed and may become a major component of the phytoplankton under certain
environmental conditions. The conspicuous development of populations of certain species of
Dinobryon in lakes of very low phosphorus concentrations may be due to their ability to
effectively take up phosphate at extremely low ambient concentrations. In contrast, other species
of Dinobryon and Synura have high phosphorus requirements (Wetzel, 1983). Fragilaria gained
dominance from August 2, 1994 until August 16, 1994. This may have been due to its ability to
grow faster than competing algae. Dinobryon dominated from August 30, 1994 until November
1, 1994. From November 1, 1994 until November 15, 1994 the most abundant organisms present
were Asterione/la, Fragilaria, and Dinobryon. Goldman and Horne (1983) state that holoplankton,
which are always in the plankton, include algae such as the diatoms Asterione/la, Fragilaria, or
Tabel/aria. They tend to dominate many productive lakes because they grow faster than
competing algae. Dinobryon is also widely distributed and a major component of the
45
phytoplankton in some cases.
These changes in dominance during the sample period may be due to the fluctuating nutrient
levels found within the lake.
Zooplankton
Truly planktonic animals are dominated by three major groups: the rotifers, and two
subclasses of the crustacea, the cladocera and copepoda (Wetzel, 1983). These three major
groups are well represented in Weaver Lake. Many of the crustacean zooplankters were nauplii,
therefore were not identified. The copepods dominated the zooplankton along with the rotifer
Keratella.
Zooplankton were not quantitatively sampled, but from the collections it was seen that the
cyclopoid copepods were more abundant than the calanoid copepods. Bosmina was the more
dominant cladoceran present. The most dominant retifer present was Keratella.
Therefore it can be concluded that the zooplankters present in Weaver Lake are characteristic
of a typical lake environment.
Nekton
Although a study of the fish of Weaver Lake was not conducted during this sample period,
a brief study was done previously. On July 13-14, 1993 nine species of fish were collected. The
fish that were collected during this study are species that were previously found. As would be
expected from this type of water body, all fishes present are warm water and cool water
assemblages.
Zoobenthos
The widest diversity of the zoobenthos collected were found within beds of macrophytes. ·In
these areas the major organisms found included: Hya/ella azteca (Crustacea: Amphipoda),
Caecidotea (Crustacea: Isopoda), Halip/us (Coleoptera: Haliplidae), Pe/todytes (Coleoptera:
Haliplidae), Ephemerella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), Be/ostoma (Hemiptera:
Belostomatidae), Notanecta (Hemiptera: Notonectidae), Neap/ea (Hemiptera: Pleidae),
Neurocardulia (Odonata: Corduliidae), Leucarrhinia (Odonata: Libellulidae), and Enallagma
(Odonata: Coenagrionidae). These areas were generally shallow water. In the deeper waters,
the organisms were dominantly molluscs. The dominant molluscs found were the fingernail
clams (Pisidium and Sphaerium) , Physa, Helisama campanu/ata, Amnica/a, and Viviparus
georgianus. Also in the deeper waters were the midges (Family Chironomidae).
The wide diversity of organisms found within Weaver Lake is typical of a lake environment.
46
Table 5 is a comprehensive list of the zoobenthos collected in Weaver Lake.
Conclusion
Weaver Lake is one of the water bodies in the Otsego Lake watershed, however it is also an
unique ecosystem. This study was done to get a generalized overview of Weaver Lake and the
characteristic qualities it possesses. It was found that Weaver Lake is a winter stratified
monomictic lake which displays characteristics similar to less productive eutrophic lakes.
Future studies need to be conducted to get a full understanding of Weaver Lake's influence
on Otsego Lake and the surrounding landscape's effect on Weaver Lake. Such studies could
include additional work on the chemical analysis, including parameters such as chloride and
magnesium analysis. Other aspects of the lake work could include counts of planktonic
organisms and benthic life. Chlorophylla analysis could be performed to get a better
understanding of the lake environment. Distribution and abundance of the macrophytes and fish
could be studied in more detail. Finally, the streams entering and leaving the lake could all be
monitored to give a more inclusive knowledge of the surrounding watershed.
47
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Department of Archives and History. 1954. Herkimer County Commemorative Brochure. Herkimer, New York. 47p.
Downing, John A. and Edward McCauley. 1992. Tile nitrogen:phosphorus relationship in lakes. In. Limnol. Oceanogr., 19(5), 767-772.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1983. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory Cincinnati, Ohio. 430p.
Fassett, Norman C.1960. A manual of aquatic plants. The University of Wisconsin Press. Madison. 405p.
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Fogg, G.E., W.D.P. Stewart, P. Fay and AE. Walsby. 1973. The blue-green algae. Academic Press. London and New York. 459p.
Goldman, Charles R. and Alexander ,J. Home. 1983. Limnology. McGraw-Hili Book Company. New York. 464p.
Graham, Scott L. and Judith A. Gardner. 1992. The origin, geochemistry and morphology of Weaver and Young Lakes, Herkimer County, N.Y.. In. "Twenty-fifth Annual Report, 1992". State University of New York College at Oneonta BioI. Field Stn., SUNY, Oneonta. 226p.
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48
Karl, John. 1980. A key for the field identification of the aquatic macrophytes of Otsego Lake. In. unpublished 13th Annual Report. Biological Field Station., State University of New York College at Oneonta. Oneonta, New York. 74p.
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Pennak, Robert W. 1953. Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States. The Ronald Press Company. New York. 769p.
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[ nited States Department of the Interior. 1966. A guide to the common diatoms at water
pollution surveillance system stations. Cincinnati, Ohio. 101 p.
49
United States Geological Survey. 1943. Washington, D.C. 20242.
Wetzel, Robert G. 1983. Limnology: 2nd edition. Saunders College Publishing. Fort Worth. 767p.
