Post on 25-Apr-2018
transcript
A Micro-hydro Electronic
Load Controller (ELC) for
the Developing World
Shoan Mbabazi
Overview
• Aims and Objectives
• Electronic Load Controllers (ELCs)
• Existing ELC Designs
• Proposed Design
• Simulation Results
• Conclusion
• Continuing the Project
Project Outline
0 4 8 12 16
Circuit Design
Proposed ELC Design Simulations
Alternative ELC Design Proposal
Analysis of Existing ELC Designs
Micro-hydro System Analysis
Micro-hydro Background Research
Week
MiniMini--project 1 project 1
Jon and Jon and ShoanShoan
MiniMini--project 2 project 2
ShoanShoan
Aims and Objectives
• To design and construct an alternative
Electronic Load Controller (ELC) for use in
developing countries, with particular
emphasis on:
– Simplicity of Design
– Ease of Manufacture
– Robustness
– Ease of Maintenance
– Affordability
What is an ELC?
(RENERCONSYS, 2010)
What does an ELC do?
Power in = Power out
{(VinIincosθin)ηin} ={(VoutIoutcosθout)ηout}
V – Voltage, I – Current, Cosθ – Power Factor, η - Efficiency
(Ludens, 2010)
Existing ELC Designs
Existing ELC Design
• Binary load regulation.
• Phase angle regulation.
• Pulse width regulation.
• Controlled bridge rectifier.
• Uncontrolled rectifier with a chopper.
Binary Load Regulation
– Advantages
• Minimal harmonics
– Disadvantages
• Fixed dump load sizes
• Requires large
number of dump
loads
• Effectiveness limited
by number of dump
loads
(Po
rte
gij
s, 2
00
0)
(He
nd
ers
on
, 1
99
8)
Phase Angle Regulation
– Advantages
• Can use any
number/size
combination of
dump loads
– Disadvantages
• Harmonics
• Effectiveness limited
by timing accuracy
of trigger pulse
(Po
rte
gij
s, 2
00
0)
(Po
rte
gij
s, 2
00
0)
Proposed ELC Design
• The proposed ELC uses the combination of
binary load and phase angle regulation
methods.
– Minimising the disadvantages presented by each
used on its own
Proposed ELC Operation Principle
Advantages of the Proposed ELC
• Less Dump loads can be used to cover a large
spectrum on load variations.
• Generator runs at a desired speed at all times.
• Minimal harmonics are injected into the system at
steady state
• Minimal power distortion at transient switching
periods
Simulations
• The simulations have been undertaken using a
computer simulation package MATLAB Simulink.
• A standalone micro-hydro system rated at 25kw,
230V 50Hz with,
• an ELC comprising of five binary dump loads (1kw,
2kw, 4kw, 8kw, 16kw) and a single 1kw variable
dump load
Simulink Model
Example 1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5x 10
4 Binary Dump Load Power
Time (s/10000)
Pw
r (k
W)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000User Load Pwr
Time (s/10000)
Pw
r (k
W)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 1000050
52
54
56
58
60
62System Frequency
Fre
quency (
Hz)
Time (s/10000)
• User Load power
10kW + Binary Load
power 15kW=
Generated Power
25kw
• Variable Load power =
0W
• System frequency =
50Hz
• Binary Load selection
of 8kW, 4kW, 2kW,
1kW
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 180000
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08Variable Load Power
Pw
r (W
)
Time s/10000
Example 2
• User Load power
10.4kW + Binary Load
power 14kW= 24.4kW
• Surplus Power 600W
• System frequency =
61Hz
• Binary Load selection
of 8kW, 4kW, 2kW
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 104
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000User Load Power
Pw
r (W
)
Time
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 104
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2x 10
4
Time
Pw
r (k
W)
Binary Load Dump Power
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 104
50
52
54
56
58
60
62System Frequency
Fre
quency (
Hz)
Time
Example 3
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 1000050
52
54
56
58
60
62System Frequency
Fre
quency (
Hz)
Time (s/10000)
• User Load power
10.4kW + Binary Load
power 14kW= 24.4kW
• Surplus Power 600W
• Variable Load power =
600W
• System frequency =
50Hz
• Binary Load selection
of 8kW, 4kW, 2kW
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 104
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000User Load Power
Pw
r (W
)
Time
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 104
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2x 10
4
Time
Pw
r (k
W)
Binary Load Dump Power
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 104
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700Variable Load Power
Pw
r (W
)
Time
Proposed ELC Design Specification
– Maintains constant frequency/Voltage.
– Robust and Affordable.
– Digital
�Minimal components
�Easy to install
�Synchronous/asynchronous
�50/60 Hz
�Single/3-phase
Conclusion
• The proposed ELC is:
– Simple
– Reliable
– Injects fewer harmonics than phase angle alone.
– Less dump loads are required compared to Binary
regulation alone.
– Improves system efficiency.
Higher the efficiency reduces energy prices.
Continuing the Project
Questions....?
References
[1] A. Harvey, Micro-hydro Design Manual. Rugby: Intermediate Technology
Publications, 2006.
[2] H. Ludens. (2010, Electronic Load Controller for microhydro system.
Available: http://ludens.cl/
[3] J. Portegijs. (2000, 6 December ). The `Humming Bird' Electronic Load
Controller / Induction Generator Controller.
[4] Renerconsys, "Digital Load Controller for Synchronous Generator: Manual
Instruction," 2010.
[5] D. Henderson, "An Advanced Electronic Load Governor for Control of
Micro Hydroelectric Generation”, 1998
[6] Spirax Sarco, “Basic Control Theory”, 2010. Available:
www.spiraxsarco.com