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50
Appendix A: Field and Laboratory Data: May 31, 1994 - March 7, 1995
May 31,1994
depth (m)
temp DC pH D.O. mg/l
eond umhol em
alk. mg/l
total Ca mg/l
total P mg/l
N021 N03 mg/l
0.0 18.92 8.11 8.98 255 143 56.34 .0068 <.05
0.5 18.91 8.12 9.03 255
1.0 18.88 8.12 9.07 255
1.5 18.86 8.12 9.06 255
2.0 18.79 8.12 9.04 256 144 55.15 .0154 <.05
2.5 18.51 8.12 9.15 256
3.0 18.48 8.12 8.99 256
3.4 18.14 7.71 7.29 281 143 55.94 .0226 <.05
June 15, 1994
depth (m)
temp DC pH D.O. mg/l
eond umhol em
alk. mg/l
total Ca mg/l
total P mg/l
N021 N03 mg/l
0.0 24.94 8.33 9.22 207 114 42.06 .0195 .05
0.5 25.30 8.33 9.31 207
1.0 25.07 8.32 9.28 207 115 41.86 .0185 <.05
1.5 24.35 8.34 9.72 204
2.0 22.76 8.21 8.56 211
2.5 22.00 7.97 6.95 214 113 42.30 .0192 <.05
3.0 21.59 7.75 5.27 229
3.4 21.65 7.69 0.12 238 114 42.06 .0233 <.05
Seeehi depth = 2.7m
51
June 22, 1994
depth (m)
temp DC pH D.O. mg/I
cond umho/ em
alk. mg/I
total Ca mg/I
total P mg/I
N02/ N03 mg/I
0.0 23.12 7.88 6.89 216 120.0 41.27 .0281 <.05
0.5 23,10 7.88 6,75 216
1.0 23.07 7.88 6.71 216 120.0 42.06 .0292 .14
1.5 23.00 7.88 6.64 216
2.0 22.96 7.87 6.33 216 120,5 42.06 .0285 .13
2.5 - - - - - - - -
3.0 - - - - - - - -
3.4 - - - - - - - -
Secchi depth = 2.0m (due to wind conditions, samples not taken at deepest point in the lake)
June 30, 1994
depth (m)
temp DC pH D.O. mg/I
cond umho/ cm
alk. mg/I
total Ca mg/I
total P mg/I
N02/ N03 mg/I
0.0 21.67 7.78 6.15 229 133 46.03 .0227 <.05
0.5 21.64 7.75 6.07 230
1.0 21.62 7.75 6.09 230 133 46.03 .0261 .09
1.5 21.58 7.74 6.10 231
2.0 21.46 7.74 6.08 233
2.5 20.63 7.58 4.80 245 138 49.99 .0285 <.05
3.0 20.40 7.40 2.53 250
3.2 20.28 7.42 1.76 258 138 49.59 .0349 .06
Secchi depth = 2.6m
52
July 6, 1994
depth (m)
temp °c pH D.O. mg/I
eond umho/ em
alk. mg/I
total Ca mg/I
total P mg/I
N02/ N03 mg/I
0.0 24.33 7.98 7.23 270 150 54.76 .0261 .07
0.5 24.26 7.94 7.35 274
1.0 24.03 7.96 7.31 275 154 54.76 .0254 .07
1.5 23.86 7.95 6.95 276
2.0 22.48 7.38 2.30 286
2.5 21.16 7.22 .45 284 158 55.55 .0227 <.05
3.0 20.81 7.19 .24 286
3.2 20.73 7.20 .21 293 159 57.14 .0349 <.05
Seeehi depth = 2.5m
July 12, 1994
depth (m)
temp °c pH D.O. mg/I
eond umho/ em
alk. mg/I
total Ca mg/I
total P mg/I
N02/ N03 mg/I
0.0 23.97 7.79 6.52 297 167 60.31 .0312 <.05
0.5 24.02 7.77 6.49 300
1.0 24.05 7.78 6.49 300 167 60.31 .0325 <.05
1.5 24.03 7.78 6.50 300
2.0 24.01 7.77 6.48 300
2.5 23.28 7,57 3.98 306 168 61.11 .0315 <.05
3,0 23.01 7.40 2.82 300
3.2 22.58 7.24 .16 313 169 61.89 .0315 <.05
Seeehi depth = 2.1 m
53
July 19, 1994
depth(m) temp DC pH D.O. mg/l
cond umho/cm
0.0 25.19 7.87 6.88 305
0.5 25.12 7.88 6.96 305
1.0 25.07 7.89 7.01 304
1.5 24.46 7.87 7.42 304
2.0 23.56 7.65 6.68 305
2.5 22.76 7.24 1.64 322
3.0 22.77 7.24 1.09 330
3.2 22.74 7.23 .75 329
Secchi depth = 2.1 m From this point on, biweekly samples were collected for laboratory analysis.
July 27, 1994
depth (m)
temp DC pH D.O. mg/l
cond umhol cm
alk. mg/l
total Ca mg/l
total P mg/l
N021 N03 mg/l
0.0 26.39 7.97 6.48 280 163 59.72 .0207 <.05
0.5 25.95 7.95 6.48 280
1.0 25.44 7.95 6.58 278 165 59.52 .0234 <.05
1.5 24.77 7.84 6.07 272
2.0 24.55 7.89 6.07 279
2.5 24.36 7.82 5.29 280 165 57.93 .0241 <.05
3.0 24.25 7.71 4.14 295
3.1 24.25 7.69 .08 311 164 57.93 .0210 <.05
Secchi depth = 2.6m
54
August 2, 1994
depth(m) temp DC pH D.O. mg/I condo umho/cm
0.0 24.22 7.95 7.39 271
0.5 24.14 7.93 7.33 272
1.0 24.09 7.92 7.25 272
1.5 23.78 7.90 7.14 271
2.0 23.52 7.73 6.36 273
2.5 23.01 7.23 1.44 286
3.0 22.69 7.22 .72 298
3.3 22.73 7.23 .39 313
Secchi depth = 2.9m
August 9, 1994
depth (m)
temp DC pH D.O. mg/I
eond umho/ em
alk. mg/I
total Ca mg/I
total P mg/I
N02/ N03 mg/I
0.0 22.76 8.04 7.71 266 159 54.76 .0220 <.05
0.5 22.75 8.04 7.79 267
1.0 22.71 8.04 7.87 267 159 54.76 .0197 <.05
1.5 22.61 8.01 7.53 267
2.0 22.39 7.90 6.75 267
2.5 21.82 7.61 5.52 275 160 55.35 .0231 <.05
3.0 21.58 7.42 1.83 313
3.3 21.60 7.26 1.72 313 160 55.55 .0356 <.05
Seeehi depth = 2.9m
55
August 16, 1994
depth(m) temp DC pH D.O. mg/I
eond umho/em
0.0 18.39 7.26 8.59 400
0.5 18.70 7.86 7.16 256
1.0 18.69 7.86 7.17 255
1.5 18.64 7.86 7.22 256
2.0 18.60 7.86 7.23 256
2.5 18.49 7.82 7.09 256
3.0 18.17 7.72 6.51 258
3.3 18.21 7.69 6.26 259
Seeehi depth = 2.9m
August 23, 1994
depth (m)
temp DC pH D.O. mg/I
eond umho/ em
alk. mg/I
total Ca mg/I
total P mg/I
N02/ N03 mg/I
0.0 19.24 7.52 5.33 267 149 58.73 .0288 <.05
0.5 19.21 7.52 5.31 267
1.0 18.98 7.51 5.27 266 149 58.73 .0337 <.05
1.5 18.89 7,49 4.97 265
2.0 18.69 7.41 4.19 266
2.5 18.35 7.24 1.74 256 149 57.14 .0337 <.05
3.0 18.10 7.21 .71 246
3.5 18.03 7.18 .50 276
3.7 18.07 7.14 .35 276 147.5 56.34 .0334 <.05
Seeehi depth = 1.9m
56
August 30, 1994
depth(m) temp DC pH D.O. mg/I
eond umho/em
0.0 19.22 7.91 7.08 296
0.5 19.21 7.90 7.06 297
1.0 19.20 7.90 7.06 297
1.5 19.20 7.90 7.06 296
2.0 19.20 7.89 7.06 296
2.5 19.16 7.88 7.05 296
3.0 19.14 7.83 6.94 295
3.5 19.08 7.61 3.73 302
Seeehi depth = 2.3m
September 9, 1994
depth (m)
temp DC pH D.O. mg/I
eond umho/ em
alk. mg/I
total Ca mg/I
total P mg/I
N02/ N03 mg/I
0.0 17.32 8.18 8.93 304 179 65.07 .005? .02
0.5 17.34 8.18 8.99 307
1.0 17.36 8.18 9.02 307 177 65.87 .005? .03
1.5 17.36 8.18 9.02 307
2.0 17.36 8.18 9.02 307
2.5 17.36 8.18 9.03 307 179 65.87 .003? .02
3.0 17.36 8.17 9.02 308
3.3 17.35 8.17 8.76 308 170 65.87 .004? .03
Seeehi depth = 2.5m
57
September 13, 1994
depth(m) temp DC pH D.O. mg/l
eond urnho/em
0.0 16.74 8.35 9.59 301
0.5 16.73 8.35 9.64 301
1.0 16.71 8.35 9.64 301
1.5 16.69 8.34 9.62 300
2.0 16.66 8.34 9.59 300
2.5 16.65 8.34 9.58 301
3.0 16.61 8.34 9.43 301
3.3 16.68 8.26 5.50 307
Seeehi depth = 2.3m
September 20, 1994
depth (m)
temp DC pH D.O. mg/l
eond umhol em
alk. mg/l
total Ca mg/l
total P mg/l
N021 N03 mg/l
0.0 17.70 8.39 9.30 291 165 60.31 .0158 .02
0.5 17.67 8.39 9.20 291
1.0 17.51 8.39 9.28 291 165 60.51 .0155 .03
1.5 16.97 8.39 9.27 290
2.0 16.83 8.37 9.18 290
2.5 16.70 8.27 8.31 291 165 60.31 .0193 .02
3.0 16.70 8.27 8.28 292
3.4 16.81 7.95 7.98 302 164 60.91 .0158 .02
Seeehi depth = 2.1 m
58
September 27, 1994
depth(m) temp DC pH D.O. mg/I
cond umho/cm
0.0 17.38 8.39 8.93 284
0.5 17.37 8.39 8.98 284
1.0 17.37 8.39 8.98 284
1.5 17.37 8.38 8.95 284
2.0 17.35 8.38 8.88 284
2.5 17.34 8.36 8.70 284
3.0 17.05 7.96 5.32 293
3.3 17.10 7.54 1.07 319
Secchi depth = 2.1 m
October 4, 1994
depth (m)
temp DC pH D.O. mg/I
cond umho/ cm
alk. mg/I
total Ca mg/I
total P mg/I
1\J02/ N03 mg/I
0.0 11.13 8.37 11.03 280 156 61.23 .0227 .05
0.5 11.08 8.38 10.94 280
1.0 11.06 8.37 10.81 280 156 61.23 .0186 .05
1.5 11.03 8.37 10.72 280
2.0 11.03 8.37 10.72 280
2.5 11.05 8.38 10.58 280 158 60.42 .0179 .04
3.0 11.05 8.38 10.52 281
3.3 11.08 8.38 10.53 281 158 60.42 .0168 .04
Secchi depth = 2.3m The dissolved oxygen data for October 4, 1994 may not be accurate, the Hydrolab unit was not calibrated on date used. When calibrations were done it was found that dissolved oxygen was off by 4.77mg/1. Therefore the results listed above have been adjusted.
59
October 13, 1994
depth(m) temp °c pH D.O. mg/I
cond umho/cm
0.0 11.02 8.44 10.81 273
0.5 10.98 8.42 10.83 274
1.0 10.91 8.42 10.91 273
1.5 10.70 8.44 10.95 273
2.0 10.66 8.44 10.95 272
2.5 10.55 8.43 11.21 271
3.0 10.37 8.40 11.21 271
3.3 10.45 8.42 4.63 279
Secchi depth = 2.7m
October 18, 1994
depth (m)
temp °c pH D.O. mg/I
cond umho/ cm
alk. mg/I
total Ca mg/I
total P mg/I
N02/
N03 mg/I
0.0 11.26 8.35 11.44 275 154 59.02 .0193 .05
0.5 11.09 8.36 11.41 274
1.0 10.62 8.35 11.59 274 154 59.02 .0210 .05
1.5 10.45 8.31 11.43 274
2.0 10.36 8.28 11.21 274
2.5 10.31 8.29 11.01 274 155 59.62 .0193 .05
2.7 10.35 8.30 9.59 276
Secchi depth = 2.7m
60
October 25, 1994
depth(m) temp DC pH D.O. mg/I
cond umho/cm
0.0 11.68 8.41 10.13 260
0.5 11.80 8.37 10.15 261
1.0 11.83 8.37 10.14 260
1.5 11.83 8.37 10.14 260
2.0 11.83 8.38 10.13 260
2.5 11.83 8.38 10.13 260
3.0 11.74 8.37 10.02 260
3.3 11.74 8.38 9.76 260
Secchi depth = 204m
November 1, 1994
depth (m)
temp DC pH D.O. mg/I
cond umho/ em
alk. mg/I
total Ca mg/I
total P mg/I
N02/ N03 mg/I
0.0 10.47 8.29 10.36 260 149 53.17 .0186 .07
0.5 10.35 8.29 10.40 260
1.0 10.33 8.28 10.37 260 151 53.97 .0206 .06
1.5 10.30 8.28 10.34 260
2.0 10.31 8.28 10.30 259
2.5 10.22 8.28 10.14 259 151 53.97 .0223 .06
3.0 10.20 8.26 9.86 259
3.3 10.28 8.21 .41 262 151 53.97 .0172 .06
Secchi depth = 2.5m
61
November 8, 1994
depth(m) temp DC pH D.O. mg/I
cond umho/cm
0.0 8.98 8.40 10.90 266
0.5 8.98 8.39 10.89 266
1.0 8.99 8.39 10.93 266
1.5 9.00 8.39 10.94 266
2.0 8.99 8.39 10.93 266
2.5 8.99 8.39 10.91 266
3.0 8.89 8.39 10.90 266
3.5 8.93 8.38 10.75 267
Secchi depth = 2.5m
November 15, 1994
depth (m)
temp DC pH D.O. mg/I
cond umho/ cm
alk. mg/I
total Ca mg/I
total P mg/I
N02/
N03 mg/I
0.0 7.44 8.47 12.38 270 156 54.76 .0173 .06
0.5 7.45 8.46 12.48 271
1.0 7.47 8.46 12.48 271 156 56.34 .0187 .06
1.5 7.48 8.47 12.47 270
2.0 7.51 8.47 12.51 270
2.5 7.52 8.47 12.50 270 156 56.34 .0194 .06
3.0 7.52 8.48 12.55 270
3.4 7.70 8.45 11.87 270 156 56.34 .0312 .06
Secchi depth = 2.6m
Ice cover on November 29, 1994 restricted further sampling.
62
March 7, 1995
depth(m) temp °c pH D.O. mg/I
cond umho/cm
total P mg/I
0.0 2.53 7.02 7.05 361 .0260
1.0 3.09 6.97 6.20 402
1.5 3.96 6.96 5.58 411
2.0 4.42 6.96 4.85 416
2.5 4.59 6.96 4.27 419
3.0 4.70 6.95 3.75 422 .0140
These samples were taken under ice cover.
63
Appendix B: Phytoplankton data for each sample date
June 6,1994
Phylum (== Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorococcales Family Hydrodictyaceae
Pediastrum Order Volvocales
Family Volvocaceae Eudorina Volvox
Order Zygnematales (Conjugales) Family Desmidiaceae
Closterium Staurastrum Xanthidium
Family Mesotaeniaceae Netrium
Family Zygnemataceae Spirogyra
Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Cymbellaceae
Cymbel/a Family Fragilariaceae
Asterionel/a formosa Fragilaria Synedra
Family Tabellariaceae Tabel/aria
Subdivision Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales
Family Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon
Phylum (== Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Chroococcales
Family Chroococcaceae Merismopedia Microcystis
Order Hormogonales Family Nostocaceae
Anabaena
Phylum (== Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
64
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium
June 22, 1994
Phylum (=Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorococcales Family Hydrodictyaceae
Pediastrum Order Volvocales
Family Volvocaceae Eudorina Volvox
Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Eunotiaceae
Actinel/a Family Fragilariaceae
Fragilaria Synedra
Family Tabellariaceae rabel/aria
Subdivision Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales
Family Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon
Phylum (=Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Chroococcales Family Chroococcaceae
Microcystis Order Hormogonales
Family Nostocaceae Anabaena
Phylum (=Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium
June 30, 1994
Phylum (= Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
65
Order Chlorococcales Family Hydrodictyaceae
Pediastrum Family Oocystaceae
Ankistrodesmus Cerasterias Dictyosphaerium
Order Ulotrichales Family Ulotrichaceae
Ulothrix Order Volvocales
Family Volvocaceae Eudorina Volvox
Order Zygnematales (Conjugales) Family Desmidiaceae
Closterium Staurastrum
Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae
Fragilaria Subdivision Chrysophyceae
Order Chrysomonadales Family Ochromonadaceae
Dinobryon
Phylum (= Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Chroococcales Family Chroococcaceae
Microcystis Order Hormogonales
Family Nostocaceae Anabaena
Family Rivulariaceae Gleotrichia ectinulata
Phylum (= Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium Family Glenodiniaceae
Glenodinium
July 6, 1994
Phylum (= Division) Chlorophyta
66
Subdivision Chlorophyceae Order Chlorococcales
Family Hydrodictyaceae Pediastrum
Order Ulotrichales Family Ulotrichaceae
U10thrix Order Volvocales
Family Volvocaceae Eudorina Volvox
Order Zygnematales (Conjugales) Family Desmidiaceae
Cosmarium Staurastrum
Family Zygnemataceae Spirogyra
Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae
Asterionella Fragilaria
Subdivision Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales
Family Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon
Phylum (=Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Hormogonales Family Nostocaceae
Anabaena Family Oscillatoriaceae
Lyngbya
Phylum (=Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium
July 13, 1994
Phylum (= Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Volvocales Family Volvocaceae
Eudorina
67
Order Zygnematales (Conjugales) Family Desmidiaceae
Closterium Family Zygnemataceae
Spirogyra
Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae
Fragilaria Subdivision Chrysophyceae
Order Chrysomonadales Family Ochromonadaceae
Dinobryon
Phylum (= Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Chroococcales Family Chroococcaceae
Microcystis
Phylum (=Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium
July 19, 1994
Phylum (=Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorococcales Family Coelastraceae
Coelastrum Family Oocystaceae
Ankistrodesmus Order Volvocales
Family Volvocaceae Eudorina Volvox
Order Zygnematales (Conjugales) Family Desmidiaceae
Cosmarium
Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae
Fragilaria
68
Subdivision Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales
Family Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon
Phylum (=Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Chroococcales Family Chroococcaceae
Microcystis Order Hormogonales
Family Nostocaceae Anabaena
July 26, 1994
Phylum (=Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Volvocales Family Volvocaceae
Volvox Order Zygnematales (Conjugales)
Family Desmidiaceae C/osterium Xanthidium
Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae
Fragilaria Subdivision Chrysophyceae
Order Chrysomonadales Family Ochromonadaceae
Dinobryon
Phylum (=Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Hormogonales
Family Nostocaceae Anabaena
Phylum (= Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium Family Glenodiniaceae
Glenodinium
69
August 2, 1994
Phylum (=Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorococcales Family Hydrodictyaceae
Pediastrum Order Volvocales
Family Volvocaceae Volvox
Order Zygnematales (Conjugales) Family Desmidiaceae
Staurastrum
Phylum (= Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae
Fragilaria Subdivision Chrysophyceae
Order Chrysomonadales Family Ochromonadaceae
Dinobryon
Phylum (= Division) Cyanophyta SUbdivision Myxophyceae
Order Hormogonales Family Nostocaceae
Anabaena
Phylum (=Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium
August 9, 1994
Phylum (= Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorococcales Family Coelastraceae
Coelastrum Family Hydrodictyaceae
Pediastrum Order Volvocales
Family Volvocaceae Eudorina
Order Zygnematales (Conjugales)
70
Family Desmidiaceae Staurastrum Xanthidium
Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae
Fragilaria Subdivision Chrysophyceae
Order Chrysomonadales Family Ochromonadaceae
Dinobryon Family Synuraceae
Synura
Phylum (=Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Chroococcates Family Chroococcaceae
Microcystis Order Hormogonales
Family Nostocaceae Anabaena
Phylum (= Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium Family Glenodiniaceae
Glenodinium
August 16, 1994
Phylum (=Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorococcales Family Coelastraceae
Coelastrum Family Hydrodictyaceae
Pediastrum Family Oocystaceae Ankistrodesmus Closteriopsis
Order Volvocales Family Volvocaceae
Eudorina Volvox
Order Zygnematales (Conjugales)
71
Family Desmidiaceae Closterium Cosmarium Staurastrum Xanthidium
Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae
Fragilaria Subdivision Chrysophyceae
Order Chrysomonadales Family Mallomonadaceae
Mallomonas Family Ochromonadaceae
Dinobryon Family Synuraceae
Synura
Phylum (= Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Chroococcales Family Chroococcaceae
Microcystis Order Hormogonales
Family Nostocaceae Anabaena
Family Rivulariaceae Gleotrichia
Phylum (=Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium Family Glenodiniaceae
Glenodinium
August 23, 1994
Phylum (=Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Family Hydrodictyaceae Pediastrum
Family Oocystaceae Ankistrodesmus
Order Volvocales Family Volvocaceae
Eudorina Order Zygnematales (Conjugales)
72
Family Desmidiaceae Staurastrum Xanthidium
Family Zygnemataceae Spirogyra
Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae
AsterioneJla Fragilaria
Subdivision Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales
Family Mallomonadaceae MaJlomonas
Family Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon
Family Synuraceae Synura
Phylum (=Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Chroococcales Family Chroococcaceae
Microcystis Order Hormogonales
Family Nostocaceae Anabaena
Family Oscillatoriaceae Oscillatoria
Phylum (=Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium Family Glenodiniaceae
Glenodinium
August 30, 1994
Phylum (=Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorococcales Family Oocystaceae
Ankistrodesmus Order Volvocales
73
Family Volvocaceae Eudorina Volvox
Order Zygnematales (Conjugales) Family Desmidiaceae
Closterium Staurastrum Xanthidium
Family Zygnemataceae Spirogyra
Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae
Fragilaria Subdivision Chrysophyceae
Order Chrysomonadales Family Ochromonadaceae
Dinobryon Family Synuraceae
Synura
Phylum (=Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Chroococcales Family Chroococcaceae
Microcystis Order Hormogonales
Family Nostocaceae Anabaena
Phylum (= Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium Family Glenodiniaceae
Glenodinium
September 9, 1994
Phylum (= Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorococcales Family Oocystaceae Ankistrodesmus Cerasterias
74
Order Volvocales Family Volvocaceae
Eudorina Volvox
Order Zygnematales (Conjugales) Family Desmidiaceae
Staurastrum Xanthidium
Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae
Fragilaria Subdivision Chrysophyceae
Order Chrysomonadales Family Ochromonadaceae
Dinobryon
Phylum (=Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Chroococcales Family Chroococcaceae
Merismopedia Order Hormogonales
Family Nostocaceae Anabaena
Phylum (= Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium Family Glenodiniaceae
Glenodinium
September 13, 1994
Phylum (= Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Volvocales Family Volvocaceae
Eudorina Volvox
Order Zygnematales (Conjugales) Family Desmidiaceae
Closterium
Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales
75
Family Fragilariaceae Fragilaria
Subdivision Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales
Family Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon
Family Synuraceae Synura
Phylum (=Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Chroococcales Family Chroococcaceae
Microcystis Order Hormogonales
Family Nostocaceae Anabaena
Phylum (= Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium
September 20, 1994
Phylum (= Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Volvocales Family Volvocaceae
Volvox Order Zygnematales (Conjugales)
Family Desmidiaceae Closterium
Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae
Fragilaria Subdivision Chrysophyceae
Order Chrysomonadales Family Ochromonadaceae
Dinobryon
Phylum (= Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Hormogonales
76
Family Nostocaceae Anabaena
Phylum (=Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium
September 27, 1994
Phylum (= Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorococcales Family Hydrodictyaceae
Pediastrum Order Volvocales
Family Volvocaceae Volvox
Order Zygnematales (Conjugales) Family Desmidiaceae
Staurastrum
Phylum (= Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae Asterionella Fragilaria
Subdivision Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales
Family Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon
Phylum (=Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Chroococcales Family Chroococcaceae
Microcystis Order Hormogonales
Family Nostocaceae Anabaena
Phylum (= Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium
77
October 4, 1994
Phylum (=Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorococcales Family Hydrodictyaceae
Pediastrum Order Volvocales
Family Volvocaceae Eudorina Volvox
Order Zygnematales (Conjugales) Family Desmidiaceae
Cosmarium
Phylum (= Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae
Fragilaria Synedra
Subdivision Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales
Family Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon
Family Synuraceae Synura
Phylum (= Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Chroococcales Family Chroococcaceae
Microcystis Order Hormogonales
Family Nostocaceae Anabaena
Phylum (= Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium
October 13, 1994
Phylum (= Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Volvocales Family Volvocaceae
Eudorina Volvox
78
Order Zygnematales (Conjugales)
Family Desmidiaceae Staurastrum
Phylum (= Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae
Asterionella Fragilaria Synedra
Subdivision Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales
Family Mallomonadaceae Mallomonas
Family Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon
Phylum (=Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Hormogonales Family Nostocaceae
Anabaena
October 18, 1994
Phylum (=Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorococcales Family Oocystaceae
Ankistrodesmus Order Volvocales
Family Volvocaceae Volvox
Phylum (=Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacil1ariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae Asterionella Fragilaria Synedra
Subdivision Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales
Family Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon
Family Synuraceae Synura
Phylum (=Division) Cyanophyta
79
Subdivision Myxophyceae Order Hormogonales
Family Nostocaceae Anabaena
Phylum (=Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium
October 25, 1994
Phylum (=Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorococcales Family Oocystaceae
Ankistrodesmus Order Volvocales
Family Volvocaceae Volvox
Phylum (= Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragllariaceae
Asterionella Fragilaria
Subdivision Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales
Family Mallomonadaceae Mallomonas
Family Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon
Family Synuraceae Synura
l\Jovember 1, 1994
Phylum (= Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorococcales Family Hydrodictyaceae
Pediastrum Family Oocystaceae
Ankistrodesmus Cerasterias
Order Volvocales
80
Family Volvocaceae Eudorina Volvox
Phylum (= Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae
Asterionel/a Fragilaria
Family Tabellariaceae Tabel/aria
Subdivision Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales
Family Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon
Family Synuraceae Synura
Phylum (= Division) Pyrrhophyta Subdivision Dinophyceae
Order Dinokontae Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium
November 8, 1994
Phylum (= Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae Asterionel/a Fragilaria
Family Tabellariaceae Tabel/aria
Subdivision Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales
Family Mallomonadaceae Mal/omonas
Family Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon
Family Synuraceae Synura
November 15, 1994
Phylum (=Division) Chlorophyta Subdivision Chlorophyceae
81
Order Chlorococcales Family Hydrodictyaceae
Pediastrum Order Volvocales
Family Volvocaceae Eudorina Volvox
Phylum (= Division) Chrysophyta Subdivision Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales Family Fragilariaceae
Asterionella Fragilaria
Subdivision Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales
Family Mallomonadaceae Mallomonas
Family Ochromonadaceae Dinobryon
Phylum (=Division) Cyanophyta Subdivision Myxophyceae
Order Hormogonales Family Oscillatoriaceae
Osciliatoria
82
Appendix C: Zooplankton data for each sample date
June 6,1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina longirostris
Family Daphnidae Daphnia
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Ploima Kerate/la Kerate/la quadrata
June 22, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina longirostris
Family Daphnidae Daphnia
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Calanoida Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Ploima Kellicottia Kerate/la
June 30, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
83
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina longirostris
Family Daphnidae Daphnia
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Calanoida Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Flosculariacea Filinia
Order Ploima Asplanchna Keratella
july 6, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina longirostris
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Flosculariacea Filinia
Order Ploima Keratella
July 13, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Flosculariacea Filinia
84
Order Ploima Keratella
July 19, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Flosculariacea Filinia
Order Ploima Keratella
july 26, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina
Family Daphnidae Daphnia
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Calanoida Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Ploima Keratella
August 2, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda
85
Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii) Subclass Branchiopoda
Order Cladocera Family Bosminidae
Bosmina Subclass Copepoda
Order Eucopepoda Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Flosculariacea Conochilus Filinia
Order Ploima Keratella
August 9, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Calanoida
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Flosculariacea Filinia
Order Ploima Keratella Trichocerca
August 16, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Calanoida Suborder Cyclopoida
86
Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Flosculariacea Filinia
Order Ploima KeratelJa
August 23, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii) Subclass Copepoda
Order Eucopepoda Suborder Calanoida Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Ploima KeratelJa
August 30, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Ploima KeratelJa Monostyla
September 9, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda
87
Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Calanoida Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Ploima Keratella
September 13, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Ploima Keratella
September 20, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and naupliJ)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Ploima Keratella
88
September 27, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Calanoida Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Ploima Keratella
October 4, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Ploima Keratella
October 13, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
89
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Ploima Keratella
October 18, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Calanoida Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Ploima Keratella Synchaeta
October 25, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Calanoida Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Ploima Keratella
November 1, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda
90
Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii) Subclass Branchiopoda
Order Cladocera Family Bosminidae
Bosmina Subclass Copepoda
Order Eucopepoda Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Ploima Keratella Synchaeta
November 8, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
Order Ploima Keratella Trichocerca
November 15, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea (adults and nauplii)
Subclass Branchiopoda Order Cladocera
Family Bosminidae Bosmina
Subclass Copepoda Order Eucopepoda Suborder Calanoida Suborder Cyclopoida Family Cyclopidae (adults and nauplii)
Phylum Rotifera Class Monogononta
91
Appendix D: Zoobenthos collected on each sample date
May 23, 1994 .
Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnoidea
Order Hydrachnidia (water mites) Superfamily Pionae
Family Limnesiidae Limnesia
Class Crustacea Subclass Branchiopoda Division Oligobranchiopoda
Order Cladocera (water fleas) Family Chydoridae
Eurycercus Family Sididae
Sida crystallina Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hyale/la azteca Class Insecta
Order Coleoptera (beetles) Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles)
Haliplus (larvae and adults) Order Diptera
Suborder Nematocera Family Chironomidae (midges)
Genus species (unknowns) Subfamily Chironominae Chironomus (pupae)
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemere/la Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers) Neoplea
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Corduliidae Neurocordulia
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagma Order Trichoptera
Family Phryganeidae Phryganea
93
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (c1ams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Pisidium Sphaerium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Planorbidae Gyraulus parvus Helisoma campanulata Metietus dilatatus Promenetus exacuous
Order Mesogastropoda Family Valvatidae
Valvata tricarinata Family Viviparidae
Viviparus georgianus
May 25,1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hyale/la azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Celina
Order Diptera Suborder Brachycera Infraorder Orthorrhapha Family Tabanidae (horseflies)
Chrysops Suborder Nematocera
Family Chironomidae (midges) Genus species (unknowns)
Subfamily Chironominae Chironomus (pupae)
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemere/la Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers) Neoplea
94
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Corduliidae Neurocordulia
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Ena/lagma Order Trichoptera
Family Leptoceridae Leptocerus americanus
Family Polycentropodidae Polycentropus
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda (snails)
Order Limnophila (pulmonates) Family Planorbidae
Gyraulus parvus Helisoma anceps
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae Amnicola limosa
Family Viviparidae Viviparus georgianus
May 30,1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies)
Family Coenagrionidae Ena/lagma
Order Trichoptera Family Leptoceridae
Leptocerus Family Polycentropodidae
Polycentropus
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda (snails)
Order Mesogastropoda Family Viviparidae
Viviparus georgianus
June 6, 1994
95
Phylum Annelida Class Hirudinea (leeches)
Order Arhynchobdellida Family Erpobdellidae
Nephelopsis obscura
Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta
Order Diptera Suborder Brachycera Infraorder Orthorrhapha Family Tabanidae (horseflies)
Chrysops Suborder Nematocera
Family Chironomidae (midges)
Subfamily Tanypodinae Pentaneura
Family Tipulidae (true crane flies) Tipula
June 10, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Branchiopoda Division Oligobranchiopoda
Order Cladocera (water fleas) Family Chydoridae
Eurycercus Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hyalella azteca Class Insecta
Order Coleoptera (beetles) Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles)
Haliplus Order Diptera
Suborder Nematocera Family Chironomidae (midges)
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemerella
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda (snails)
Order Limnophila (pulmonates) Family Planorbidae
Helisoma campanulata
96
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnicola limosa Family Valvatidae
Valvata
Family Viviparidae Viviparus Viviparus georgianus
June 20, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hyalella azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Dineutus
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Haliplus Peltodytes
Family Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) Tropisternus (larvae)
Order Diptera Suborder Nematocera
Family Chironomidae (midges) Genus species (unknowns)
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemerella Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Mesoveliidae (water treaders) Mesovelia
Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers) Neoplea
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagma
97
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Pisidium Sphaerium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Physidae Physa Physa integra
Family Planorbidae Helisoma anceps Helisoma campanulata Promenetus exacuous
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnicola Amnicola integra
Family Viviparidae Viviparus georgianus
July 6,1994
Phylum Annelida Class Hirudinea (leeches)
Order Rhynchobdellida Family Glossiphoniidae
Glossiphonia
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Branchiopoda Division Eubranchiopoda
Order Conchostraca (clam shrimps) Family Lynceidae
Lynceus brachyurus Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hyalella azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Dineutus
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Haliplus Peltodytes
98
Order Diptera Suborder Nematocera
Family Chironomidae (midges) Genus species (unknowns)
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Baetidae
Callibaetis Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemerella Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Corixidae (water boatmen) Sigara
Family Mesoveliidae (water treaders) Mesovelia
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Corduliidae Neurocordulia
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia Sympetrum
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (c1ams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Pisidium Sphaerium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Planorbidae Gyraulus Helisoma anceps Helisoma campanulata Promenetus exacuous
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnicola Family Viviparidae
Viviparus georgianus
July 7,1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hyalella azteca
99
Division Eucarida Order Decapoda (fresh-water shrimps, crayfish)
Family Palaemonidae Pa/aemonetes paludosus
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Haliplus
Order Diptera Suborder Nematocera
Family Chironomidae (midges) Genus species (unknowns)
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Baetidae
Callibaetis Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemere/la Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Notonectidae (back swimmers) Notonecta
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Sphaerium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Gyraulus Helisoma campanulata
July 12, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Gammaridae
Gammarus Class Insecta
Order Coleoptera (beetles) Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles)
Haliplus Family Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles)
Tropisternus (larvae) Order Diptera
Suborder Nematocera
100
Family Chironomidae (midges) Genus species (unknowns)
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Baetidae
Callibaetis Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemerella Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Gerridae (water striders, pond skaters) Gerris
Family Hebridae (velvet water bugs) Merragata
Family Mesoveliidae (water treaders) Mesovelia
Family Notonectidae (back swimmers) Notonecta
Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers) Neoplea
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Aeshnidae Anax
Family Libellulidae Celithemis Sympetrum
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Ena/lagma
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Sphaerium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Helisoma anceps Helisoma campanulata Promenetus exacuous
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnicola Family Viviparidae
Viviparus georgianus
July 20, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda
101
Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca . Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Gammaridae
Gammarus Family Talitridae
Hya/ella azteca Class Insecta
Order Coleoptera (beetles) Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles)
Laccophilus (larvae) Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles)
Halip/us Order Diptera
Suborder Nematocera Family Chironomidae (midges)
Genus species (unknowns) Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
Family Ephemerellidae Ephemerella
Order Hemiptera (true bugs) Family Belostomatidae (giant water bugs)
Be/ostoma Family Mesoveliidae (water treaders)
Mesove/ia Family Notonectidae (back swimmers)
Notonecta Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers)
Neop/ea Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Corduliidae Neurocordu/ia
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia Sympetrum
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagma Order Trichoptera
Family Polycentropodidae Po/ycentropus
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Sphaerium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
102
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Helisoma anceps Helisoma campanulata
Order Mesogastropoda Family Viviparidae
Viviparus georgianus
July 22, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Gammaridae
Gammarus Class Insecta
Order Diptera Suborder Nematocera
Family Chironomidae (midges) Genus species (unknowns)
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemerella Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers) Neoplea
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda (snails)
Order Limnophila (pulmonates) Family Planorbidae
Helisoma anceps Order Mesogastropoda
Family Viviparidae Viviparus georgianus
July 26, 1994
Phylum Annelida Class Hirudinea (leeches)
Order Arhynchobdellida Family Erpobdellidae
Mooreobdella fervida Order Rhynchobdeliida
Family Glossiphoniidae Batracobdella phalera
Phylum Arthropoda
103
Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Gammaridae
Gammarus Family Talitridae
Hyalella azteca Order isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Laccophilus (larvae)
Family Elmidae Stenelmis
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Haliplus Peltodytes (larvae and adults)
Order Diptera Suborder Nematocera
Family Chironomidae (midges) Genus species (unknowns)
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemerella Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Mesoveliidae (water treaders) Mesovelia
Family Notonectidae (back swimmers) Notonecta
Family Veliidae (broad-shouldered water strider) Microvelia
Order Megaloptera (alderflles, dobsonflies, fishflies) Family Corydalidae
Chauliodes (fishfly larvae) Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Aeshnidae Anax
Family Corduliidae Neurocordulia
Family Libellulidae Sympetrum
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagma Order Trichoptera
104
Family Polycentropodidae Polycentropus
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda (snails)
Order Limnophila (pulmonates) Family Physidae
Physa Family Planorbidae
Helisoma anceps Helisoma campanulata
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnicola Family Viviparidae
Viviparus georgianus
August 3, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hyale/la azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caeeidotea
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) Donaeia (IaNae and adult)
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Peltodytes
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemere/la Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Belostomatidae (giant water bugs) Belostoma
Family Hebridae (velvet water bugs) Merragata
Family Notonectidae (back swimmers) Notoneeta
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Libellulidae Leueorrhinia Sympetrum
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies)
105
Family Coenagrionidae Enallagma
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Pisidium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanulata Menetus dilatatus
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnicola
August 10, 1994
Phylum Annelida Class Hirudinea (leeches)
Order Rhynchobdellida Family Glossiphoniidae
Helobdella
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Gammaridae
Gammarus Family Talitridae
Hyalella azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) Donacia (larvae)
Family Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Dineutus
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Haliplus Peltodytes
Family Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) Tropisternus (larvae)
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
106
Family Ephemerellidae Ephemerella
Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Belostomatidae (giant water bugs) Belostoma
Family Mesoveliidae (water treaders) Mesovelia
Family Nepidae (water scorpions) Ranatra
Family Notonectidae (back swimmers) Notonecta
Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers) Neoplea
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia Sympetrum
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagma
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Sphaerium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Helisoma anceps Helisoma campanulata
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnicola Family Viviparidae
Viviparus georgianus
August 16, 1994
Phylum Annelida Class Hirudinea (leeches)
Order Rhynchobdellida Family Glossiphoniidae
Helobdella
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca
107
Division Peracarida Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers)
Family Talitridae Hyalella azteca
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Haliplus Peltodytes
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemerella Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Belostomatidae (giant water bugs) Belostoma
Family Mesoveliidae (water treaders) Mesovelia
Family Notonectidae (back swimmers) Notonecta
Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers) Neoplea
Order Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies) Family Corydalidae
Chauliodes (fishfly larvae) Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Aeshnidae Anax
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia Tramea
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagma
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda (snails)
Order Limnophila (pulmonates) Family Physidae
Physa
Family Planorbidae Gyraulus parvus Helisoma campanulata
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnicola Family Viviparidae
Viviparus georgianus
108
August 23, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnoidea
Order Hydrachnidia (water mites) Superfamily Pionae
Family Limnesiidae Limnesia
Class Crustacea Subclass Branchiopoda Division Oligobranchiopoda
Order Cladocera (water fleas) Family Daphnidae
Daphnia Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hyalella azteca Class Insecta
Order Coleoptera (beetles) Family Dytiscidae- (predaceous diving beetles)
Agabetes (larvae) Hydroporus
Family Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Dineutus
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Haliplus Peltodytes
Order Diptera Suborder Nematocera
Family Chironomidae (midges) Genus species (unknowns)
Order Ephemeroptera (mayilies) Family Baetidae
Callibaetis Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Belostomatidae (giant water bugs) Belostoma
Family Corixidae (water boatmen) Sigara
Family Gerridae (water striders, pond skaters) Gerris
Family Mesoveliidae (water treaders) Mesovelia
Family Notonectidae (back swimmers) Notonecta
Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers) Neoplea
Order Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies) Family Corydalidae
Chauliodes (fishfly larvae)
109
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagma
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (c1ams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Sphaerium
Family Unionidae Anodonta cataracta
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Lymnaeidae Lymnaea columella
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanulata Menetus dilatatus
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnico/a Family Viviparidae
Viviparus georgianus
August 30, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hyalella azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Class Insecta . Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Agabetes Laccophilus (larvae)
Family Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Dineutus
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Haliplus Peltodytes
110
Family Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) Tropisternus (larvae and adults)
Order Diptera Suborder Nematocera
Family Culicidae (mosquitoes) Anopheles
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Baetidae
Cal/ibaetis Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemerefla Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Belostomatidae (giant water bugs) Belostoma (immature and adult)
Family Gerridae (water striders, pond skaters) Gerris
Family Mesoveliidae (water treaders) Mesovelia
Family Notonectidae (back swimmers) Notonecta
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Corduliidae Neurocordulia
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (c1ams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Sphaerium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Lymnaeidae Lymnaea
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanulata
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnicola Family Viviparidae
Viviparus georgianus
September 9, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca
111
Division Peracarida Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers)
Family Talitridae Hya/ella azteca
Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Dineutus
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Halip/us Pe/todytes
Order Diptera Suborder Nematocera
Family Chironomidae (midges) Genus species (unknowns)
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemerella Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Corixidae (water boatmen) Sigara
Family Notonectidae (back swimmers) Notonecta
Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers) Neop/ea
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Aeshnidae Anax
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagma
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Sphaerium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Gyrau/us Helisoma campanu/ata
112
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnico/a
Family Viviparidae Viviparus georgianus
September 13, 1994
Phylum Annelida Class Hirudinea (leeches)
Order Rhynchobdellida Family Glossiphoniidae
He/obdella
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hya/ella azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Dineutus
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Ha/ip/us Pe/todytes
Order Hemiptera (true bugs) Family Belostomatidae (giant water bugs)
Be/ostoma Family Gerridae (water striders, pond skaters)
Gerris Family Mesoveliidae (water treaders)
Mesove/ia
Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers) Neop/ea
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselmes) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagma
Phylum Mollusca
113
Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels) Family Sphaeriidae
Pisidium Sphaerium
Family Unionidae Anodonta cataracta
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Lymnaeidae Lymnaea
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanulata
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnicola Family Viviparidae
Viviparus georgianus
September 20, 1994
Phylum Annelida Class Hirudinea (leeches)
Order Rhynchobdellida Family Glossiphoniidae
Glossiphonia
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hyalella azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Division Eucarida Order Decapoda (fresh-water shrimps, crayfish)
Family Cambaridae Orconectes
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Dineutus
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Peltodytes
Order Diptera Suborder Nematocera
114
Family Chironomidae (midges) Genus species (unknowns)
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemerella Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Belostomatidae (giant water bugs) Belostoma
Family Notonectidae (back swimmers) Notonecta
Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers) Neoplea
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Corduliidae Neurocordulia
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Famiiy Coenagrionidae
Enallagma
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Pisidium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanulata Menetus dilatatus
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnico/a Family Viviparidae
Viviparus georgianus
September 27, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hyalella azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
115
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Dineutus
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Halip/us (larvae and adults)
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Baetidae
Centroptilum Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemerella Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers) Neop/ea
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Corduliidae Neurocordulia
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagma Order Trichoptera
Family Phryganeidae Phryganea
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Pisidium Sphaerium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae He/isoma campanu/ata Menetus di/atatus
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnico/a
October 4, 1994
Phylum Annelida
116
Class Hirudinea (leeches) Order Rhynchobdellida
Family Glossiphoniidae G/ossiphonia
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Branchiopoda Division Oligobranchiopoda
Order Cladocera (water fleas) Family Sididae
Sida crystallina Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hya/ella azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Ha/ip/us
Order Hemiptera (true bugs) Family Belostomatidae (giant water bugs)
Be/ostoma Family Notonectidae (back swimmers)
Notonecta Family Pleidae (pigmy backswimmers)
Neop/ea Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagma
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Pisidium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanu/ata Menetus di/atatus
Order Mesogastropoda
117
Family Hydrobiidae Amnicola
Family Viviparidae Viviparus georgianus
October 13, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hyalella azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Division Eucarida Order Decapoda (fresh-water shrimps, crayfish)
Family Cambaridae Grconectes
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Hydroporus
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Peltodytes
Order Ephemeroptera (mayl'lies) Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemerella Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Corixidae (water boatmen) Sigara
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Corduliidae Neurocordulia
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia
Suborder Zygoptera (damselmes)
Family Coenagrionidae Enallagma
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Pisidium Sphaerium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
118
Family Lymnaeidae Lymnaea
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanuJata
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
AmnicoJa
October 18, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
HyaJelJa aztsca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Division Eucarida Order Decapoda (fresh-water shrimps, crayfish)
Family Cambaridae Orconectes
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Hydroporus LaccophiJus
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) HalipJus PeJtodytes
Order Diptera Suborder Nematocera
Family Chironomidae (midges) Genus species (unknowns)
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Ephemerellidae
EphemereJla Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Corixidae (water boatmen) Sigara
Family Notonectidae (back swimmers) Notonecta
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia
119
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagma
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Pisidium Sphaerium
Family Unionidae Anodonta cataracta
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanulata Menetus dilatatus Promenetus exacuous
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnicola Family Viviparidae
Viviparus georgianus
October 25, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hyalella azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Hydroporus Laccophilus
Family Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Dineutus
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Peltodytes
Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Family Ephemerellidae
Ephemerella Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family Notonectidae (back swimmers) Notonecta
120
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies)
Family Coenagrionidae Enallagma
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Pisidium Sphaerium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Lymnaeidae Lymnaea
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Gyraulus parvus Helisoma campanulata
November 1, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hyalella azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Laccophilus
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Haliplus Peltodytes
Order Hemiptera (true bugs) Family Notonectidae (back swimmers)
Notonecta Order Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies)
Family Corydalidae Chauliodes (fishfly laNae)
Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies)
121
Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies) Family Libellulidae
Leucorrhinia Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies)
Family Coenagrionidae Enallagma
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Pisidium Sphaerium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanulata Menetus dilatatus
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnico/a
November 8, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Branchiopoda Division Oligobranchiopoda
Order Cladocera (water fleas) Family Chydoridae
Eurycercus Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hya/ella azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Hydroporus
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Peltodytes
Order Diptera Suborder Nematocera
Family Chironomidae (midges) Genus species (unknowns)
122
Order Hemiptera (true bugs) Family Notonectidae (back swimmers)
Notonecta Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia PIathemis
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagma
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Pisidium Sphaerium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Helisoma campanulata Promenetus exacuous
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnicola
November 15, 1994
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Branchiopoda Division Oligobranchiopoda
Order Cladocera (water "l'Ieas) Family Chydoridae
Eurycercus Subclass Malacostraca Division Peracarida
Order Amphipoda (scuds, sideswimmers) Family Talitridae
Hyalella azteca Order Isopoda (aquatic sow bugs)
Family Asellidae Caecidotea
Class Insecta Order Coleoptera (beetles)
Family Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Hydroporus
123
Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Peltodytes
Order Diptera Suborder Nematocera
Family Chironomidae (midges) Genus species (unknowns)
Order Hemiptera (true bugs) Family Corixidae (water boatmen)
Sigara Family Notonectidae (back swimmers)
Notonecta Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Suborder Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Family Libellulidae Leucorrhinia
Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagma Order Trichoptera
Family Hydroptilidae
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (clams,mussels)
Family Sphaeriidae Sphaerium
Class Gastropoda (snails) Order Limnophila (pulmonates)
Family Physidae Physa
Family Planorbidae Gyraulus paNus Helisoma anceps Helisoma campanulata
Order Mesogastropoda Family Hydrobiidae
Amnicola Family Viviparidae
Viviparus georgianus
124